Microbiology & Parasitology RNB 10102 PDF

MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY RNB 10102 Topic 1: Value of Microbiology  Learning Outcomes At the end of the session, student should be able to define microbiology identify the importance of microbe in our life identify the importance of individuals or scientist contribution t...

MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY RNB 10102 Topic 1: Value of Microbiology  Learning Outcomes At the end of the session, student should be able to define microbiology identify the importance of microbe in our life identify the importance of individuals or scientist contribution to microbiology discuss the importance of Koch’s Postulates, Edward Jenner’s and Louis Pasteur's work, explain the germ theory of disease compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis  Introduction to Microbiology The modern science of microbiology began about 100 years ago The word microbiology is derived from the Greek word micros meaning “small” bios meaning “life” and logy means the study of” Microbiology is the branch of biology (study of living thing) that deals with simple life foams, usually single cell that cannot be seen with the naked eye – known as microbes or microorganism Introduction to Microbiology The study of microbiology helps nurses to: Learn how the disease-producing microorganisms enter into the body How they exit from the body How they spread from person to person Understand the principles of disinfection and effects of drugs on microorganism Recognize the importance of proper collection of specimens for bacteriological examination in the lab and understands the meaning of reports from the laboratory  Microbiology What is microbiology? Micro – means very small, bio-life, logy – means study of living things. Therefore microbiology means the study of microorganism or microbes too small to be seen with the naked eye. These microorganism include bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi and virus.  Microbiology Microbes in our lives: Only a small percentage of microorganism is capable of causing disease (pathogenic ) Majority of microorganism helps maintain balance of live in our environment. E.g. : Marine and freshwater microbes create food chain in the lakes, ocean and rivers Soil microbes helps to break down waste and an integrate nitrogen gas from into organic compound  Microbiology Microbes in our lives: Certain microbes plays important role in photosynthesis, food and oxygen-generating process Human depends on the microbes in the intestine for digestion and synthesis of some vitamins such as vitamin B for metabolism and vitamin K for blood clotting.  Microbiology Microbes in our lives: Commercially use to produce Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and Vitamin B 12 Food industry uses it to produce vinegar, pickles, yogurt, soya source, cheese, bread and alcoholic beverages. Enzymes from microbes can be used to produce cellulose, digestive aids, drain cleaner and important therapeutic substance insulin  Microbiology Microbes in our lives: Practical knowledge microbes is necessary for medicine and the related health sciences E.g. health workers must be able to protect patient from common microbes that are normally harmless but can threaten the sick and injured.  History of Microbiology Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Started the field of microbiology Used 300X magnification lenses to observe microorganisms, including protozoa, algae, yeast, fungi and bacteria what he terms as ‘animalcules” First person to observe microorganism Known as “Father of microscopy”  History of Microbiology Robert Hooke (1665) Popularized the use of compound microscope Laid groundwork for the development of cell theory Cell theory. All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cell  Theory of Spontaneous generation (1650- 1850) Spontaneous generation theory: Many scientist and philosophers believes that some form of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matters. They called this hypothetical process spontaneous generation. “Vital force” forms life For example; many believed that flies could develop directly from rotting meat Theory of Spontaneous generation (1650- 1850) Biogenesis theory: Hypothesis that living organisms arises only from preexisting living cells.  Spontaneous generation (1668 – 1859) Francesco Redi (1626 -1697) Among the first to question spontaneous generation Perform a set of experiments in the late 1668 to disprove spontaneous generation  Redi’ experiment Redi filled jar with decaying meat Conditions Results 1 jar covered with fine net No maggot 2 open jars Maggot appeared Where did the maggot comes from? What is the purpose of the sealed jar? Is this Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?  John Tyndall (1668-1859) Showed that “optically pure” (extremely filtered) air contains no microorganisms He compared what happened when he left fish or meat in such pure air or in an ordinary air The preparation in the ordinary air gradually went putrid and maggoty, but the preparation left in the pure air did not deteriorate Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?  The golden age of Microbiology (1857-1914) Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and microbial drugs  Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.  Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) Demonstrated that microbes are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solution, but that air itself does not creates microbe.  Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air (1861) Condition Results Nutrient broth placed in a Microbial growth flask, heated and not sealed Nutrient broth placed in a No microbial growth flask, heated and sealed Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? Louis Pasteur’s experiment  Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) Next experiment Invented a “swan neck” flask in 1800 Filled the flask with broth, boil the broth and heated the flask neck to draw the broth up into the curve This trap microorganism in the neck of the jar, keeping the broth sterile Pasteur’s experiment disproving the spontaneous generation theory of microorganism  Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) His experiment ended the theory of spontaneous generation and form the basis for aseptic technique Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) Fermentation and Pasteurization Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation Fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to beer or wine Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)  Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) Fermentation and Pasteurization Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat. This application of a high heat for a short period of time is called pasteurization This prove that bacteria can cause infection Luis Pasteur promoted the ‘Germ Theory of disease’  Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) Among his important contribution include: 1. Microbial theory of fermentation. 2. Principles and practice of sterilization (steam sterilizer, hot air oven and autoclave. 3. Control of disease in silkworm. 4. Development of vaccines against: Anthrax Rabies 5.Discovery of streptococci. Robert Koch (1843-1910) A German doctor considered as father of bacteriology. Important contributions: 1. Discovery and use of solid media in microbiology. 2. Discover the causative agent of; Anthrax (1876) Tuberculosis (1882) Cholera (1883) Robert Koch (1843-1910) A German doctor considered as father of bacteriology Important contributions: 3. Koch’s phenomenon, hypersensitivity phenomenon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 4. Koch’s postulates(1884)  The Germ Theory Of Disease Koch’s postulates are as follows: The specific causative organism must be found in every case of the disease. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture Inoculation of a culture into a healthy susceptible animal must produce the same disease The bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host  Koch’s postulates Koch’s postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease (a specific microbe causes a specific disease)  Joseph Lister (1827-1912) English surgeon. Known as “father of aseptic surgery”. Promoted sanitary condition in the medical field. Used carbolic acid to clean instruments and bandages. Introduced antiseptic surgery. By spraying carbolic acid on surgical instrument, wounds and dressing, he reduce surgical mortality due to bacterial infection  The Germ Theory Of Disease Charles Chamberland Develop a porcelain filter to remove bacteria from the water – a collaborator of Pasteur Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) First person to study about virus Identify virus cause polio, chicken pox, hepatitis, haemophilus influenza type B  The Germ Theory Of Disease Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) Obstetrician studied in Vienna Studied puerperal (childbed) fever Established that high maternal mortality was due to failure of doctors to wash hands after post-mortems Advocate hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another Reduced maternal mortality by 90%  Paul Ehrlich Develop a “magic bullet” to kill specific bacteria without causing harm to the nearby human tissue Chemotherapy: the term for the use of chemical drugs to treat a specific disease, coined by Ehrlich in the late 1800 Discovered a drug name Salvarsan used to treat syphilis for nearly 40 years  The Birth Of Modern Chemotherapy Chemotherapy – treatments with chemicals Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes Quinine from tree bark has long been used to treat malaria  The Birth Of Modern Chemotherapy 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic He observed that colonies of the bacterium staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum. He name the substance Penicillin 1940: Penicillin was tested and mass produced The Birth Of Modern Chemotherapy Dr Selman Waksman Discovered the second antibiotic streptomycin in 1949 – a major breakthrough for Tuberculosis treatment.  Immunological advances Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Made huge advances toward vaccine development Introduce first vaccine Develop small pox vaccination Used fluid from cow pox as immunization Inoculated a person with cow pox virus  Immunological advances Eli Metchnikoff Discovered phagocytes leading to the modern understanding of the immune system  Summary Microbiology means the study of microorganism too small to be seen with the naked eye Anton Van Leeuwenhoek known as Father of microbiology Francesco Redi experiment includes; filling a jar with decaying meat to disprove spontaneous generation Louis Pasteur invented a “swan neck” This application of a high heat for a short period of time is called pasteurization  Summary Robert Koch ; The first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside Koch’s postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease Joseph lister is a“father of aseptic surgery” Ignaz Semmelweis Advocate hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic known as Penicillin Summary Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic known s Penicillin Edward Jenner - Introduce first vaccine