Learning Module in Microbiology (Bio103) PDF

09/12/2023 Learning Module in Microbiology (Bio103) Marie Johanna Cuadra Sheila L. Dagondon Lady Jane C. Fanuncio...

09/12/2023 Learning Module in Microbiology (Bio103) Marie Johanna Cuadra Sheila L. Dagondon Lady Jane C. Fanuncio Sasha Anne L. Valdez OUTLINE FOR MODULE 3: I. Prokaryotic cell vs. Eukaryotic cell II. Archaebacteria III. Bacteria IV. Protozoans V. Fungi VI. Virus 1  09/12/2023 Module 3: Anatomy of Microorganisms Module Objectives: 1. Differentiate a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell. 2. Illustrate the basic structure of a typical prokaryotic cell. 3. Describe, identify, and differentiate the different structures of a Bacteria. 4. Discuss important differences in structure between Archaea and Bacteria. 5. Depict the basic structure of protozoans, fungi, and virus. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny- osbiology2e/chapter/structure-of-prokaryotes- bacteria-and-archaea/ 2  09/12/2023 Prokaryotic Cell vs Eukaryotic Cell https://sites.google.com/site/laurelbiology/c ells/prokaryotes-vs-eukaryotes https://www.expii.co m/t/eukaryotic-cell- definition-examples- 10021 3  09/12/2023 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/208150814003276588/ Domain Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from the Greek eu, “true" and karyon, "nut" or "kernel“. A typical eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane and contains many different structures and organelles with a variety of functions. The major groups of microorganisms (fungi, protozoa, and algae), as well as parasitic worms and mites, and all plants and animals up to and including humans all belong to this group. https://study.com/academy/lesson/eu karyotic-cells-definition-lesson-for- kids.html 4  09/12/2023 Eukaryotic cell structures and functions Cell wall and pellicle Strengthen and give shape to the cell Photosynthesis—trapping light energy and formation of Chloroplasts carbohydrate from CO2 and water Cilia and flagella Cell movement Environment for other organelles, location of many metabolic Cytoplasmic matrix processes Endoplasmic reticulum Transport of materials, protein and lipid synthesis Packaging and secretion of materials for various purposes, Golgi apparatus lysosome formation Lysosomes Intracellular digestion Microfilaments, intermediate Cell structure and movements, form the cytoskeleton filaments, and microtubules Energy production through use of the tricarboxylic acid Mitochondria cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and other pathways Nucleolus Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome construction Nucleus Repository for genetic information, control centre for cell Mechanical cell boundary, selectively permeable barrier with Plasma membrane transport systems, mediates cell-cell interactions and adhesion to surfaces, secretion Ribosomes Protein synthesis Temporary storage and transport, digestion (food vacuoles), Vacuole water balance (contractile vacuole) https://www.pharmapproach.com/differences-between-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/ Prokaryotes or procaryotes is coined from two Greek words pro, before, and karyon, nut or kernel. used to describe unicellular (single-celled) organisms that lack true nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles. This means that the genetic material in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. divided into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea. 5  09/12/2023 Prokaryotic cell structures and functions Capsules and slime layers Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute Cell wall solutions Endospore Survival under harsh environmental conditions Fimbriae and pili Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating Flagella Provides the power of motility or self-propulsion Gas vacuole Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments. Inclusion bodies Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances Nucleoid Localization of genetic material (DNA) Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for Periplasmic space nutrient processing and uptake’ Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic Plasma membrane processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis Ribosomes Protein synthesis https://www.pharmapproach.com/differences-between-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/ 6  09/12/2023 Prokaryotic Cell Structure enable the cell to survive and multiply – essential structures – “optional” structures have important consequences for human health important in identifying bacteria Cell Membrane Thin layer lining the inner surface of the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm Semi-permeable membrane controlling the flow of metabolites Consists of lipids and proteins 7  09/12/2023 Cell Membrane structure the same with other biological membranes about 8 nm thick 40% phospholipid + 60% protein fluid-mosaic model no sterols (Archaea and Bacteria), with hopanoids (Bacteria) 8  09/12/2023 Cell Membrane members of Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea have the same general structure of their cytoplasmic membranes, but the lipid compositions are distinctly different Differences between bacterial and archaeal phospholipids: chirality of glycerol – the glycerol used to make archaeal phospholipids is a stereoisomer of the glycerol used to build bacterial and eukaryotic membranes linkage (ester vs. ether linkage) 9  09/12/2023 Differences between bacterial and archaeal phospholipids: side chains (fatty acids vs. isoprenoid chains) branching of side chains – different physical structures; can form carbon rings in some species, the opposing phospholipid tails are joined into a single tail, forming a monolayer – stabilize the membrane at high temperatures 10  09/12/2023 Cell Membrane Proteins  embedded in or loosely attached to the cell membrane 11  09/12/2023 Prokaryotic Cell Membrane Functions permeability barrier regulate movement of materials into and out of cell contains proteins that transport nutrients into the cells and eliminate waste materials assist with DNA replication (anchors DNA) secretes proteins carries on cell respiration (ATP synthesis) contains bases of flagella proteins respond to chemical substances in the environment Cell Membrane selectively permeable – small molecules like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules can move freely (simple diffusion) – large or charged molecules like proteins, sugars, and ions can not (specific membrane proteins) 12  09/12/2023 Transport Systems employ highly specific proteins (transport proteins, permeases, or carriers) Transport Mechanism Characteristics Facilitated diffusion No energy expenditure (i.e. glycerol) (Passive transport) Active transport Movement is against a concentration gradient; requires energy expenditure Major facilitator Uses proton motive force (i.e. lactose and waste superfamily products; efflux pumps) ABC transporters Uses ATP; extremely high substrate affinity of the periplasmic-binding proteins (i.e. maltose) Group Translocation Chemically alters (phosphotransferase system) a molecule as it passes through the cell membrane (i.e. glucose, mannose, fructose) 13  09/12/2023 Transport System (SECRETION) general secretory pathway – used to actively move out certain proteins synthesized by the cell – i.e. proteins used to make up structures like flagella; enzymes to break down substances too large to transport into the cell – distinguishes proteins based on characteristic sequence of amino acids that make up one end (signal sequence) – uses ATP Transport Proteins 14  09/12/2023 Cytoplasm semifluid substance inside the cell membrane 4/5 water + 1/5 dissolved substances (enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, salts, vitamins and various inorganic ions) where chemical reactions take place Cytoplasm Colloidal system of variety of organic and inorganic solutes in viscous watery solution No ER and Mitochondria Contains mesosomes, inclusions, and vacuoles 15  09/12/2023 http://cpbiologytas.wikifoundry.com/page/Mesosome+%28B5%29 Mesosomes Vesicular, convoluted invaginations of the plasma membrane Prominent in GM+ bacteria Principal sites of Respiratory enzymes Analogous to mitochondria in eukaryotes 16  09/12/2023 Formed by extensions of the cell membrane into the cell. Help in respiration and secretion processes. Help to increase the surface area of cell membrane as a result increases the enzymatic content of the cell. https://educationbiz.xyz/order?rid=0cda00814f11853c 17  09/12/2023 Nucleoid chromosome region gel-like region containing the chromosomes and plasmids Chromosomes single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all genetic information required by a cell 1 mm long 10% of cell’s total volume – supercoiled chromosomal DNA Archaea chromosome: complexed with proteins resembling histone proteins 18  09/12/2023 EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME 19  09/12/2023 Plasmids accessory genetic information circular, supercoiled, double stranded DNA molecules 0.1 – 10% of chromosome size contains hundreds of genes (5-100 genes) Plasmids can be of many types per cell not required but may provide bacteria with genetic advantage may contain genes for antibiotic resistance (R), disease production can be transferred and spread to other bacterial cells replicate independently from chromosome 20  09/12/2023 Ribosomes consist of ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and protein (ribosomal protein)