Theories Of Personality PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Unit 1 | Introduction- Session 1 Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Session 1: Agenda Definition & meaning of Personality Type theories: Hippocrates, Kretchmer, Sheldon, Eysenck, Type A/B THEORIES OF PERSONALITY...

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Unit 1 | Introduction- Session 1 Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Session 1: Agenda Definition & meaning of Personality Type theories: Hippocrates, Kretchmer, Sheldon, Eysenck, Type A/B THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Activity Take a piece of paper and write down as many adjectives as you can to describe what you are really like—not how you would like to be, or what you want your teachers or parents or friends to think you are like—but the real you Give metaphors to your classmates THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Activity Describe Your Behavior 1. On a date 2. At home with parents 3. In class 4. At a sporting event 5. Reading a book 6. In dining hall at mealtime 7. Talking with a good friend Choose 2 for each: Selfish Energetic Demanding Polite Reserved Helpful  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Activity Below are some concepts that may be important to you in the way you think about your own personality and the personalities of the people around you Think about each item and check off the three items that are most important regarding your view of human personality After the list, add the following instructions: “In the space below, explain why you chose the three items you checked off”  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Introduction ✔ Personality is a pattern of traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behaviour ✔ Personality is known by the conduct, behaviour, movements and everything else concerning the individual ✔ Personality is not a fixed state but a dynamic totality which continuously changes due to relation with environment ✔ Personality is a set of all those specific qualities acquired by an individual through socialization ✔ One reason people use the word personality is to convey a sense of consistency or continuity about a person ✔ A second reason people use the word personality is to convey the sense that whatever the person is doing (or thinking or feeling) originates from within  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Introduction ✔ The term personality is also used for another reason. It often conveys the sense that a few qualities can summarize what a person is like, because they’re so prominent in that person’s behaviour ✔ Personality derives from the Latin word persona, which refers to a mask used by actors in a play ✔ It is easy to see how persona came to refer to outward appearance, the public face we display to the people around us ✔ Based on its derivation, then, we might conclude that personality refers to our external and visible characteristics, those aspects of us that other people can see ✔ Our personality would then be defined in terms of the impression we make on others—that is, what we appear to be THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Definition “Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment” (Allport) “Personality is the supreme realisation of the innate idiosyncrasy, of a living being. It is an act of courage thing in the face of life, the absolute affirmation of all that constitute the individual, the most successful adaptation to the universal, conditions of existence, coupled with the greatest possible freedom of self-determination.” (C.G. Jung) “It is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique that determine his unique adjustment to his environment” (Eysenck, 1952) THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Characteristics of Personality Personality is something which is unique in each individual Personality refers particularly to persistent qualities of an individual Personality is mainly composed of the persistent or permanent qualities that exhibit themselves in form of social behaviour and attempt to make adjustment with the environment Personality represents a dynamic orientation of organism to environment Personality represents the process of learning. It takes place in reference to the environment. We do not acquire all the traits of personality all at once Personality is greatly influenced by social interactions Personality is a product of heredity & environment THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Characteristics of Personality  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type Theories ✔ According to Morgan and King, “ A type is simply a class of individuals said to share a common collection of characteristics” ✔ It means that people are classified into categories according to the characteristics they share in common ✔ For example, some people prominently show tendencies of being outgoing, happy-go-lucky nature, mixing with people, less task orientation etc. These people are classified as extrovert ✔ A number of thinkers have given their typological models to explain personality, some of which include (i) Hippocrates typology (ii) Kretchmer’s typology (iii) Sheldon’s typology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type/Temperament/Humoral Theory/ Hippocrates Typology ✔ Type/temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humor theory ✔ It may have origins in ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia, but it was the Greek physician. Hippocrates (460–370 BC) who developed it into a medical theory ✔ Next, Galen (AD 131–200) developed the first typology of temperament ✔ The word "temperament" itself comes from Latin "temperare", "to mix” ✔ In the ideal personality, the complementary characteristics or warm-cool and dry-moist were exquisitely balanced ✔ Theory of the four humors, was first proposed by the Greek physician Hippocrates, was based on the assumption that the human body is composed of four basic substances (the so-called "humors") and that the balances and imbalances in the amounts of these substances in an organism determines the health of that organism THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type/Temperament/Humoral Theory/ Hippocrates Typology ✔ These humors corresponded to the elements air, fire, earth and water, which a few years before had been identified by the philosopher Empedocles as the raw materials of everything that exists ✔ Properties of these four elements, in turn, were reflected in the characteristics of the four humors that according to Hippocrates flowed through the human body Black bile: Substance linked to the earth element, whose properties were cold and dryness Yellow bile: Humor corresponding to the element of fire. Its qualities were warmth and dryness Blood: The substance linked to the element of air, whose properties were warmth and humidity Phlegm: water-related substance, whose properties are cold and humidity THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type/Temperament/Humoral Theory/ Hippocrates Typology ✔ The theory of the four humors offered a basis on which to work in medicine, thus, many treatments for diseases consisted of modifying the diet of patients so that, by ingesting certain foods, their humoral levels were balanced ✔ For Galen, imbalances in the amounts of humors had an influence on the way we think, feel and act ✔ In other words, their proportions were the basis of people's temperaments ✔ In a natural way, each individual has levels of moods that are very rarely fully proportionate, and that is what explains the differences in personality ✔ For example, when black bile predominates he believed that the person tended to be melancholic and with a tendency to sadness and the expression of intense emotions, while in individuals in whom there is a greater proportion of phlegm than the rest of substances their temperament would be characterized by his tendency to rationally analyse situations and his facility to remain calm THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type/Temperament/Humoral Theory/ Hippocrates Typology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Hippocrates Typology Blood/Sanguinary Melancholic Cheerful/Happy and optimistic, with a Temperament defined by the tendency to presence of a large amount of express their affection for others and with black bile, associated temperament confidence in is sad, with artistic themselves. sensibility and easy to move It corresponded to the substance of blood Choleric Phlegmatic Temperament related to yellow bile, would express itself Corresponding to the mood of in passionate, easily angry and great phlegm, people associated energy with this temperament would be cold and rational THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Hippocrates Typology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Hippocrates Typology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Kretchmer's Typology ✔ Kretchmer was a German psychiatrist who on the basis of his observation of patients classified people into four types ✔ He used the physical constitution and temperament for this purpose ✔ The four types he talked about included: ✔ (i) Pyknic type ✔ (ii) Asthenic type ✔ (iii) Athletic type ✔ (iv) Dysplastic type THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Kretchmer's Typology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sheldon’s Typology In the 1940s, American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon developed a theory that associated body types with human temperament types Sheldon proposed that the human physique could be classified according to how much they are composed of three elements He called these classifications somatotypes, after the three layers of embryos: ✔ Endoderm, which develops into the digestive tract ✔ Mesoderm, which develops into the muscle, heart, and blood vessels ✔ Ectoderm, which forms the skin and nervous system THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sheldon’s Typology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Carl Jung Personality Type ✔ Jung first introduced his personality theory in his book ‘Psychological Types’ ✔ He used four psychological functions: thinking and feeling (rational functions) and sensation and intuition (irrational functions) ✔ In addition, he distinguishes between two fundamental life attitudes: introversion and extraversion ✔ According to Carl Jung, every person has a dominant life attitude and a primary function. This classifies him or her as a certain personality type ✔ By combining the different life attitudes and functions, with the 8 Jung Personality Types (2 basic attitudes & 4 functions)  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Carl Jung Personality Type 1. The extraverted thinking type 2. The introverted thinking type 3. The extraverted feeling type 4. The introverted feeling type 5. The extraverted sensation type 6. The introverted sensation type 7. The extraverted intuitive type 8. The introverted intuitive type  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Carl Jung Personality Type Sensation (S) type versus the intuitive (N) type Introverted versus Extraverted ✔Sensation type is led by external sensory stimuli ✔Introverted (I) focuses on their own mental world ✔Intuitive type is led by undefinable internal ✔Extraverted (E) people focus more on the world feelings outside themselves ✔Preference of one of the two functions of ✔Preference of general attitude perception Extraversion – Introversion, signifies the source ✔Sensing – Intuition, represents the method by and direction of a person’s energy expression which someone perceives information ✔Sensing means that a person mainly believes An extravert’s source and direction of energy information he or she receives directly from the expression is mainly in the external world, while external world an introvert has a source of energy mainly in their ✔Intuition means that a person believes mainly own internal world information he or she receives from the internal or imaginative world  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Carl Jung Personality Type Thinking (T) type versus the Feeling (F) type ✔ Judging (J) – Perceiving (P) ✔Thinking type acts based on reason ✔ Judging – Perceiving reflects how a ✔Feeling types act on what’s in their heart person implements the information he or she has processed ✔Preference of one of the two functions of judging ✔Thinking – Feeling represents how a person ✔ Judging means that a person organizes all processes information of his life events and, as a rule, sticks to his plans ✔Thinking means that a person makes a decision ✔ Perceiving means that he or she is inclined mainly through logic to improvise and explore alternative ✔Feeling means that, as a rule, he or she makes a options decision based on emotion, i.e. based on what they feel they should do THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Carl Jung Personality Type THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Carl Jung Personality Type THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Eysenck Personality Type Eysenck’s theory claims that all humans have a basic set of traits that define them as human beings, and each individual has an individual temperament or temperament type Personality can be defined as how we behave in everyday life and respond to situations and events There are only two dimensions of Eysenck's personality theory which measure an individual's extraversion and neuroticism traits However, now Eysenck's approach focuses on three dimensions named after PEN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Eysenck Personality Type Psychoticism-Normality Extraversion-Introversion Neuroticism-Emotional Stability Psychoticism is a personality trait characterized by a lack of ”Extraversion" and "introversion" describe two Neuroticism is a personality empathy, a poor ability to form different personality types trait characterized by anxiety, attachments, and a lack of worry, and insecurity concern for others Extraverted people are outgoing and friendly, and People high in neuroticism People who are high in they tend to be energized by tend to be more vibrant and psychoticism are more likely to social interactions and reactive to stress, and they are be aggressive, antisocial, and quickly get bored when also more likely to experience have substance abuse alone negative emotions like problems Introverted people are more sadness, anger, and fear In contrast, people who are reserved and prefer solitary Conversely, emotional stability low in psychoticism are more activities; they are often is the ability to remain calm likely to be emotionally stable more thoughtful and and level-headed during stress and empathetic and to have reflective or adversity healthy relationships THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Eysenck Personality Type THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type A / B Personality Type A/B THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Friedman and Rosenman | Type A / B ✔ The concept of type A and B personality types originated in the United States in the 1970s with cardiologists Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman ✔ Friedman and Rosenman used the term “behaviour pattern A” to describe a particular pattern of emotions and actions people displayed, which people later referred to as type A personality ✔ Each person is a unique combination of four personality types ✔ Over the centuries, these basic categories have gone by several names and designations, but for our purposes, they're known as the director, socializer, thinker, and supporter ✔ As shorthand, though, we refer to those types of personality as A, B, C, and D, respectively  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type A ✔ Type A personality likes to be ✔ Take-charge and highly in control of their environment competitive and their lives ✔ Fast-paced and impatient ✔ They're normally not very ✔ Entrepreneurial, workaholic detail-oriented, choosing to ✔ Embraces change delegate details to others ✔ Ambitious ✔ They're usually very ✔ Works well independently goal-oriented and practical in ✔ Passionate but short-fused their solutions ✔ Demands maximum freedom ✔ They arrive at solutions and goals with a no-nonsense, ✔ Dominant and stubborn bottom-line approach ✔ Multitasking  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type B ✔ Type B personality is a very outgoing, energetic and fast-paced individual who likes to be around people and ✔ Enthusiastic and enjoys being the center of attention fun-loving ✔ They're good relationship-builders ✔ Persuasive ✔ Their driving need is for approval, so ✔ Friendly they try to like everyone in hopes ✔ Charismatic and everyone will like them confident ✔ Compliments, acknowledgement of ✔ Idea person, dreamer their achievements, words of ✔ Short attention span admiration, and even applause from ✔ Motivator these groups are the most important ✔ Spontaneous and thing you can do for them impulsive ✔ Procrastinator  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type C ✔ Type C personality is a very detail-oriented individual who likes to be involved in things that are ✔ Accuracy and controlled and stable detail-oriented ✔ They're interested in accuracy, ✔ Creative rationality, and logic ✔ Dependable ✔ People who can't seem to control their ✔ Skeptical emotions ✔ Independent and can ✔ They also dislike being around people appear anti-social who are full of hype, since they desire ✔ Lawful facts, accuracy and logic ✔ Organized ✔ Analytical and critical ✔ Other people's emotions may not be a priority for them ✔ Worried about progress ✔ Detached and disengaged  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type D ✔ Type D personality takes a slower, easier pace toward their work and life ✔ Shy, low-key and in general observant ✔ They seek security and longevity on ✔ Caring the job and are very happy doing a ✔ Sincere repetitive task day in and day out ✔ Consistent, ✔ The repetition allows them to become dependable very skilled ✔ Calm and stable ✔ Fair and equitable ✔ Likewise, they won't like it if the rules change a lot ✔ Looks approachable ✔ That's contrary to their desire to ✔ Avoiding minimize change and stick with what confrontation they know works ✔ Resistant to change ✔ Self-confident THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Type A B C D THANK YOU Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology [email protected] Reference: Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (LE). Theories of personality. Cengage Learning. (9th edition & 11th edition) THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Unit 1 | Introduction- Session 2 Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Session 2: Agenda Trait theories: Allport , Cattell, Eysenck , Big-Five factor Model Factors influencing personality THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Trait Theory ✔ The trait theory of personality suggests that people have certain basic traits and it is the strength and intensity of those traits that account for personality differences ✔ The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality ✔ Trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of broad dispositions ✔ A trait is a personality characteristic that meets three criteria: it must be consistent, stable, and vary from person to person ✔ A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways ✔ Most trait theories present a series of binary personal characteristics (like extraversion and introversion) and then chart a person on a spectrum between these two extremes  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Trait Theories ✔ If someone asked you to describe a close friend's personality, what kind of things would you say? ✔ A few things that might come to mind are descriptive terms such as "outgoing," "kind" and "even-tempered." ✔ All of these represent traits ✔ There are four trait theories of personality: o Allport's trait theory o Cattell's 16-factor personality model o Eysenck's three-dimensional model o Five-factor model of personality  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Allport Trait Theory ✔ The first trait theory was proposed by a psychologist named Gordon Allport (1936) ✔ Allport found that one English-language dictionary contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits ✔ He categorized these traits into three levels o Cardinal Trait o Central Trait o Secondary Trait THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Allport Trait Theory Cardinal Traits (Dominant traits) ✔Allport suggested that cardinal trait are rare and dominating, usually develop later in life ✔Cardinal traits are extremely dominant, all-encompassing traits that significantly shape an individual's personality, such as Mother Theresa’s altruism ✔Cardinal traits are not very common: Few people have personalities dominated by a single trait ✔They tend to define a person to such an extent that their names become synonymous with their personality ✔E.g.: Ambitious, sociable; able to strike and engage in a conversation with anyone  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Allport Trait Theory Central traits (General Traits) ✔Central traits are those that make up our personalities (such as loyal, kind, agreeable, friendly, sneaky, wild, and grouchy) ✔Central traits are the general characteristics that form the core of an individual's personality ✔Central traits which are the traits that remain stable across the lifespan. They are not as dominant as cardinal traits ✔E.g.: Empathy, friendly; approachable and easily liked by others Secondary traits (Variable Traits) ✔Secondary traits are those that are not quite as obvious or as consistent as central traits ✔Secondary traits are more specific and situational traits that are less consistent and less influential than central traits ✔These are not strong enough like cardinal traits and hence they are not regarded as integral parts of one’s personality ✔They are present under specific circumstances and include preferences and attitudes ✔E.g.: Impulsiveness, short-tempered when in queues; can become irritated and impatient in long queues  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Cattell’s Trait Theory ✔ After Allport, major contribution to trait theory was made by R.B. Cattell ✔ He divided traits into two categories, viz., surface traits, and source traits Surface Traits o Surface traits are the observable behaviours and characteristics that people display in specific situations o surface traits are more specific and context-dependent o Surface traits can vary widely from one situation to another, as they are influenced by factors such as the environment and the immediate circumstances o E.g.: Surface traits are considered one construct of multiple traits that go together. For example, being altruistic, sociability, unselfishness and humour Source Traits/ /Core Traits or Global Traits o Source traits are fundamental and underlying dimensions of personality that are relatively stable over time and consistent across various situations o They represent the broader and deeper aspects of an individual's personality & are considered to be the building blocks of personality o For example, sociability, unselfishness and humor are surface traits which when joined together create a source trait known as friendliness o Source traits that comprise this would be being unselfishness, not greedy, sharing, and being thoughtful THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Cattell’s Trait Theory ✔ Cattell built on Allport's theory by reducing the thousands of traits listed by Allport to 16, using factor analysis ✔ Cattell described the source traits in terms of opposing tendencies ✔ As a result, He developed a test, called Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) ✔ This is a self-report psychometric test which is still used to this day to measure personality ✔ The test consists of a series of statements that requires respondents to answer truthfully the extent to which it reflects on them THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Cattell’s Trait Theory THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Cattell’s Trait Theory THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Big Five Factor Model ✔ Both Cattell’s and Eysenck’s theories have been the subject of considerable research ✔ This has led some theorists to believe that Cattell focused on too many traits, while Eysenck focused on too few ✔ As a result, a new trait theory often referred to as the "Big Five" theory emerged ✔ This five-factor model of personality represents five core traits that interact to form human personality ✔ The theory states that personality can be boiled down to five core factors, known by the acronym CANOE or OCEAN ✔ The Big Five remain relatively stable throughout most of one’s lifetime. They are influenced significantly by genes and the environment, with an estimated heritability of 50%. They also predict certain important life outcomes such as education and health THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Big Five Factor Model THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Big Five Factor Model Big Five Factor THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Debate ✔ Heredity Vs Environment ✔ Heredity Vs Culture ✔ Heredity Vs Socialization/Peer influence/parenting styles ✔ Personal experience & life events THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Activity THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Factors influencing Personality Factors that influence and shape our personality can be categorised under two broad headings, viz., (i) Hereditary factors (ii) Environmental factors ✔ Social factors ✔ Home environment THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Factors influencing Personality ✔ Hereditary factors : Heredity includes all those factors that we inherit from our parents. Such factors are innate, that is, they are present in the individual before the time of and determine the path of development of our personality ✔ Height, colour, composition of the body etc ✔ Traits of physical structure are largely inherited  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Factors influencing Personality ✔ Environmental factors: Personality is not born out of only hereditary factors ✔ Heredity provides only the blue print in terms of chromosomes and genes. But the actual action on that gene is dependent on the availability of environment conducive for that ✔ For example, a person may have mathematical ability but this ability cannot be refined unless that person is provided the opportunity to exercise his ability for maths. Similarly, an individual gifted with talent for music may not become a musician until he gets training and exposure to music ✔ Thus, heredity only provides the raw material what is to be developed out of that material solely depends upon environment in which the person is brought up THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Factors influencing Personality ✔ Social factors: Social conditions, social institutions – family, school, parental styles, religion, peer groups and neighbourhood as well as various other social groups will all affect the development of personality ✔ Home environment – the kind of environment in a family exists affects our personality a great deal. Families which enjoy strong emotional tie among siblings and parents, are supportive and encouraging to their children. Children from such families are self-confident, proactive and emotionally stable THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Case Study: Factors influencing Personality In this case study, we will examine the life of Emily, a 25-year-old woman, to understand the interplay of genetic, environmental, and cultural factors that have shaped her personality Emily comes from a mixed-race background, with her mother being of Asian descent and her father of European descent She grew up in a suburban neighbourhood and was raised by both parents in a middle-class household Emily's parents have distinct personalities – her mother is introverted and reserved, while her father is extroverted and outgoing THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Case Study: Factors influencing Personality ✔ How might Emily's genetic background have influenced her temperament and disposition towards certain personality traits? ✔ What role might Emily's parents' differing personalities have played in her upbringing and personality development? ✔ How have cultural expectations and values influenced Emily's self-concept and behaviour? ✔ In what ways have Emily's interactions with peers and social experiences contributed to her personality? ✔ How do nature and nurture interact to shape Emily's personality, and can one factor be considered more influential than the other? ✔ What implications does this case study have for understanding the complexity of personality development in individuals with diverse backgrounds?  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Case Study: Factors influencing Personality ✔ Genetic Factors: Emily's parents have different personality traits, and it is important to explore how genetic predispositions may have influenced her personality. The interaction between her parents' genetic makeup and the inheritance of certain traits. Emily's temperament and potential genetic markers for specific personality traits will be considered ✔ Environmental Factors: Emily's upbringing, family dynamics, and social interactions have played a crucial role in her personality development. The case study will delve into the role of attachment, parenting styles, and sibling relationships in shaping her personality. It will also address how exposure to various life events and experiences has contributed to her personality traits THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Case Study: Factors influencing Personality ✔ Cultural Factors: Emily's mixed-race background exposes her to two distinct cultures. The case study will explore how cultural values, beliefs, and practices have influenced her personality. It will consider the challenges she might have faced in navigating her identity and how her personality may have adapted to cultural expectations ✔ Socialization and Peer Influence: Emily's interactions with peers, school experiences, and social activities have played a role in shaping her personality. The case study will examine the impact of peer pressure, friendship, and social norms on her behaviour and personality traits THANK YOU Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology [email protected] Reference: Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (LE). Theories of personality. Cengage Learning. (9th edition & 11th edition) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Unit 2 | Psychodynamic Approach- Session 1 Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Session 1: Agenda ✔ Freud  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory SIGMUND FREUD ✔May 6, 1856 – Sigmund Freud Was Born in Freyberg Town, Crech Republic ✔1881 – He Graduated From Medical Faculty, University of Vienna ✔1896 – Sigmund Freud Was Officially Recognized ✔1900 – He Released ‘Interpretation of Dreams’ ✔September 23, 1939 –Freud Passed Away in Hampstead House PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory A set of philosophy of human nature Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the main cause of behavior lie in unconscious mind https://youtu.be/jdawTFsCNtc PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Approach The key assumption of the psychodynamic approach is that all human behavior can be explained in terms of inner conflict of the mind The experiences in our earlier years can affect our emotions, attitudes & behavior in later years without us being aware that it is happening Freud suggested that abnormal behavior is caused by unresolved conflicts in the unconscious, these conflicts create anxiety & we use defense mechanisms to protect our ego against anxiety PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious factors motivate our behavior Experiences or events of first 6 years of life are determinants of later development of personality (attention is given to those experiences) Unconscious motives and conflicts are central Later personality problems will have its roots on early repressed childhood conflicts PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory 1. DETERMINISTIC Life is about gaining pleasure and avoiding pain 2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM Freud believe that human are motivated by the unconscious, where the Id is found along with the aggression and sexual instincts  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory LEVEL OF MENTAL LIFE The CONSCIOUS Mind: That of which you are aware. It includes Memories you are thinking of Present perceptions Fantasy Feelings The PRECONSCIOUS Mind All the things that are easy to bring into consciousness ness Your name, phone #, all personal details The UNCONSCIOUS Mind Everything not readily available to your awareness Drives, Instincts, traumatic memories Sources of motivation Unconsciously we realize specific needs We must survive & reproduce These needs are represented by fundamental drives- Eros/ Libido, Thanatos PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory 1. UNCONSCIOUS Contains all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our awareness but it affect our expression, feeling, action (E.g. Slip of tongue, dreams, wishes) 2. PRECONSCIOUS Facts stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but are available for possible use in the future (E.g. A person will never think of her home address at that moment but when her friend ask for it, she can easily recall it) 3. CONSCIOUS Only level of mental life that are directly available to us The awareness of our own mental process (Thoughts/feeling) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory Structures of Personality Consists of three parts : 1.Id 2.Ego 3.Superego PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory Freud believed that within the mind there are 3 aspects of personality that determine how we behave PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory ID ✔Infants are born with Id ✔Source of psychic energy ✔Operates on “Pleasure Principle” –to gain pleasure, avoid pain ✔Driven by sexual and aggressive urge ✔Selfish, irrational, seeks instant gratification  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory EGO ✔Develops during infancy (6 months) ✔The rational level of personality ✔Operates on “Reality Principle” – does realistic and logical thinking ✔The balance between Id and Superego ✔Inherits inevitable anxiety produced by Id-superego conflict ✔Mediates between instincts & surrounding environment PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory SUPEREGO ✔Develops during childhood (6 years) ✔Persons moral code ✔Inhibit id impulses, persuade ego to substitute moral goals & strive for perfection ✔Partially unconscious ✔Internalized parent ✔ Operates on “Moral Principle” or “Judicial” ✔ Able to differentiate between good and bad, right and wrong (conscience) ✔ If people follow their superego, they will feel proud but if they don’t follow, they will feel guilty and anxious PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory In accord with psychoanalytic theory, one of the primary functions of the superego is to ✔ Assure that desires are gratified at the appropriate time ✔ Guide behavior prior to the development of the id and ego ✔ Assure immediate gratification of any need or desire as it occurs ✔ Balance and respond to the demands of the id and ego ✔ Serve as the individual’s conscience PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory Example Behaviors are a result of conflicts between levels of consciousness PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychoanalytic Theory What happens if there is a conflict between ID, EGO & SUPEREGO ??? The EGO tries to avoid anxiety & uses Ego defense mechanisms to maintain a balance in relation to the ID & SUPEREGO Defence mechanisms are ways of coping with difficult feelings/way of dealing with stress & anxiety situations PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Defense Mechanism ✔ Defense mechanism are invented by the Ego in an attempt to resolve the conflict between Id and Superego – so that personality can operate in a healthy manner ✔ It deny/distort reality while operating in unconscious level ✔ If it is used once a while, the purpose of using it is to reduce stress ✔ But if it is used frequently, it means the individual are trying to avoid facing reality PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Repression DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE ✔ Unpleasant experiences are stored deep in the subconscious mind and cant be ✔ An accident victim nearly dies accessed by the conscious but remembers none of the mind details of the accident ✔ Basic defense mechanism PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Displacement DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE Redirecting the feelings of hostility Angered by a neighbor’s hateful and violent action from self to comment, a mother punish her another that is less threatening child for accidentally spilling her from original source drinks PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Rationalization DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE Providing a reasonable A person who is turned down for explanation to make undesirable a date might rationalize the behavior appear logical situation by saying they were not attracted to the other person anyway PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Denial DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE Reality is distorted to make it suit An alcoholic fails to acknowledge to the individual’s wishes that he is addicted to alcohol PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Regression DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE Returning to a behavior pattern After Mary’s parents bitter characteristic of an earlier stage divorce, she refuse to sleep of development alone in her room and crawling into bed with her mother PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Reaction Formation DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE Thinking or behaving in a way that is A woman who loves an unobtainable the extremely opposite to those that man and behaves as though she are of real intention hates him PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projection DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE The attribution of one’s A person in an extremely bad unacceptable urges or qualities to mood accuses family members of others being hard to get along with PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Sublimation DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE It involves channelling or redirecting Alex is using sublimation to redirect his unacceptable or socially inappropriate aggressive impulses into a positive and impulses, thoughts, or behaviours into socially acceptable activity more socially acceptable outlets Instead of harming others or himself, he It allows individuals to express their desires engages in sports to release his energy and in a constructive and culturally emotions constructively appropriate way PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Defense Mechanism Defense mechanism is an unconscious psychological process used to reduce the anxiety & help an individual to adjust better, but when it is used excessively it causes problems. Children should be guarded against too much use of DM. bz once they start using them it will become habitual & later they use it unconsciously Excessive use of DM will over time result in the ego becoming increasingly detached from reality & in time can cause psychological disorder PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Work Sheet The ______________ is the moral and ethical part of the mind that represents internalized societal and parental values The ______________ is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that operates on the pleasure principle The ______________ is the rational and decision-making part of the mind that operates on the reality principle PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Work Sheet Scenario Analysis Read the following scenarios and identify which psychological concept (id, ego, or superego) is primarily at play o Write down the corresponding term next to each scenario Scenario 1: Amy wants to eat an entire chocolate cake, even though she knows it's not healthy. She gives in to her desires and eats the cake secretly Psychological Concept: ______________________ Scenario 2: Mark is considering cheating on a test to get a good grade. However, his conscience tells him it's wrong, and he decides to study instead Psychological Concept: ______________________ Scenario 3: Sarah feels angry with her friend for cancelling their plans. Instead of expressing her anger directly, she writes a letter venting her frustrations Psychological Concept: _________ PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Work Sheet Activity Worksheet: "Exploring Defense Mechanisms” Part 1: Definitions Read the following definitions of common defense mechanisms. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms a. ______________ is attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings onto others. b. ______________ is refusing to acknowledge or accept a distressing reality. c. ______________ is pushing away or suppressing thoughts, feelings, or memories from conscious awareness. d. ______________ is expressing a forbidden or unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner. e. ______________ is justifying or rationalizing one's behaviour or feelings to make them more acceptable. f. ______________ is reverting to an earlier, more childlike stage of development in the face of stress or conflict. g. ______________ is redirecting emotions or impulses from their original source to a less threatening or more acceptable target. h. ______________ is expressing an unconscious impulse in a disguised or symbolic form. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Work Sheet Read the following examples of behaviours and identify the corresponding defense mechanism. Write down the correct defense mechanism next to each example Example 1: After being criticized by a co-worker, Sarah starts gossiping about another colleague to make herself feel better. Defense Mechanism: ______________________ Example 2: Jake, who is afraid of public speaking, convinces himself that he doesn't really need to give the presentation and skips the opportunity. Defense Mechanism: ______________________ Example 3: Lisa, who experienced a traumatic event as a child, has no recollection of the incident or any associated memories. Defense Mechanism: ________________________  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Realistic Anxiety: The most basic form, rooted in reality. It is a fear of real world events. It is considered to be an ego based anxiety. The According to Freud, anxiety comes reduction method is to remove oneself from the harmful situation from the turbulent interplay between E.g.: Being anxious about the upcoming interview or an exam ID & the superego Moral Anxiety: Anxiety which results from fear of violating moral or societal When the Ego feels unpleasant codes, moral anxiety appears as guilt or shame emotional discomfort & is E.g.: Feeling guilty and anxious after telling a lie to a close friend overwhelmed by conflicting demands Neurotic Anxiety: we feel anxious Anxiety which arises from an unconscious fear that the impulses of the ID will take control at an inappropriate time. This type of anxiety is driven by a fear of punishment that will result from Anxiety comes in three forms: expressing the ID desires without channeling it though some socially acceptable action Realistic Anxiety E.g.: Feeling overwhelming anxiety about using public restrooms Moral Anxiety due to fear of contamination, even though the risk is minimal Neurotic Anxiety  STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT / PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES Freud believed that all these pieces of personality developed in stages These stages were directly attributable to areas of the body that gives us pleasure- known as Erogenous Zones of the body There are 5 stages to a person's development acc to Freud These stages occur from birth to adolescence Everything you do as an adult is dependent on what happens to you during one of these five stages Fixation occurs when a person does not successfully navigate a particular stage of development & becomes stuck (fixated) within its associated behavior patterns https://youtu.be/mhG-twzaE_g https://i.pinimg.com/originals/25/1d/df/251ddf65996bad02962874dcfba55227.gif PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT / PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY https://slideplayer.com/slide/13680975/84/images/11/Psychosexual+Personality+Development+Stage+1%3A+Oral+Stage.jpg PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY https://image.slidesharecdn.com/psychosexualdevelopment-130116022158-phpapp02/95/psychosexual-development-13-638.jpg?cb=1358302995 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY https://image.slidesharecdn.com/psychosexualdevelopment-130116022158-phpapp02/95/psychosexual-development-18-638.jpg?cb=1358302995 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY https://image.slidesharecdn.com/psychosexualdevelopment-130116022158-phpapp02/95/psychosexual-development-19-638.jpg?cb=1358302995 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Instinctive Drives EROS “Life Instinct” Drives for survival, pleasure, ❖ THANATOS “Death reproduction & basic instincts like Instinct” hunger, thirst & sex Thanatos drives people Energy created by life instinct is ❏ towards aggressive & ❖ also known as libido The drive to preserve living ❖ destructive behaviors. substance & bring it together in Freud came to believe that ❏ larger unit the goal of all motivation is to ❖Eros is associated with behaviors be at peace & the most at that supports harmony among peace we are is in death. So, people such as love, collaboration he proposed that we have a & cooperation “Death Instinct”. He claimed that the goal of all life is Death LIBIDO “Force/Sexual Instinct” Libido is the energy behind Eros drive. Libido comes from the Latin word meaning “I” Desire These two forces work The force by which the sexual instinct on is represented in the mind “Law of conservation energy” PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychic energy is distributed within Id, Ego & Superego, with the ego retaining the largest share maintain a balance between Id, impulsive behavior & the idealistic behaviors of the superego If an excessive amount of Psychic energy is stored in one of the personality components, behr will reflect that part of personality Eg: Excessive Psychic energy stored in ID- Impulsive behr Over investment in the EGO will reflect Self absorbed/narcissistic behr Excess within the SUPEREGO - Rigid, self deprecating Behr  Freud's therapy is still influential Free Association : The client can talk about anything. The unconscious conflicts will surface It Is the father of all talk therapies during the discussion. The therapist must These are still psychoanalysis interpret the discussion to rip away the disguise working today Transference: When client Resistance: When client resists some direction in the discussion, begins to feel as though the then this is a clue pointing to the therapist is his mother or father & Major Points in conflict within can directly deal with issues the Psychoanalysis client has towards those people, Free association ★ Dream Analysis: Talking about dreams is a method through the therapist Resistance ★ of discovery. Dreams almost always have some sexual meaning. Dreams are pathways into the Parapraxes: Also called Dream analysis ★ unconscious. Latent content is the meaning of the “Freudian Slip”, these are slips in Parapraxes ★ speech that show the real dream & manifest content is the actual dream Transference ★ sequence meaning, another type of Catharsis ★ parapraxes is available through Catharsis: A release of pent up projection tests such as Insight ★ Insight: Becoming emotions which allows the Rorschach or Thematic aware of the source of apperception test client to express the motivating the emotion that was energy that has been bottled released in catharsis up  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY ❖ Comprehensiveness ❖ Precision, consistency & testability - Concepts like ID are hard to define - It is consistent within itself - It is hard to falsify many of the concepts ❖ Parsimony - Extremely complex- not a very simple explanation - The unconscious makes it rife with assumption ❖ Heuristic Value - Much research has been created to test this theory ❖ Empirical Validity - Research that has been conducted has found some validity ❖ Applied Value - For many years it was used extensively - Today it is declining & other theories are applied more often  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Techniques in Freudian Therapy ✔ Freudian therapy, also known as psychoanalysis, is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This therapeutic approach aims to explore the unconscious mind, uncover repressed emotions and experiences, and bring them to the conscious mind to facilitate healing ✔ Free Association: Patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind, allowing unconscious material to surface ✔ Dream Analysis : Freud believed that dreams are a form of wish fulfilment and a way to access the unconscious mind. Analysing dreams can uncover repressed material ✔ Dream Analysis: Dreams are interpreted to uncover the latent content and unconscious wishes disguised in the manifest content ✔ Analysis of Resistance: Identifying and exploring resistance (e.g., reluctance to discuss certain topics) to understand the underlying unconscious conflicts THANK YOU Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology Reference: Schultz, D. P & Schultz, S. E, (2016) Theories of Personality, Cengage Learning PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Unit 2 | Neo Freudian Approach- Session 2 Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Session 2: Agenda C J Jung PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY The Neo-Freudians o Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology o Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology o Karen Horney’s Psychoanalytical Social Theory PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY A Journey Into The Mind Of… Carl Jung ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY "Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves"  Who is Carl Jung? ✔ Carl Jung was born in Switzerland (1875) ✔ As a child he was interested in history, archaeology, and philosophy ✔ He studied medicine at the University of Basel and discovered he had a passion for psychiatry ✔ He became a psychiatrist as it gave him the opportunity to study both the spiritual and factual sides of the world ✔ For 9 years he was an assistant physician at a Psychiatric Hospital ✔ He studied Schizophrenia extensively PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Analytical Psychology ✔ The first point on which Jung came to disagree with Freud was the role of sexuality ✔ Jung broadened Freud’s definition of libido by redefining it as a more generalized psychic energy that includes sex but is not restricted to it ✔ The second major area of disagreement concerned the direction of the forces that influence personality ✔ Freud viewed human beings as prisoners or victims of past events ✔ Jung argued that we are shaped by our future as well as our past, We are affected not only by what happened to us as children, but also by what we aspire to do in the future THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Analytical Psychology ✔ The third significant point of difference revolved around the unconscious. Rather than minimizing the role of the unconscious. Jung placed an even greater emphasis on it than Freud did ✔ Jung made it the core of his system of personality ✔ He combined ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion to form his image of human nature ✔ Carl Gustav Jung broke from orthodox psychoanalysis to establish a separate theory of personality called Analytical Psychology, which rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone ✔ Jung believed that each of us are motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors ✔ These inherited images make up what Jung called the collective unconscious ✔ The collective unconscious includes those elements that we have never experienced individually but which have come down to us from our ancestors  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychic Energy Jung named psychic energy is libido Jung used the term libido in two ways: ✔ first, as a diffuse and general life energy ✔ second, from a perspective similar to Freud’s, as a narrower psychic energy that fuels the work of the personality, which he called the psyche It is through psychic energy that psychological activities such as perceiving, thinking, feeling, and wishing are carried out Jung drew on ideas from physics to explain the functioning of psychic energy. He proposed three basic principles: (Jung, 1928) ✔Principle of Opposites ✔Principle of Equivalence ✔Principle of Entropy PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Principle of Opposite ✔ Psychic energy arises from the tension between opposites in the psyche ✔ He noted the existence of opposites or polarities in physical energy in the universe, such as heat versus cold, height versus depth, creation versus decay ✔ So it is with psychic energy: Every wish or feeling has its opposite ✔ This opposition or antithesis—this conflict between polarities—is the primary motivator of behaviour and generator of energy ✔ Indeed, the sharper the conflict between polarities, the greater the energy produced ✔ Eg: Extravert-introvert, Rational-irrational ✔ Example: A person might struggle between the desire for independence (introversion) and the need for social connections (extraversion). This internal conflict creates energy that can lead to a deeper understanding of themselves and a more balanced approach to life PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Principle of Equivalence ✔ Principle of equivalence, This principle states that energy displaced in one area of the psyche will reappear in another ✔ This principle states that energy expended in one area will be compensated by an equal amount of energy in another area. For instance, if an individual suppresses certain feelings or desires, that energy will manifest in other forms, such as dreams or symptoms ✔ He stated that energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost but rather is shifted to another part of the personality ✔ Thus, if the psychic value in a particular area weakens or disappears, that energy is transferred elsewhere in the psyche ✔ For example, if we lose interest in a person, a hobby, or a field of study, the psychic energy formerly invested in that area is shifted to a new one ✔ The psychic energy used for conscious activities while we are awake is shifted to dreams when we are asleep ✔ Example: If an individual suppresses anger due to social norms, that energy might manifest as anxiety or physical symptoms like headaches. Alternatively, it might be redirected into a positive outlet, such as intense physical exercise or passionate involvement in a hobby  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Principle of Entropy ✔ Principle of Entropy refers to the equalization of energy differences ✔ Psychic energy seeks balance, moving from high-intensity areas to lower-intensity areas within the psyche ✔ The distribution of energy in the psyche seeks an equilibrium or balance ✔ Jung borrowed this concept from thermodynamics to describe the tendency of psychic energy to flow from areas of higher intensity to areas of lower intensity, striving for balance within the psyche. Over time, this leads to a more balanced and harmonious personality ✔ Tendency for opposites to come together—be less extreme opposites –When younger, degree of opposites tends to be extreme –As one grows, able to tolerate differences/opposites (doesn’t have to be one or the other—can be both) –We strive toward balancing these opposites ✔ E.g.: Consciousness opposes unconsciousness, feminine opposed masculine ✔ A person who has been intensely focused on their career might start to feel a pull towards relaxing activities or nurturing personal relationships as a way to balance their intense work energy. This shift helps maintain psychological equilibrium  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Levels of Psyche Jung refers to the total personality as the mind or psyche The psyche is seen as a complex network of systems interacting with each other Psychic energy flows continually from one system to another, in a constant striving for harmony The human personality or psyche is divided into these three systems Three primary interdependent systems of the psyche are differentiated, namely the conscious, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Conscious Ego According to Jung (1971, 1990), the first system of the human personality or psyche is the personal conscious of which the ego and persona are a part The ego is the center of consciousness, but not the core of personality The ego is what humans refer to when they use the word “I”, and the persona is the mask or role that a person adopts in the outside world, one that society dictates Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, which is the centre of personality that is largely unconscious The conscious ego represents the center of awareness, where individuals experience their day-to-day thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. It is the aspect of the psyche that interacts directly with the external world Example: Making decisions, solving problems, and engaging in conversations are all functions of the conscious ego. It is the part of the psyche that most people identify as "themselves." PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Personal Unconscious The unconscious refers to those psychic images not sensed by the ego Some unconscious processes flow from our personal experience and are repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived. These experiences make up the personal unconscious According to Jung (1921, 1959), all people have a shadow side, which is unconscious. It is made up of material that people do not like about themselves The personal unconscious contains material that is not currently conscious but can be readily brought into awareness. It includes memories, experiences, thoughts, and feelings that are repressed or forgotten but still influence behaviour and emotions Example: For instance, a person may have repressed memories of a traumatic childhood experience that continue to impact their behaviour or relationships without their conscious awareness PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Collective Unconscious The third system of the psyche is known as the collective unconscious One of the most unique teachings of analytical psychology is the concept of the collective unconscious Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species The physical contents of the collective unconscious are inherited and pass from one generation to the next as psychic potential The deeper level of the objective psyche is composed of a universal structure in humankind. Therefore, the contents of the collective unconscious are more or less the same for people in all cultures The collective unconscious is responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs The collective unconscious does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Archetypes Archetypes are the structural components of the collective unconscious They are also called as the primordial images or even mythological images It is a permanent deposit in the mind of perpetually repeated experiences occurred over the generations For instance, numerous generations have seen the event of the sun rising and then setting According to Jungian theory, repetition of this magnificent event became fixed in the collective unconscious over a period of time as an archetype of sun-god Jung had recognized several archetypes such as the child-god, the mother, the trickster or magician, the hero, the old wise man, etc However, some of these archetypes have evolved and warrant to be treated as separate systems within personality (Hall, Lindzey, & Campbell, 1957) They are: persona, anima and animus, and shadow PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Archetypes: Persona The side of personality that people show to the world is designated as the persona The term is well chosen because it refers to the mask worn by actors in the early theater Although the persona is a necessary side of our personality, we should not confuse our public face with our complete self If we identify too closely with our persona, we remain unconscious of our individuality and are blocked from attaining self-realization To become psychologically healthy, we must strike balance between the demands of society and what truly are E.g.: Celebrity-Public figures often portray personas that are carefully crafted to appeal to their audience and maintain their public image PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Archetypes: Shadow The Shadow represents the hidden or unconscious aspects of oneself that the ego does not identify with or consciously acknowledge. It often includes repressed desires, instincts, and qualities that are deemed socially unacceptable The archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others Consists of morally objectionable tendencies as well as number of constructive and creative qualities that we, nevertheless, are reluctant to face (Jung, 1959) To come to grips with the darkness within ourselves is to achieve the “realization of the shadow” E.g.: Villains in Fairy Tales: Characters like the Big Bad Wolf or the Wicked Witch symbolize the shadow aspects that must be confronted and integrated PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Archetypes: Anima & Animus “Woman from Within” The anima and animus archetypes refer to Jung’s recognition that humans are essentially bisexual On the biological level, each sex secretes the hormones of the other sex as well as those of its own sex On the psychological level, each sex manifests characteristics, temperaments, and attitudes of the other sex by virtue of centuries of living together The psyche of the woman contains masculine aspects (animus archetype), and the psyche of the man contains feminine aspects (anima archetype) These opposite sex characteristics aid in the adjustment and survival of the species because they enable a person of one sex to understand the nature of the other sex E.g.: Yin and Yang (Taoism): Represent complementary forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Archetypes: Self The Self represents the entirety of the psyche, encompassing both conscious and unconscious aspects. It represents the striving for wholeness and integration Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the self It also possesses conscious and personal unconscious components, but it is mostly formed by collective unconscious images Mandala: A circular geometric figure that symbolizes the integration of the self and the unity of the cosmos As an archetype, the self is symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness It represents the strivings of the collective unconscious for unity, balance, and wholeness PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Types Various psychological types grow out of the union of two basic attitudes (introversion and extraversion) and four separate functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting) Attitudes = ways of perceiving Functions = ways of orienting the environment experiences o Sensation o Introversion o Thinking o Extroversion o Feeling o Intuition PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Types Attitudes Functions o The predisposition to o Sensing – tells people act or react in a that something exists characteristic direction o Feeling – perceiving o Introversion – turning value or worth inward of psychic energy; subjective o Thinking – recognizing o Extraversion – turning meaning outward of psychic energy; objective o Intuiting – knowing something without knowing how they know PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Functions Tells them its value or worth Tells people that something exists Allows them to know about Enables them it without to recognize knowing how meaning PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Types PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Types https://image.slidesharecdn.com/carljung-140802210559-phpapp01/95/carl-jung-11-638.jpg?cb=1407013600 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/38/b7/e8/38b7e8562daf17de83b98373c7a34296.gif  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Jungian Therapy ✔ Dream Analysis: Jungian therapists interpret dreams as symbolic expressions of unconscious conflicts, desires, and potentials. Dreams are seen as reflections of the psyche's attempts to communicate and heal ✔ Sand play Therapy: Involves creating and exploring miniature worlds in trays of sand, using figurines and symbols to represent inner states and conflicts. This method allows clients to access and process unconscious material in a non-verbal and symbolic way ✔ Art Therapy: Clients use artistic expression—such as painting, drawing, or sculpture—to access and explore unconscious contents and emotions that may be difficult to verbalize ✔ Active Engagement with Myths and Stories: Therapists and clients explore myths, fairy tales, and personal narratives to identify archetypal themes and patterns relevant to the client's life journey  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY CRITIQUES of JUNG ✔ STRENGTHS ✔ Emphasis on the Unconscious: Jung expanded upon Freud's concept of the unconscious by proposing the existence of a collective unconscious shared by all humans. This idea has influenced our understanding of universal symbols, archetypes, and cultural motifs ✔ Holistic Approach: Jungian psychology takes a holistic view of the individual, emphasizing the integration of various aspects of the psyche (persona, shadow, anima/animus, Self) towards individuation—a process of self-realization and psychological wholeness ✔ Archetypes and Symbols: Jung introduced the concept of archetypes—universal, symbolic images and patterns inherent in the collective unconscious. This concept has enriched our understanding of myths, dreams, and cultural phenomena, providing insights into human experiences and behaviours ✔ Spiritual and Transpersonal Dimensions: Jung's theory acknowledges and explores spiritual and transpersonal dimensions of human existence, beyond the purely materialistic or deterministic views of behaviour ✔ Clinical Applications: Jungian therapy, with its focus on exploring unconscious material, dreams, and symbolic meanings, offers a unique approach to psychotherapy that resonates with clients seeking deeper understanding and personal growth  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY CRITIQUES of JUNG WEAKNESSES Lack of Empirical Support: Jungian concepts such as archetypes, collective unconscious, and individuation are difficult to validate empirically. This poses challenges in terms of scientific verification and measurement Complexity and Ambiguity: Jung's concepts and terminology can be complex and abstract, making them challenging to operationalize and apply consistently in research and clinical practice. This complexity may limit its accessibility and practical utility Cultural and Gender Biases: Jung's theories, particularly his concepts of anima and animus, reflect cultural biases and assumptions about gender roles that may not fully account for diverse cultural perspectives and experiences Subjective Interpretation in Therapy: Jungian therapy relies heavily on the therapist's interpretation of symbols, dreams, and unconscious material. This subjectivity may lead to variability in therapeutic approaches and outcomes among practitioners Underemphasis on Social and Environmental Factors: Jungian psychology's focus on internal processes and individual development may underemphasize the role of social, cultural, and environmental influences on behaviour and psychological functioning THANK YOU Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology Reference: Schultz, D. P & Schultz, S. E, (2016) Theories of Personality, Cengage Learning PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Unit 2 | Neo Freudian Approach- Session 3 Dr. Shruti Soudi Department of Psychology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Session 3: Agenda Psychoanalytic Social Theory KAREN HORNEY https://youtu.be/WtBltoLBz80 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Biography ✔ Born on September 16, 1885 in Germany ✔ Only daughter of Clotilde and Berndt Wackels Danielson ✔ She picture out her father as a harsh disciplinarian ✔ She felt deprived of her father’s affection even though her father brought her gifts all over the world and even took her on three long sea voyages ✔ She developed something of a crush on her own brother ✔ 1904- her mother divorced her father ✔ 1906- she entered medical school ✔ 1909- she married Oscar Horney, a lawyer  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Biography ✔ 1910- gave birth to her first daughter Brigitte ✔ 1911- Her mother died ✔ (Has 3 daughters) ✔ 1923- Oskar's business collapsed and he developed meningitis ✔ 1923, Karen's brother died at the age of 40 of a pulmonary infection ✔ Karen became very depressed ✔ 1926 – divorce from Husband and transfer to the U.S. ✔ Have an affair with Fromm ✔ 1952- She died in her sleep PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Biography PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Theory ▪ Neurosis ▪ Development of Neurosis ▪ 10 Neurotic Needs ▪ Coping Strategies ▪ Self Theory ▪ Feminine Psychology https://youtu.be/00Utj1xd-CQ  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Karen Horney (1885-1952) ✔ Recognizing that what is “normal” in one culture may be seen as abnormal in another ✔ Horney emphasized cultural rather than biological factors in human development, especially concerning gender differences ✔ Children begin life with basic anxiety, but it can be overcome with appropriate nurturing from parents or others PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Karen Horney (1885-1952) ✔ Horney agreed with Freud in principle about the importance of early years of childhood in shaping the adult personalitye ✔ Horney believed that social forces in childhood, not biological forces influences personality development ✔ Horney believed that females feel inferior to males not because of anatomical differences but because of the gender discrimination in society ✔ Childhood dominates by the safety needs (need for security & freedom from fear) ✔ Horney believed that psychological problems during adulthood are a result of disturbed interpersonal relationship which they experience during childhood PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Neurosis ✔ Basic anxiety- foundation of neurosis ✔ A pervasive feeling of loneliness & helplessness ✔ Neurosis according to Horney, it is an attempt to make life bearable ✔ Horney proposed that neurosis develops as a coping mechanism to deal with "basic anxiety," which arises from feelings of helplessness and insecurity in early childhood ✔ This anxiety stems from perceived threats to a child’s safety, love, and acceptance in their environment  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Neurosis Horney believed that Childhood has a great effect on our behaviour as we grow If child felt unloved, unwanted and negative feelings dominant the childhood there will be a big problem when they grow Abused children has a big possibility to be aggressive Parental indifference: Basic Evil, “The road to hell”, leading to lack of warm and affection in childhood. It is base in child's perception and not in Parents’ intention Basic Hostility: first reaction to Parental Indifference is anger. Protesting injustice. Parents are unwilling to love, Parents are incapable to give love. Some children find hostility as an habitual response to life’s difficulties Basic Anxiety: Horney believe that the nutritive soil of Neurosis is Basic Anxiety. Fear of helplessness and abandonment. Basic Anxiety isn't neurosis itself PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Basic Anxiety Karen Horney's concept of "basic anxiety" is central to her psychoanalytic social theory and provides a framework for understanding the core emotional state that drives human behaviour and personality development According to Horney, basic anxiety emerges from early childhood experiences of helplessness and insecurity. These experiences may include perceived threats to physical safety, emotional well-being, or a lack of warmth and affection from caregivers It represents an underlying sense of vulnerability and insecurity that shapes individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours throughout their lives Horney proposed that basic anxiety influences the development of personality traits, coping mechanisms, and interpersonal relationships. Individuals may develop neurotic needs and defense mechanisms as adaptive strategies to manage and alleviate their anxiety  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Neurotic Needs Karen Horney identified a set of neurotic needs that arise from basic anxiety, a pervasive sense of insecurity and helplessness These needs are coping mechanisms that individuals develop to manage this anxiety Horney classified these neurotic needs into three broad categories, aligning with her modes of coping ✔Moving toward people ✔Moving against people ✔Moving away from people Individuals may predominantly use one of these strategies or fluctuate between them, depending on their experiences and circumstances PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY In order to eliminate parental indifference in childhood, they use different strategies Compliance, Aggression & withdrawal PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Coping Strategies Neurotic needs are classified into three coping strategies/three modes of coping with basic anxiety Moving towards others: Agreeable & Compliance (Passive mode) Moving against Others: Dominating (Aggressive mode) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 10 Neurotic Needs The neurotic need is more intense & he or she will experience great anxiety if the need is not met or if it even appears that it may not be met in the future, the need is unrealistic, unreasonable & indiscriminate. These defenses can be either normal or neurotic, if it goes in excess 1. The neurotic need for affection and approval 2. The neurotic need for a partner 3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life to narrow borders 4. The neurotic need for power, for control over others 5. The neurotic need to exploit others and get the better of them 6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige 7. The neurotic need for personal admiration 8. The neurotic need for personal achievement 9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence 10. The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 1. The neurotic need for affection and approval These needs reflect a tendency to seek affection, approval, and acceptance from others ✔ Normal: It is ok that we need affection but we don’t expect it from everyone we meet ✔ Neurotic: it is when we have indiscriminate need to please others and be liked by them ✔ Example: John constantly seeks validation and praise from his colleagues and friends. He feels anxious and inadequate unless he receives positive feedback on his work and actions PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2. The neurotic need for a partner ✔ Normal: We all want to have a partner that we can love and can love us back ✔ Neurotic: Partner is someone who will take over one's life. This includes the idea that love will solve all of one's problems ✔ Example: Sarah feels incomplete without a romantic partner and actively seeks relationships to feel secure and valued. She fears being alone and struggles with feelings of loneliness when not in a relationship PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life to narrow borders ✔ Normal: It is ok that we want our lives to be simple to manage ✔ Neurotic: it is when someone want to be undemanding, satisfied with little, to be inconspicuous who hasn't felt the need to simplify life when it gets too stressful They downgrade their own abilities and dread making demands on others Example: Alex prefers clear rules and guidelines in his relationships and at work. He feels anxious and uncomfortable in situations where expectations are unclear or when others are unpredictable PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 4. The neurotic need for power ✔ Normal: Its ok that we have power to improve ✔ Neurotic: Is when we think that power is for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence the neurotic may be desperate for it. This is dominance for its own sake, often accompanied by a contempt for the weak and a strong belief in one's own rational powers Example: John constantly seeks validation and praise from his colleagues and friends. He feels anxious and inadequate unless he receives positive feedback on his work and actions.  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 5. The neurotic need to exploit others and get the better of them ✔ Normal: its ok that we need to have an effect, to have impact, to be heard ✔ Neurotic: it can become manipulation and the belief that people are there to be used. It may also involve a fear of being used, of looking stupid. You may have noticed that the people who love practical jokes more often than not cannot take being the butt of such a joke themselves! Example: Mark manipulates his colleagues and friends to achieve his personal goals without considering their feelings or needs. He feels justified in using others to advance his career and personal interests PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige ✔ Normal: We are social creatures, and sexual ones, and like to be appreciated ✔ Neurotic: These people are overwhelmingly concerned with appearances and popularity. They fear being ignored, be thought plain, "uncool," or "out of it Example: Lisa is obsessed with her social status and constantly seeks recognition and admiration from others. She feels insecure and inadequate unless she is seen as successful and important PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 7. The neurotic need for personal admiration ✔ Normal: We need to be admired for inner qualities as well as outer ones. We need to feel important and valued Example: Tom constantly seeks praise ✔ Neurotic: Some people are more and admiration for his accomplishments. desperate, and need to remind everyone He relies heavily on external validation of their importance to feel good about himself and often Their fear is of being thought nobodies, dismisses compliments that do not meet unimportant and meaningless his high standards PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 8. The neurotic need for personal achievement ✔ Normal: There is nothing intrinsically wrong with achievement far from it! ✔ Neurotic: Some people are obsessed with personal achievement Example: Rachel sets ambitious ✔ They have to be number one at everything goals for herself and works they do. Since this is, of course, quite a tirelessly to achieve them. She difficult task, you will find these people feels anxious and dissatisfied if devaluing anything they cannot be number one in! If they are good runners, then they she perceives herself as falling discuss and the hammer are "side shows." If short of her own expectations or academic abilities are their strength, physical those of others abilities are of no importance, and so on. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Example: Michael prefers to work alone and avoids asking for help or support from others. He prides himself on being self-reliant and feels uncomfortable or vulnerable in situations that require collaboration 9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence ✔ Normal: We should all cultivate some autonomy ✔ Neurotic: Some people feel that they shouldn't ever need anybody. They tend to refuse help and are often reluctant to commit to a relationship PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Example: Mark sets extremely high standards for himself in all aspects of 10. The neurotic need for perfection his life. He constantly criticizes and unassailability himself and others for not meeting these u