Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory PDF

**THEORY OF PERSONALITY** **PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORYSIGMUND FREUD (CHAPTER 2)** **BIOGRAPHY OF SIGMUND FREUD** **Birth and Early Life:** - Born on 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (now Příbor, Czech Republic). - Moved to Vienna, Austria, at a young age, where he spent most of his life. - He w...

**THEORY OF PERSONALITY** **PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORYSIGMUND FREUD (CHAPTER 2)** **BIOGRAPHY OF SIGMUND FREUD** **Birth and Early Life:** - Born on 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (now Příbor, Czech Republic). - Moved to Vienna, Austria, at a young age, where he spent most of his life. - He was the eldest of eight children in a Jewish family and the favorite of his Mother **Education and Career:** - Studied medicine at the University of Vienna, earning his degree in 1881. - Specialized in neurology and initially worked on the nervous system of fish and eels. - Worked under renowned physiologist in Paris Jean-Martin Charcot, which influenced his ideas on hysteria. - **Background of Anna O.\'s Case**Anna O. was a young woman in her early 20s when she began experiencing severe physical and psychological symptoms. **Her symptoms included:** - Paralysis of limbs - Vision and speech disturbances - Hallucinations and disorganized speech - Mood swings and anxiety - Hydrophobia (fear of drinking water) These symptoms appeared while she was caring for her sick father,suggesting a connection to emotional stress and trauma. **BIOGRAPHY OF SIGMUND FREUD** **Key Collaborations and Conflicts:** - Collaborated with Josef Breuer, who influenced Freud's catharsis theory. - Had professional disagreements with Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, leading totheir departure from his inner circle. - Founded the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1910. **Personal Life and Challenges:** - Married Martha Bernays and had six children, including his daughter Anna Freud, who became a notable psychologist. - Fled to London in 1938 to escape Nazi persecution during World War II. - Suffered from oral cancer, which led to multiple surgeries and immense pain. **Freud\'s Psychoanalytic Theory**Levels of Mental Life Freud divided the human mind into three levels: 1\. **Unconscious**: The deepest level wherere pressed thoughts, desires, and memories reside. These thoughts influence behavior even if we are not aware of them.2. **Preconscious**:The middle level that contains thoughts that are not currently in awareness but can be accessed if needed.3. **Conscious**: The surface level that includes our current thoughts and perceptions of reality **Provinces of the Mind** Freud conceptualized personality as comprising three interacting **components**: - **Id**: The instinctual and primitive part of personality operating on the pleasure principle. - **Ego**: The rational component that mediates between the id and the superego, functioning on the reality principle. - **Superego**: The moral conscience that incorporates societal values and norms **Dynamics of Personality**Freud described personality dynamics in terms of drives and conflicts: 1\. **Drives (Eros and Thanatos)**: The life drive (**Sex or Eros**) encompasses instincts of survival and reproduction, while the death drive (**Thanatos**) represents destructive and aggressive tendencies. - **ISAO** -- IMPETUS, SOURCE, AIM, OBJECT - **SEXUAL DRIVE** - The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure - **EROGENOUS ZONE** -- parts of the body capable of producing sexual pleasure **PRIMARY NARCISSM** **SECONDARY NARCISS**M 2\. **Anxiety**: Freud believed only the ego feels anxiety, but the id,superego, and outside world can each be a source of anxiety. Neurotic anxiety stems from the ego\'s relation with the id; moral anxiety is similar to guilt and results from the ego\'s relation with the superego;and realistic anxiety, which is similar to fear, is produced by the ego\'s relation with the real world. **Defense Mechanisms** Freud identified several unconscious strategies that the ego employs to manage anxiety and internal conflict, including: 1\. **Repression**: Burying distressing thoughts in the unconscious. 2\. **Projection**: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts to others. 3\. **Introjection**: Introjections take place when people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority. 4\. **Fixation**: Fixations develop when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, making psychological change difficult 5\. **Sublimation**: Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities 6\. **Regression**: Regressions occur whenever a person reverts to earlier, more infantile modes of behavior. 7\. **Reaction Formation**: A reaction formation is marked by the repression of one impulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite. 8\. **Displacement**: Displacement takes place when people redirect their unwanted urgesonto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse. **Stages of Psychosexual Development**Freud\'s developmental theory outlines five stages through which personality develops: 1\. **INFANTILE PERIOD** - **Oral Stage** (0-1 years): Focus on mouth-related pleasures such as sucking. - **Anal Stage** (1-3 years): Control over bodily functions and issues of autonomy. - **Phallic Stage** (3-6 years): Development of sexual identity and the Oedipus/Electra complex. 2\. **Latency Stage** (6-12 years): Dormant sexual energy and focus on socialization. 3\. **Genital Stage** (12+ years): Mature sexual interests and establishment of relationships​ **Applications of Psychoanalysis**Freud\'s psychoanalytic therapy aimed to bring unconscious material into consciousness through techniques such as: - **Free Association**: Encouraging patients to verbalize thoughts without censorship. - **Freudian Slips**: Freud believed that parapraxes, or so-called Freudian slips - **Dream Analysis**: Interpreting dreams to uncover unconscious desires. (**MANIFEST & LATENT)** - **Transference**: Patients projecting feelings onto their therapis **Critique of Freud\'s Theory** Freud's theories have faced criticism for their perceived sexism,overemphasis on sexuality, and lack of empirical support. However, his work remains influential in understanding personality, mental disorders, and therapeutic interventions​ **Individual Psychology** **ALFRED ADLER (CHAPTER 3)** **Individual Psychology** **Key Ideas:** - Holistic approach - Teleology over causality - Social influence **Biography of Alfred AdlerBorn: February 7, 1870, in Vienna, AustriaEarly struggles**: Weak and sickly as a child, near-death **experience with pneumoniaCareer**: Originally part of Freud's circle but later developed his own theories **Death**: May 28, 1937, from a heart attack in Scotland​ **Core Concepts of Adler's Theory** - Striving for Superiority or Success - Fundamental drive that shapes personality - Psychologically healthy individuals seek success for all; neurotic individuals seek personal superiority​ **2 Types of Striving** -Striving for Personal Superiorit \- Striving for Success **Core Concepts of Adler's Theory**Subjective Perceptions People\'s subjective view of the world-not reality-shapes their behavior. **Fictional Finalism (Guiding Self-ideal)**People are motivated by future-oriented goals, not just past experiences​ e.g. A struggling student believes, "If I graduate, I'll be successful in life. **Core Concepts of Adler's TheorySocial Interest (Gemeinschaftsgefühl)**Innate potential to cooperate with others and contribute to society**Origins of Social Interest** Although social interest exists as potentiality in all people, it must be fostered in a social environment. Adler believed that the parent-child relationship can be so strong that it negates the effects of heredity. **INFERIORITY AND COMPENSATION** **Inferiority Complex:** - A deep feeling of inadequacy leading to overcompensation - Leads to avoidance behaviors, such as seeking constant validation or blaming others for failures.**Superiority Complex:**Overcompensating for feelings of inferiority through arrogance​ - They mask their insecurities by belittling others or seeking excessive power. **STYLE OF LIFEDefinition**: The unique way individuals pursue their goals**Types**: 1.**Ruling Type**: Dominant, aggressive 2.**Getting Type:** Dependent on others 3.**Avoiding Type:** Withdraws from challenges 4.**Socially Useful Type:** Cooperative and socially interested​ **Organ Dialect** People often use a physical disorder to express style of life, a condition Adler called organ dialect. **ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENTLACK OF SOCIAL INTEREST** 1\. Set their goals too high 2\. Have a dogmatic style of life 3\. Live in their own private world ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENTExternal Factors in Maladjustment 1\. exaggerated physical deficiencies, which do not by themselves cause abnormal development, but which may contribute to it by generating subjective and exaggerated feelings of inferiority; 2\. a pampered style of life, which contributes to an overriding drive to establish a permanent parasitic relationship with the mother or a mother substitute;3. a neglected style of life, which leads to distrust of other people. **ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENTSafeguarding Tendencies** 1\. Excuses 2\. Aggression (depreciation or self-accusation) 3\. Withdrawal (moving backward, standing still, hesitating,constructing obstacles) **Masculine Protest**Both men and women sometimes overemphasize the desirability of being manly, a condition Adler called the masculine protest. The frequently found inferior status of women is not based on physiology but on historical developments and social learning. **Conscious vs. Unconscious** - Unlike Freud, Adler downplayed the unconscious - Believed people are aware of their behaviors and choices - Behavior is shaped by perceptions of the future rather than past experiences​ **Birth Order Theory** **Firstborns**: Responsible, leadership tendencies, fear dethronement **Second-borns:** Competitive, ambitious, seeks recognition **Youngest**: Pampered, can become dependent or highly driven **Only Child:** May lack social skills, often mature for their age​ **Applications of Adlerian Theory**Adlerian principles are widely used in therapy, education, and leadership. - **Family Constellations** - **Psychotherapy**: Helps individuals develop social interest and overcome feelings of inferiority - **Early Recollections**: Understanding childhood memories provides insight into personality - **Dream Analysis**: Unlike Freud, Adler saw dreams as reflecting a person's current goals​ **Critique of Adler's Theory** **Strengths**: - Holistic and optimistic - Emphasizes personal responsibility and social interest **Weaknesses**: - Lacks empirical validation - Some ideas are too broad or vague​ **Conclusion** - Adler's theory highlights the power of social connections and goal-oriented behavior - Stresses the importance of self-awareness and personal growth - Continues to influence modern psychology, counseling, and leadership theories **ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY** **CARL JUNG (CHAPTER 4)** **BIOGRAPHY** **Born**: July 26, 1875, in Switzerland **Early career**: Worked with Eugen Bleuler, influenced by Freud **Break from Freud:** Due to differences in theories on the unconscious **Later years**: Developed Analytical Psychology, focused on mysticism, alchemy, and spirituality​ **LEVELS OF PSYCHE** **Conscious**: Thoughts and perceptions sensed by the ego **Personal Unconscious:** Repressed, forgotten, and subliminally perceived experiences **Collective Unconscious:** Inherited memories from our ancestors,containing archetypes **Archetypes** -- The Core of Jungian Theory **Persona**: The \"mask\" we present to society **Shadow**: The dark, hidden, repressed side of the personality **Anima/Animus**: Feminine side in men (Anima) and masculine side in women (Animus) **Great Mother**: Nurturing but also destructive **Wise Old Man:** Symbol of wisdom and guidance **Hero**: Represents the struggle against adversity **Self**: Represents unity and balance within the personality **Dynamics of Personality** Causality & Teleology: Behavior is shaped by both past experiences and future goals **Progression**: The psyche moves forward (progression). **Regression**: backward (regression) to maintain balance. **Psychological Types** **Attitudes:** **Introversion:** Inward focus on thoughts and emotions **Extraversion**: Outward focus on people and experiences **Functions**: **Thinking** -- Logical decision-making **Feeling** -- Emotional decision-making **Sensing** -- Relying on facts and direct experience **Intuiting** -- Relying on instincts and possibilities **Development of Personality** **Childhood:** Early ego development **Youth**: Establishing independence **Middle Life**: Shift from external achievements to internal **self-discovery** **Old Age:** Reflection and integration of the self​ **INDIVIDUATION**: The Ultimate Goal - the process of integrating all parts of personality to become a balanced individual.\" **Jung's Methods of Investigation** **Word Association Test:** Patients respond to words, revealing hidden emotions. **Dream Analysis:** Jung believed dreams provide insight into the unconscious and archetypes. **Active Imagination**: A creative technique where people engage with their unconscious mind through storytelling or visualization. **Psychotherapy**: Aims for self-realization rather than symptom removal​ **Critique of Jung's Theory** **Strengths**: Holistic approach, integrates philosophy, mythology, and culture Influences modern personality tests (MBTI) and psychotherapy. **Weaknesses**: Considered too mystical Lacks empirical validation​