Freud's Psychoanalysis PDF

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in wh...

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Psychoanalytic Aspects of Personality Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  2.1 The Life of Freud (1856–1939) Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  The Early Years Born in Freiberg, Moravia Father was a strict authoritarian Mother was extremely protective and loving Possessed a high degree of self-confidence and an intense ambition to succeed Explored and published an article about the benefits of cocaine Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4 Sigmund Freud – Austrian Physician Father of Psychoanalysis Freud’s Biography Pictured here with his father  Freud’s early interests Neurology / biology Research Fish/eels Influenced by Darwin Scientist but... then there is life!!! Economic pressures Focused on developing clinical medical skills to make money 1885 Paris – Charcot – hysteria ‘a fashionable disease’ paralysis with no organic cause Charcot and Janet used hypnosis sometimes “cured” hysteria – some success  Finding the Sexual Basis of Neurosis Worked as a clinical neurologist Studied with Charcot − Alerted Freud to the possible sexual basis of neurosis Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  Freud found hypnosis inadequate influenced by Josef Breuer moved to free association dreams (royal road) through observation Freud came to the conclusion these patients are not aware not in touch with their inner conflicts  Freud’s Own Sex Life Possessed a negative attitude toward sex − No contact with members of the opposite sex during his early years − Shy and afraid of women − Wrote about the dangers of sex Was occasionally impotent during his marriage − Issues regarding pregnancy and health Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Freud’s Neurotic Episode Odd states of mind, cloudy thoughts, and veiled doubts Physical health concerns Fear of dying Self-diagnosis − Anxiety neurosis and neurasthenia − A result of sexual tension Suggests his theory of neurosis is a theory of his own neurotic symptoms Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Analyzing Freud’s Dreams Studied his own dreams − Hostility toward his father − Childhood sexual longings for his mother − Sex wish dreams about his eldest daughter Developed his theory of personality at this time Focused on his own neurotic conflicts and childhood experiences through interpretations of his dreams Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Freud’s Ideas Attract Attention Published his work and developed a group of disciples − Unconventional, doubters, dreamers, and included some who experienced their own neurotic states − Carl Jung and Alfred Adler (both eventually broke with Freud) ▪ Freud considered the break as disloyal and never forgave them. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  In 1909, he was invited to give a series of lectures at Clark Freud Comes to Americ University. − Received an honorary doctoral degree System of psychoanalysis was warmly welcomed in the United States − American Psychoanalytic Association − Psychoanalytic Society 200 publications based on his work: Dr. Benjamin Spock Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  The Final Years 1920s and 1930 were the pinnacle of his success years. Fought oral cancer for 16 years. Nazi Germany − Burned his books and invaded his home − His daughter Anna was arrested (and later released) Freud left for London and remained active. He died in September 1939 while under sedation for pain. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15 2.2 Instincts: The Propelling Forces of the Personality Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Instincts Mental representations of internal stimuli that drive a person to act Form of energy that connects needs and wishes of the mind Homeostatic approach − People are motivated to restore and maintain a physiological equilibrium Instinctual energy can be invested in a variety of activities − Helps explain the diversity seen in human behavior Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Two Types of Instincts Life instincts Death instincts Oriented toward survival Unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression Libido: Drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and Aggressive drive: Compulsion to thoughts destroy, conquer, and kill Cathexis: Investment of psychic energy in an object or person Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Fundamental Assumptions “Psychic energy” motivates us all (libido / thanatos) Wondered why we are motivated to do the things we do Amount of psychic energy is constant Personality change means redirecting this energy  2.3 The Levels of Personality Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  The Conscious, the Preconscious, and the Unconscious The conscious − A limited aspect of our personality − Only a small portion of our thoughts are in our conscious awareness at any one time (tip of the iceberg) The preconscious − A storehouse from which memories and thoughts can be drawn The unconscious − The part of the mind and the self that one is not aware of but that drives behavior Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21 Figure 2.1—Freud’s Levels and Structures of Personality Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Subliminal Perception Stimuli are presented below conscious awareness Conscious processes and behavior are activated by the stimuli. − Not consciously aware of perceiving Subliminal perception studies support the idea that cognitive activity is influenced by the unconscious. Effects on behavior include goals can be activated outside consciousness. Effects on emotional processes include therapeutic value. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23 2.4 The Structure of Personality Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  The Id Aspect of personality allied with the instincts Operates in accordance with the pleasure principle − Pleasure principle: Functions to avoid pain and maximize pleasure Primary-process thought: Childlike thinking by which the id attempts to satisfy the instinctual drives Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  The Ego Rational master of the personality Secondary-process thought: Mature thought processes needed to deal rationally with the external world Operates in accordance with the reality principle − Reality principle: Provide appropriate constraints on the expression of the id instincts Consists of two components: − Ego control − Ego resiliency Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  The Superego Moral aspect of personality Components − Conscience: Contains behaviors for which the child has been punished − Ego-deal: Contains moral or ideal behaviors for which a person should strive Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  2.5 Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Anxiety (1 of 2) An objectless fear (we cannot point to its source) Fundamental to the development of all neurotic and psychotic behavior The prototype of all anxiety is birth trauma. When we cannot cope with anxiety, it is said to be traumatic. − Reduced to a state of helplessness Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Anxiety (2 of 2) Conflicts threaten the ego: Reality Anxiety Fear of tangible dangers Neurotic Anxiety Moral Anxiety Conflicts between id Conflicts between id and and ego superego Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  Purpose of Anxiety Signals a problem with personality − Alerts the individual that the ego is being threatened Induces tension in the individual − Becomes a drive the individual is motivated to satisfy Protections of the ego include − Runaway from the threat − Inhibit the impulsive need − Obey the dictates of the conscience Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  2.6 Defenses Against Anxiety Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34  Defense Mechanisms Ego strategies to defend against anxiety provoked by conflicts of daily life Characteristics − Involve denials or distortions of reality − Operate unconsciously Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  Mechanism Strategy Repression Involves unconscious denial of the existence of something that causes anxiety Denial Involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event Table 2.1 Reaction Formation Involves expressing an id impulse that is the opposite of the one truly driving the person Some Projection Involves attributing a problematic impulse to someone else Freudian Regression Involves retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period Defense of life and displaying the childish and dependent behaviors characteristic of that more secure time Mechanisms Rationalization Involves reinterpreting behavior to make it more acceptable and less threatening Displacement Involves shifting id impulses from a threatening or unavailable object to a substitute object that is available Sublimation Involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  A Hierarchy of Defense Mechanisms Studies have found a hierarchy among defense mechanisms related to age − Earlier in life ▪ Denial—a simple low-level defense mechanism − Adolescence ▪ Displacement and regression − People past their mid-60s ▪ Reverted to the more maladaptive defenses they used when they were younger Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  The Freudian Slip and Catharsis Freudian slips − What appears to be a casual lapse in speech is a reflection of unconscious motives or anxieties. ▪ Example: “I’d like to spank all teachers.” instead of “I’d like to thank all teachers.” Catharsis − Physical expression of an emotion by recalling a traumatic event ▪ Acting out aggression on a substitute (a pillow) − Not supported by research Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  2.7 Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Psychosexual Stages Personality develops in stages through which all children pass − Gratification of id instincts depends on the simulation of corresponding areas of the body Each stage is defined by an erogenous zone. Must resolve conflict to move to next stage. Fixation: Portion of libido remains invested in one of the stages. − Caused due to excessive frustration or gratification Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  Stage Age Body Region Oral Birth-1 Mouth is the primary erogenous zone; pleasure derived from sucking: id is dominant. Table 2.2 Anal 1-3 Toilet training (external reality) interferes with Freud’s gratification received from Psychosexual Phallic 4-5 defecation. Incestuous fantasies; Oedipus Stages of complex; anxiety; superego development. Development Latency 5-Puberty Period of sublimation of sex instinct. Genital Adolescence- Development of sex-role Adulthood identity and adult social relationships. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Latency Period ages 5 - 11 no important psychosexual developments sexual urges not directly expressed (not possible/allowed) sexual energy channeled into other activities (going to school, making friends) Explanations? understanding of self-concept traits and abilities not explained by unconscious motivations and sexual drives  Phallic Stage ages 4-5 - focus on genitals masturbation Oedipus complex Castration anxiety Freud’s 1909 “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year- Old Boy” Little Hans ▪ Hans’s fear of horses ▪ Horses as a symbol of Hans’s father Oedipus Rex Sophocles Greek legend Kills his father and marries his mother  Phallic Stage In boys: Oedipus complex: Unconscious desire for the mother − Desire to replace or destroy the father − Castration anxiety: Fear that his penis will be cut off by the father − Resolve the complex by identifying with the father In girls: Electra complex: Unconscious desire for the father − Desire to replace or destroy the mother − Penis envy: Envy of the male because of penis possession and a sense of loss Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45  2.8–2.9 Questions About Human Nature and Assessment in Freud’s Theory Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46 Genital Stage Features Normal sexual relations Marriage Child-rearing Freud’s mistakes Childhood sexual urges suddenly spring to life in adolescence One overarching psychoanalytic psychosexual model  Questions About Human Nature Freud’s view was deterministic − Ultimate goal in life: to reduce tension − Recognized universality in human nature − Personality is determined by early childhood interactions − Contended that psychoanalysis can create free will Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48  The Unconscious and Therapeutic Techniques Freud’s psychoanalytic techniques Hypnosis Other forms of intense suggestion Techniques of free association Dreams  The Unconscious and Therapeutic Techniques Concept of dreams Product of the individual’s psyche Pieces of and hints about the unconscious “royal road” meaning?  Assessments in Freud’s Theory Free Association Dream Analysis Saying whatever comes to Dreams show repressed mind desires, fears, and conflicts Catharsis: Expression of Types emotion expected to reduce − Manifest content: Actual symptoms dream events Problems − Latent content: Hidden and − Resistances: Block or refusal symbolic meaning of painful memories Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 51  Figure 2.3 Dream Symbols or Events and their Latent Psychoanalytic Meaning Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning Smooth-fronted house Male body Enclosed spaces (e.g., boxes, Female genitals ovens, closets, caves, pockets) House with ledges, balconies Female body Climbing stairs or ladders; driving Sexual intercourse cars; riding horses; crossing bridges King and queen Parents Bathing Birth Small animals Children Beginning a journey Dying Children Genital organs Being naked in a crowd Desiring to be noticed Playing with children Masturbation Flying Desiring to be admired Baldness, tooth extraction Castration Falling Desiring to return to a state such as childhood where one is satisfied and protected Elongated objects (e.g., tree trunks, Male genitals umbrellas, neckties, snakes, candles) Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53  2.10–2.11 Criticisms of Freud’s Research and Extensions of Freudian Theory Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 54  Criticisms Freud used the case study method. − Did not keep verbatim records of the therapy sessions and made few attempts to verify the accuracy of a patient’s stories − May have inferred stories of sexual seduction from his analysis of patients’ symptoms ▪ Suggesting accounts of childhood sexual abuse to patients Small and unrepresentative sample Freud’s theories are misogynistic. Had little confidence in the scientific method Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 55  Extensions Anna Freud and ego psychology − Expanded the role of ego − Held that the ego operates independent of the id − The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936) ▪ Developed the standard defense mechanisms Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 56  2.12–2.13 Reflections on Freud’s Theory and Freud’s Lasting Influence Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 57  Freud Major Contributions Emphasis on sexuality as a prime element of personality Concept of infantile sexuality Impact of early childhood experiences on adult personality Idea of the unconscious Psychoanalytically-based differences between men and women  Freud Major Limitations Behavior as a function of inner conflicts Pessimistic and deterministic view of personality Difficult to evaluate as scientific theories Unconcerned with interpersonal relations Unconcerned with individuals’ identity and adaptation  Reflections on Freud’s Theory Criticisms of psychoanalysis − Emphasis on biological forces, sex, aggression, emotional disturbances, and childhood events − Deterministic image of human nature − Negative views of women − Ambiguous definitions of Freudian concepts Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 60  Freud’s Lasting Influence Psychoanalysis has had an impact on − Popular psychology − Later personality theorists ▪ Elaborated upon or opposed his system Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 61  Psychoanalysis Today Psychoanalyst and photographer Dr. Mark Gerard has been photographing psychoanalysts in their offices around the world to give us an inside look at the variety of shapes and decor twenty-first century psychoanalysis offices take. "In The Shadow of Freud's Couch"