Theories Of Personality Review PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Personality Midterms ​ Originated from the Latin persona, means theatrical mask worn by Lesson 1: Introduction Roman actors in Gr...

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Personality Midterms ​ Originated from the Latin persona, means theatrical mask worn by Lesson 1: Introduction Roman actors in Greek dramas. ​ Wore a mask (persona) to project a Theory role or false appearance, though ​ A hypothetical analysis that is not psychologists that the term proven to be true yet has an “personality,” they are referring to accurate and educated explanation something more than the role people that might be true. play. ​ A theory is a well-substantiated ​ A pattern of relatively permanent explanation of an aspect of the traits and unique characteristics that natural world that can incorporate give bot consistency and laws, hypotheses and facts. individuality to a person’s behavior (scientists version) ​ Never becomes facts but explains Traits facts. ​ Contribute to individual differences ​ Gives us a framework for asking in behavior, consistency of behavior questions about reality. over time, and stability of behavior ​ It should lead us to predictions of across situations. what we might expect to see. ​ It may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire Four characteristics of Theory: species, but their pattern is different -​ Testable: Theories can be supported for each individual. Thus, each through a series of scientific person, though like others in some research projects or experiments. ways, has a unique personality. -​ Replicable: This means that enough information and data must be Characteristics available in the theory so that others ​ Unique qualities of an individual that can test the theory and get similar include such attributes as results. temperament, physique, and -​ Simple: We don't mean that the intelligence concept must be basic. We mean that only useful, relevant information Theory and Philosophy should be presented in the theory. -​ Consistent: A theory should agree ​ Philosophy means love of wisdom, with other theories. However, some and philosophers are people who differences may be evident because pursue wisdom through thinking and the new theory may provide reasoning. additional evidence. ​ Epistemology: The nature of knowledge. ​ Therefore, a set of principles about how one should live one’s life cannot be a theory. 1  ​ Theory deals with broad sets of -​ Inductive reasoning: (specific to if-then statements, but the goodness general) the investigator then alters or badness of the outcomes of these the theory to reflect these results. statements is beyond the realm of theory. Theory and Taxonomy Theory and Speculation ​ A taxonomy is a classification of things according to their natural ​ It is the branch of study concerned relationships. with observation and classification of ​ Taxonomies are essential to the data and with the verification of development of a science because general laws through the testing of without classification data science hypotheses. could not grow. ​ Theories are not useless fantasies ​ Taxonomy serves as a beacon of fabricated by impractical scholars knowledge, guiding us toward a fearful of soiling their hands in the deeper understanding of things in machinery of scientific investigation. the natural world. ​ Speculation and empirical observation are the two essential Useful Theory cornerstones of theory building but First speculation must not run rampantly -​ A theory generates a number of in advance of controlled observation. hypotheses that can be investigated ​ Theories provide fertile ground for through research, thus yielding producing testable hypotheses. research data. Without some kind of theory to hold Second observations together and to point to -​ A useful theory organizes research directions of possible research, data into a meaningful structure and science would be greatly provides an explanation for the handicapped. results of scientific research. -​ Has a mutual and dynamic Theory and Hypothesis interaction with research data. -​ Must lend itself to confirmation or ​ An educated, intelligent guess. disconfirmation, provide the ​ A hypothesis is an educated guess practitioner with a guide to action, be or prediction specific enough for its consistent with itself, and be as validity to be tested through the use simple as possible. It should posses of the scientific method. the 6 criteria: Close relationship between a theory and 1.​ generates research a hypothesis: 2.​ falsifiable -​ Deductive reasoning: (general to 3.​ organizes data, specific) a scientific investigator can 4.​ guides action derive testable hypotheses from a 5.​ internally consistent useful theory and then test these 6.​ parsimonious. hypotheses. 2 PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Psychodynamic Perspective -​ focused on the importance of early childhood experience and on relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality Learning - Cognitive Perspective development. -​ Focus only on behavior. -​ We think about ourselves and other people, as well as the assumptions. Humanistic-Existential Perspective -​ People strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health. Dispositional Perspective -​ unique and long-term tendencies to behave in particular ways are the essence of our personality. Biological - Evolutional Perspective -​ Stems from differences in their genotype and central nervous system (brain structures and neurochemistry). 3 Lesson 2.1: Freud -​ Has intellectual curiosity and burning ambition FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -​ Ambivalent feelings toward his own “The child is the father of the man.” father. -​ He had the developmental history of Overview a narcissistic personality, but he also had tremendous ability. ​ He kept modifying it as he went -​ Few professional careers were open along to Jewish boys at the time, but you ​ He never presented a could become a doctor. comprehensive summary of his final -​ His First specialty was research views neurology. ​ His theory is more comprehensive -​ Eventually made contributions to than must since it has a number of cerebral palsy. aspects. For example, he gives us: -​ Spent four weeks dissecting 1.​ A theory of motivation. hundreds of eels looking for the 2.​ A theory of thinking (which includes location of the eel penis, but no luck. dreaming, etc.) -​ Down to the sophomoric connotation 3.​ A theory of personality of the phrase - was all about sex. development (psychosexual theory) Not Freud's theory of sex, but sexual 4.​ A theory of mental structures (id, feelings between the two. ego, superego) -​ Freud, in a letter to a colleague, 5.​ A theory of psychopathology and referred to "unruly homosexual symptom formation feelings transferred from another 6.​ A theory of psychotherapy part“ -- the part in question being a previous collaborator, Wilhelm SIGMUND FREUD - Sigismund Schlomo Fliess. Freud -​ Jung recognized the same in himself. Because of early sexual -​ Born May 6th, 1856, to Jewish trauma at the hands of an older, parents in what is now The Czech trusted male figure, Jung found Republic. intimacy with other males repulsive. -​ Father was 41, Mother was 21 and He came to feel towards Freud a 3rd wife. "religious crush.” -​ Heavy cigar smoker. Had more than -​ Yet gradually the attraction disgusted 30 operations due to oral cancer. him, betraying its baser origins, and -​ He was a Neurologist before he so Jung had to move away. become devoted to psychoanalysis -​ He was his mother’s favorite. -​ Convinced his personal physician to -​ He was the oldest of 8 children, and euthanize him with morphine in the only child to have his own room. 1939. -​ His family was impoverished but -​ Freud himself recalls his sexual sacrificed everything for his fantasies about his mother. education. 4  -​ In 1885 he meets Jean Charcot, During fits, such a person becomes Europe’s most eminent neurologist. hyper-emotional. He exhibits exaggerated -​ Charcot specialized in treatment of feelings like spells of crying spells and hysteria with hypnosis tantrums marked with symptoms like: -​ Hysteria is a mental disorder which arises from intense anxiety. The Increasing Abdominal constriction patient loses control over his or her Severe cramps and heaviness in the limbs acts and emotions and it is usually Palpitations accompanied by sudden seizures of Suffocation and headache unconsciousness with emotional Clenched teeth outbursts. Swelling of the neck -​ In 1895 Breuer and Freud published Feeling of a foreign body lodged in the her case in the classic “Studies on throat Hysteria.” Laughing or crying without cause -​ She was diagnosed as Hysterical (conversion neurosis): Meaning that Causes of Hysteria her symptoms had an insufficient -​ The main cause of hysteria is physical basis. idleness, sexual repression and -​ Presumed to focus around some perverted habits of thought. Heredity early conflict involving the part of the may also be a cause for hysteria. A body where the symptom occurs. nervous family background and -​ Anxiety cannot be expressed faulty emotional training in the directly, so it’s channeled into the upbringing of the child. Hysteria may body where it appears as a also be caused due to some symptom. situations like death of someone or -​ Anna O. supposedly showed the loss of love. powerful effects of psychological forces outside conscious awareness. “Coca is a far more potent and far less -​ Marries Martha Bernays in 1886 harmful stimulant than alcohol, and its widespread utilization is hindered at present Bertha Pappenheim only by its high cost.” - Sigmund Freud, as it -​ “Anna O.” was proven that he was under the effects of -​ Symptoms: Severe cough, paralysis cocaine while doing his theories and of right side of body, disturbances of studies. (On Coca) hearing and speech, hallucinations, periods of confusion, and loss of Hypnosis is an induction of a state of consciousness. consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is A hysterical personality typically displays highly responsive to suggestion but Freud symptoms like seductive behavior, high abandoned it because not all of his patients level of emotional dependency, platonic could not be hypnotized. friendships, intolerance, frustration, capriciousness and irritability. Freud credits Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician, as inventing psychoanalysis. 5  -​ When Anna talked about her illness mediates the demands of the id, superego, under hypnosis, she felt better upon and reality. The ego operates on the reality awakening, with diminished principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways symptoms. that will realistically bring pleasure rather -​ Breuer treated Anna O. with than pain. hypnosis. SUPEREGO - represents internalized ideals -​ Breuer was ambivalent about the and provides standards for judgment (the Cathartic Method and the treatment conscious) and for future aspirations. The of hysterics superego operates on the morality -​ In psychoanalyzing patients, Freud principle, that demands right and wrong. and Breuer encountered an Dream Analysis interesting fact: Many of their patients had memories of being Dreams are the “royal road to the sexual seduced by their parents. unconscious”. Seemingly, when the individual is asleep, his ego is less on guard PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY against the unacceptable impulse originating from the Id. PERSONALITY -​ Our characteristic pattern of thinking, ​ Manifest content - What a dreamer feeling, and acting. Freud’s sees and remembers. psychoanalytic perspective ​ Latent content - The meaning of the proposed that childhood sexuality manifest content, what is the and unconscious motivations unconscious, the interpretation of influence personality. Freud called the said dream. his theory and associated techniques psychoanalysis. In any event, at midlite, Freud was suffering from self-doubts, depression, and an Unconscious - large below the surface area obsession with his own death. Despite which contains thoughts, wishes, feelings these difficulties, Freud completed his and greatest work, Interpretation of Dreams memories, of which we are unaware. (1900/1953), during this period. This book, Free association - the patient is asked to finished in 1899, was an outgrowth of his relax and say whatever comes to mind, no self-analysis, much of which he had matter how revealed to his friend Wilhelm Fliess. The embarrassing or trivial. book contained many of Freud's own dreams, some disguised behind fictitious ID - reservoir of unconscious psychic names. energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. Parapraxes (Freudian Slips) The id operates on the pleasure principle: If not constrained but reality, it seeks Commonly known as slips of the tongue, immediate gratification. slips of the pen, forgetting, accidental EGO - the largely conscious, “executive” happenings, misreading, incorrect hearing part of personality that, according to Freud, 6 or intentions that are not chance accidents Oedipus complex - a boy’s sexual but reveal a person’s desires toward his mother and feelings of unconscious intentions. jealousy and hatred for the rival father Castration anxiety - fear from boy’s Two Cornerstones of Psychoanalysis struggle to deal with his love for mother while knowing he cannot overcome his Sex (Eros): The aim of this drive is for father physically pleasure. But its not limited to the genitals Electra complex - a girl’s sexual desire because our whole body is invested with towards her father and feeling of jealousy libido which includes the mouth, anus and and hatred for the rival mother. especially the producing sexual pleasures Penis envy - desire for male dominated which are called the Erogenous zones. advantages Identification - the process by which ​ Narcissism - Self gratification children incorporate their parents’ values ​ Love - Invested in other object or into their developing superegos. people Fixation - a lingering focus of ​ Sadism - Hurting others pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier ​ Masochism - Likes pain or suffering psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved. Psychosexual stage that is Aggression (Thanatos): Considered as the either over satisfied or under satisfied, destructive drive. It aims to return the fixation will occur. organism into an inorganic state. In which the ultimate inorganic state is death, thus Anxiety: Sigmund Freud viewed anxiety as the final form is self-destruction. the symptomatic expression of the inner emotional conflict caused when a person ​ Teasing suppresses (from conscious awareness) ​ Sarcasm experiences, feelings, or impulses that are ​ Humor too threatening or disturbing to live with. ​ Gossip ​ Humiliation Id produces irrational anxiety ​ Enjoyment of others sufferings Ego produces realistic anxiety Superego produces moral anxiety Psychosexual stages (OAPHALAGE) The Psychology of Defense Mechanisms We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too demanding. Ego-defense mechanisms are Vocabulary natural and normal. When they get out of 7 proportion (i.e., used with frequency), Reaction Formation: a person goes neuroses develop, such as anxiety states, beyond denial and behaves in the opposite phobias, obsessions, or hysteria. way to which he or she thinks or feels. Repression: This is not a very successful Criticisms of Freud’s Psychoanalysis defense in the long term since it involves 1. Freud's theory is good at explaining but forcing disturbing wishes, ideas or not at predicting behavior (which is one of memories into the unconscious, where, the goals of science). although hidden, they will create anxiety. 2. Freud may also have shown research Unresolved conflicts do not fade away. bias in his interpretations - he may have Denial: Involves a refusal to accept reality, only paid attention to information which thus blocking external events from supported his theories and ignored awareness. Many people use denial in their information and other explanations that did everyday lives to avoid dealing with painful not fit them. feelings or areas of their life they don’t wish 3. The theory is focused almost entirely on to admit. male development with little mention of Displacement: The redirection of an female psychosexual development. impulse (usually aggression) onto a 4. Freud's theory is based upon case powerless substitute target. The target can studies and not empirical research. Also, be a person or an object that can serve as a Freud based his theory on the recollections symbolic substitute. of his adult patients, not on actual Sublimation: Similar to displacement but observation and study of children. takes place when we manage to displace 5. The theory focuses primarily on our unacceptable emotions into behaviors heterosexual development, and largely which are constructive and socially ignores homosexual development - Freud's acceptable, rather than destructive theory implied that homosexuality was a activities. This is the only positive defense deviation in normal psychosexual mechanism. development. Regression: The ego reverts to an earlier stage of development usually in response to Lesson 2.2: Alfred Adler stressful situations. A form of retreat, enabling a person to psychologically go INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY back in time to a period when the person felt “All failures are so because they lack social safer. interest.” Projection: Put the individuals’ attributes unwanted thoughts, feelings and motives Alfred Adler onto another person. Rationalization: Cognitive distortion of "the -​ Health Challenges: As a child, Adler facts" to make an event or an impulse less suffered from rickets and almost threatening. We do it often enough on a died from pneumonia, experiences conscious level when we provide ourselves that fueled his interest in overcoming with excuses. adversity and later influenced his theories on inferiority and striving for superiority. 8  -​ Influence on Education: Adler Striving for Success or Superiority believed in the importance of education and was a strong The Final Goal: The final goal of success advocate for child guidance and or superiority toward which all people strive parenting programs, which he saw unifies personality and makes all behavior as crucial for developing healthy, meaningful socially-minded individuals. The Striving Force as Compensation: -​ Break with Freud: Adler was one of People strive for superiority or success as a the first prominent figures to break means of compensation for feelings of away from Freud's circle, leading to inferiority or weaknesses significant tension. His departure Striving for Personal Superiority: marked the first major split in the Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive psychoanalytic movement. for personal superiority with little concern for -​ Sibling Rivalry: Adler was the other people second of seven children. He felt Striving for Success: Psychologically overshadowed by his older brother, healthy people strive for the success of all Sigmund, which may have humanity, but they do so without losing their contributed to his later interest in the personal effects of birth order on personality. -​ Interest in Medicine: After witnessing Adler’s POV on Personality: Adler the death of a younger brother, Adler believed that personality was formed early decided to become a doctor. This in life. He thought positive and negative experience deeply impacted him and experiences early in childhood could lead to shaped his future career in medicine reactions that would establish lifelong and psychology. personality orientations or goals. -​ Love of Learning: Adler's early academic performance was poor, and he struggled with school in his early years. However, he was determined to improve and eventually excelled in his studies, particularly in mathematics. Comparison of Freud and Adler’s Theory Adlerian Lifestyle: The Adlerian lifestyle refers to the collection of convictions that the person has developed and uses to navigate life. These convictions serve many purposes including giving the person a sense of identity, it helps you understand the world, helps you maintain control in your life. 9  ​ The self-consistent personality an individual’s attitude towards and structure develops into a person’s awareness of being part of the human style of life. community. ​ Includes a person’s goal, ​ Origin of Social Interest self-concept, feeling for others and -​ Although social interest attitude toward the world. exists as potentiality in all ​ Product of the interaction between from the mother and child heredity, environment and creative relationship power. ​ Adler believed that healthy ​ Importance of Social Interest individuals are marked by flexible -​ The sole criterion of human behavior and that they have some values limited ability to change their style of -​ Worthiness of all one’s life. actions must be seen by this standard FOUR BASIC STYLES OF LIFE: The -​ Without social interest, manner of a person’s striving. societies could not exist -​ 1.​ Dominant type - displays a dominant Gemeinschaftsgefühl: “community feeling” or ruling attitude with little social or “social interest awareness. 2.​ Getting type - expects to receive External Factors of Maladjustment (leads satisfaction from other people and to abnormalities) so becomes dependent on them. 3.​ Avoiding type - makes no attempt to 1. EXAGGERATED PHYSICAL DEFECTS face life’s problems. ​ Subjective and exaggerated feelings 4.​ Socially Useful type - cooperates of inferiority because they with others and acts in according to overcompensate for their their needs. inadequacy. Creative Power: It provides the uniqueness 2. PAMPERED STYLE OF LIFE and self-consistency of movement toward ​ Weak social interest but a strong an imagined ideal completion, the creative desire to perpetuate the pampered, compensation for felt deficiency, and an establish a permanent parasitic unfolding of all capabilities toward a totality. relationship with the mother or ​ Style of life is molded by people’s mother substitute. creative power. 3. NEGLECTED STYLE OF LIFE ​ Places people in control of their own ​ Children who feel unloved and lives unwanted are likely to develop this ​ Ability to freely choose a course of feeling. action. ​ Abused and mistreated children develop little social interest and tend Social Interest: This is the urge in human to create a neglected style of life. nature to adapt oneself to the conditions of the social environment. Hence, it refers to 10  ​ They learn inferiority because they means of hurting people who are told and shown every day that are close to them. they are no value. 3.​ WITHDRAWAL: Safeguarding ​ They learn selfishness because they through distance. are taught to trust no one. a.​ Moving backward - is the tendency to safeguard one’s SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES: People fictional goal of superiority by create patterns of behavior to protect their psychologically reverting to a exaggerated sense of self-esteem against more secure period of life. public disgrace. Freudian defense b.​ Standing still - similar to mechanisms operate unconsciously, moving backward but, in whereas safeguarding tendencies are general, it is not as severe. largely conscious and shield a person’s People who stand still avoid fragile self-esteem from public disgrace yet all responsibility by ensuring both are protection against anxiety. Defense themselves against any mechanisms are common to everyone, threat of failure. safeguarding tendencies only with reference c.​ Hesitating - Some people to the construction of neurotic symptoms. hesitate or vacillate when faced with difficult problems. 1.​ EXCUSES: Most common of the Their procrastinations safeguarding tendencies. Typically eventually give them the expressed in the “Yes, but” or “If excuse “It’s too late now.” only” format. People first state what d.​ Constructing obstacles - by they claim they would like to do— overcoming the obstacle, something that sounds good to they protect their self-esteem others—then they follow with an and their prestige. excuse. 2.​ AGGRESSION: Some people use Inferiority Complex: In infancy we all have aggression to protect their fragile a state of inferiority. Our main motivator is to self-esteem. escape this feeling of inferiority. This a.​ Depreciation - the tendency manifests in many ways, positive and to undervalue other people’s negative: achievements and to overvalue one’s own. ​ Negative Expressions: b.​ Accusation - is the tendency ○​ Arrogance results when we to blame others for one’s try to assert our superiority. failures and to seek revenge, ○​ Agoraphobia results when thereby safeguarding one’s we feel too inferior to cope own tenuous self-esteem. with the outside world. c.​ Self-Accusation - marked by ○​ Domestic abuse results when self-torture and guilt. Some we express a need to control people use self-torture, some aspect of the world. including masochism, ​ Positive Expressions: depression, and suicide, as 11  ○​ Accomplishment in a work or artistic setting. ○​ Compensation for a weakness by developing a corresponding strength. Adler’s Interpretation of Dreams -​ Adler saw dreams as a mechanism for problem solving, in which our unconscious mind works on Criticisms of Adler’s Individual problems with which our waking Psychology mind has struggled. -​ Adler believed that it is not so much ​ Lack of Empirical Support: Adler's the dream narrative that gives us the theories, such as the concepts of answer to our problem but the striving for superiority and social emotional residue that guides us interest, have been criticized for towards a correct decision. lacking rigorous empirical evidence. ​ Adler’s murder dream Critics argue that these ideas are -​ Adler was deciding whether to return difficult to test scientifically and rely a soldier to the First World War front heavily on subjective interpretation. line. He dreamt that he had ​ Overemphasis on Social Factors: murdered someone. On waking he Some psychologists believe Adler realized this was his attempt to solve placed too much emphasis on social the problem and decided not to send and community influences at the the soldier back. expense of biological and unconscious factors. Adler on Birth Order ​ Simplification of Complex Behaviors: -​ Adler saw family dynamics as very Adler's theory has been criticized for important in a child’s development. oversimplifying human behavior, One important aspect of family particularly through the concept of dynamics is birth order. A child’s the inferiority complex. place in birth order can impact on ​ Inconsistencies and Vagueness: their personality. Some aspects of Adler's theory, such as his ideas on birth order, have been criticized for being vague or inconsistent. Researchers have found mixed results when testing the effects of birth order on personality, leading to questions about the validity 12 CARL GUSTAV JUNG – ANALYTICAL ARCHETYPES THEORY Contents of the collective unconscious refers to the universal, inborn models of PERSONALITY He was the first to people, behaviors, or personalities that play distinguish the two major attitudes or a role in influencing human behavior. These orientations of personality – extroversion are names given to the kind of image from and introversion (Jung, 1923). He also his collective unconscious that man uses identified four basic functions (thinking, frequently. 4 Famous archetypes: the feeling, sensing, and intuiting) which in a persona, the shadow, the anima or cross-classification yield eight pure animus, and the self. personality types. LEVEL OF PSYCHE PERSONA the side of our personality that Jung saw the human psyche as being we show to others. divided into a conscious and an SHADOWS the dark side of personality. unconscious level, with the latter further ANIMA feminine side of men subdivided into a personal unconscious and ANIMUS the masculine side of women a collective unconscious THE SELF is an archetype that represents CONSCIOUS - Images sensed by the ego the unified unconsciousness and are said to be conscious. consciousness of an individual. Represented by circle or mandala. PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS contains the things suppressed from the conscious GREAT MOTHER the archetype of (contents are called “complexes”). nourishment and destruction (also depicted -​ The personal unconscious as the witch). contains the things suppressed from the conscious. memories WISE OLD MAN the archetype of wisdom that have been forgotten or and meaning. repressed - Memories of bitterness, hatred, embarrassing HERO the image we have of a conqueror moments, pain, and forbidden who vanquishes evil but who has a single urges fatal flaw Collective unconscious contains things THE SELF: PERFECTION that are shared with other human beings Self - the image we have of fulfillment, from our pasts (contents are called completion, or perfection. The most “archetypes”). comprehensive of all archetypes, because it pulls together the other archetypes and -​ The collective unconscious refers unites them. to the unconscious mind and Symbol: the mandala, which is depicted as shared mental concepts. if we a circle within a square, a square within a dream of an old man talking to us, circle, or any other concentric figure. we can decide it is a sign we are Self-realization – developmental process on the right track in life and (part of development of personality, achieve approaching our personal inner through the old stage), that involves the wisdom differentiation and integration of such personality components as: ego, shadow, persona and animus/anima. 13 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY FEELING - evaluating an idea or event. THINKING - logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas. JUNG DICHOTOMIES PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out of a union of two basic attitudes - introversion and extraversion- and four separate functions - thinking, feeling, seeing, and intuiting. Attitude - readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way". Attitudes often come in pairs, one conscious and the other unconscious Introverts are described as being more JUNG’S PERSONALITY TYPE focused on the internal world of reflection. They are also described as thoughtful and insightful. Extraverts preferring to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action. Functions – cognitive or psychological functions; are particular mental processes within a person's psyche that are present regardless of common circumstance. -​ Attitudes can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types. The four functions are all necessary for man’s mind to perform if he is to know and live in this world. 4 FUNCTIONS INTUITION - perception beyond the working of consciousness. SENSATION - receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness. 14 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY consciousness to facilitate the process of Stages of Development self- realization. 3. Active Imagination- this method 1. CHILDHOOD - the early morning sun, full requires a person to begin with any of potential but still lacking in brilliance impression- a dream image, vision, picture, (consciousness). or fantasy- and to concentrate until the impression begins to “move”. Substages 4. Psychotherapy- the ultimate purpose of a)​ ANARCHIC PHASE - characterized Jungian therapy is to help neurotic patients by chaotic and sporadic become healthy and to encourage healthy consciousness. people to work independently toward b)​ MONARCHIC PHASE - self-realization. characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of ERIK ERIKSON - Post-Freudian Theory logical and verbal thinking. c)​ DUALISTIC PHASE- the ego is Concept of Ego divided into the objective and subjective. Positive force that creates a self-identity 2. YOUTH- the morning sun, climbing Helps us adapt to the various conflicts of toward the zenith, but unaware of the life and keeps us from losing our impending decline. individuality to the forces of society 3. MIDDLE LIFE- early afternoon sun, During childhood, the ego is weak and brilliant like the late morning sun, but fragile; but by adolescence it should begin obviously headed for the sunset. Begins at to take form and gain strength approximately age 35 or 40, by which time the sun has passed its zenith and begins its 3 Aspects of Ego downward descent. Body Ego- experiences with our body; a 4. OLD AGE- the evening sun, its once way of seeing our physical self as different bright consciousness now markedly from other people dimmed. As the evening of life approaches, people experience a diminution of Ego Ideal- image we have of ourselves in consciousness just as the light and warmth comparison with an established idea; of the sun diminish at dusk responsible for our satisfaction towards our JUNG’S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION personal identity 1. Word Association Test- this is the oldest Ego Identity- image we have of ourselves method in which the subject is asked to in the variety of social roles we play respond to some stimulus words with the first word that comes to his mind. Epigenetic Principle: Step-by-step growth of personality according to a predetermined 2. Dream Analysis- The purpose of rate and in a fixed sequence. One stage Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover emerges from and is built upon a previous elements from the personal and collective stage, but it does not replace that earlier unconscious and to integrate them into stage 15 Basic Points of Psychosocial Time of Incorporation- “taking in” not only Development through their mouth but through their various sense organs as well One component part arises out of another, but it does not entirely replace earlier Oral-sensory mode– infants’ mode of components adapting through receiving and accepting what is given In every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites – conflict of syntonic BASIC TRUST: Learned if their pattern of and dystonic elements accepting things corresponds with culture’s way of giving things. The conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces an ego quality BASIC MISTRUST: Learned if they find no or ego strength correspondence between their oral-sensory needs and their environment Basic Weaknesses- motivating characteristics that derive from the BASIC STRENGTH: HOPE unsatisfactory resolution of developmental crises -​ expecting that future distresses will meet with satisfactory outcomes Maldevelopment - condition that occurs when the ego consists solely of a single way MALADAPTATION: SENSORY of coping with conflict; can be maladaptive or malignant -​ inability to believe that anyone would mean them harm MALIGNANCY: WITHDRAWAL Despite referring these as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of the biological -​ retreating from the outside world due aspect of human development to too much mistrust Ego identity is shaped by multiplicity of conflicts and events—past, present, and anticipated 2.​ Early Childhood (Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt) During each crisis, a person is especially susceptible to major modifications in Approximately 2-3 years of life identity, either positive or negative Anal-urethral-muscular mode - children learn to control their body, especially in relation to cleanliness and mobility PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES Early childhood is a time of contradiction 1.​ Infancy (Trust vs Mistrust) AUTONOMY: Learned when parents allow their children to do what they wish to do and Birth to approximately 1 year old let them to be self- expressive. 16 SHAME AND DOUBT: Learned when -​ lack of consideration to others in parents shame the children for doing wrong achieving their goals behavior and instill doubt by questioning their ability to meet the standards MALIGNANCY: INHIBITION BASIC STRENGTH: WILL -​ avoidance to initiate and to plan goals due to too much guilt -​ determination to exercise freedom of choice and self-restraint MALADAPTATION: SHAMELESS 4: School Age (Industry vs Inferiority) WILLFULNESS About age 6 to approximately age 12 or -​ jumping into things without proper 13 consideration of abilities Latency - As children work and play to MALIGNANCY: COMPULSION acquire social knowledge, they begin to form a picture of themselves as competent -​ everything must be done perfectly or incompetent (origin of ego identity) due to too much shame and doubt INDUSTRY: Learned when children do their tasks well. 3.​ Play Age (Initiative vs Guilt) INFERIORITY: Learned when their work is insufficient to accomplish their goals. Approximately age 3 to 5 BASIC STRENGTH: COMPETENCE Genital-locomotor mode – genital activity is accompanied by their increasing facility at -​ confidence to use one’s physical and movement cognitive abilities to solve the problems. Oedipus complex takes place in this age MALADAPTATION: NARROW INITIATIVE: Learned when child is allowed VIRTUOSITY to take initiative in activities as well as to plan and pursue their goals. -​ life surrounds in one narrow field of competence GUILT: Learned when the child’s initiative and goals become inhibited MALIGNANCY: INERTIA -​ having inferiority complex and does not attempt in engaging with BASIC STRENGTH: PURPOSE productive activities -​ courage to envision and pursue goals bound by conscience and morality MALADAPTATION: RUTHFULNESS 17 5. Adolescence (Identity vs Identity MALADAPTATION: PROMISCUITY Confusion) -​ become intimate too freely, too IDENTITY: Learned when adolescents easily, and without any depth decide what they want and do not want to become, and what they believe and do not believe. MALIGNANCY: EXCLUSIVITY IDENTITY CONFUSION: Learned when adolescents become confused in -​ refusal to fuse one’s identity with distinguishing what they want and believe. other people BASIC STRENGTH: FIDELITY k 7: Adulthood (Generativity vs Stagnation) -​ faith and confidence in one’s Period from about age 31 to 60; longest ideology stage MALADAPTATION: FANATICISM Procreativity – reproduction, assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that -​ seeing one’s beliefs as superior and result from sexual contact, working disregards others’ right to disagree productively, and taking care of other people’s children MALIGNANCY: ROLE REPUDIATION GENERATIVITY: Learned when adults -​ blocks one’s ability to synthesize create new beings as well as new products various self- images and values into and new ideas. a workable identity STAGNATION: Learned when adults fail to 6: Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs Isolation) generate something because of being too self-absorbed in themselves Period from about age 19 to 30 BASIC STRENGTH: CARE Genitality - mutual trust and stable sharing of sexual satisfactions with a loved -​ widening commitment to take care of person in an intimate relationship the persons, the products, and the ideas one has learned to care for INTIMACY: Learned when young adults can fuse one’s identity with that of another MALADAPTATION: OVEREXTENSION person without fear of losing it. -​ too generative that they no longer ISOLATION: Learned when young adults allow time for themselves, for rest become incapable to take chances with and relaxation one’s identity by sharing true intimacy. MALIGNANCY: REJECTIVITY BASIC STRENGTH: LOVE -​ unwillingness to take care of others -​ fusing of identity with another while marked by self-centeredness, retaining individuality selfishness, or pseudospeciation. 18 8: Old Age (Integrity vs Despair) Period from about age 60 until the end of one’s life Generalized sensuality- take pleasure in a variety of different physical sensations and greater appreciation for the traditional lifestyle of the opposite sex INTEGRITY: Learned when old people develop feeling of wholeness and coherence despite diminishing physical and intellectual powers. DESPAIR: Learned when old age people cease to have hope due to losing familiar Criticisms of Post-Freudian Theory aspects of their existence Erikson’s theory is limited mostly to BASIC STRENGTH: WISDOM developmental stages. It does not adequately address such issues as -​ informed and detached concern with personal traits or motivation. life itself in the face of death itself Erikson’s theory provides many general MALADAPTATION: PRESUMPTION guidelines but offers little specific advice. -​ "presumes" ego integrity without Concepts like hope, will, purpose, love, actually facing the difficulties of old care, and so on are not operationally age defined. They have little scientific usefulness, although they rank high in both MALIGNANCY: DISDAIN literary and emotional value. -​ reaction to feeling (and seeing The descriptions of psychosexual stages and others) in an increasing state of psychosocial crises, especially in the later being finished, confused, helpless stages, are not always clearly differentiate GOODLUCK! 😊 19