Theories of Personality Midterms PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Karen Horney - Psychoanalytic Social - Hypothesized by Horney that a Theory difficult childhood is primarily responsible for neurotic needs Biography...

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Karen Horney - Psychoanalytic Social - Hypothesized by Horney that a Theory difficult childhood is primarily responsible for neurotic needs Biography - Youngest child of a 50 year old father and second wife Basic Hostility & Basic Anxiety - Each older sibling is favored and each felt unwanted and unloved Basic hostility - parents do not satisfy the - Each sibling wanted to become a child’s needs for safety & satisfaction; led to physician – Horney fulfilled the severe anxiety dream among the siblings - Only daughter Basic anxiety - repress hostility toward - Does not have a good childhood; parents and have no awareness; profound resented favored treatment feelings of insecurity and vague sense of - Retained a compulsive need to apprehension merge with a great man - Began an analysis with Karl Abraham Defenses against Basic Anxiety Affection - try to purchase love with Horney’s Perspectives self-effacing compliance, material goods or - Strict adherence to orthodox sexual favors psychoanalysis should move beyond instinct theory Submissiveness - neurotics may submit - Neuroses are not the result of themselves either to people or to institutions instinct but rather person’s attempt (organization or religion) to find paths - Objected feminine psychology Power - defense against the real or imagined hostility of others; takes the form of a tendency to dominate others Modern culture - based on competition among individuals Prestige - protection against humiliation; expressed as a tendency to humiliate others Competitiveness and basic hostility - result in feelings of isolation; lead to Possession - buffer against destitution and intensified needs for affection poverty Importance of childhood experiences Withdrawal - protect themselves either by Neurotic conflict - can stem from almost any developing an independence from others or developmental stage by becoming emotionally detached from them Traumatic events - may leave their impressions on a child’s future development  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Neurotic Needs - characterize neurotics in - Spontaneous - Compulsive their attempt to combat basic anxiety movement movement Neurotic needs Toward - friendly, loving Toward - compliant - Affection and approval (please Against - survivor Against - others) Away - autonomous aggressive - Powerful partner (overvaluation of Away - detached love) - Restrict one’s life within narrow borders (inconspicuous) - Power (need to control others and to avoid feelings) - Exploit others (how they can be Basic conflict - young children are driven used or exploited) in all three diversions (toward, against, - Social recognition or prestige (attract away) attention; first) - Personal admiration (what they are Moving toward people - protect oneself over what they possess) against feelings of helplessness - Ambition and personal achievement (be the best) - Desperately strive for affection and - Self-sufficiency and independence approval of others or seek a (move away) powerful partner who will take - Perfection and unassailability responsibility for their lives (perfection) - Willing to subordinate themselves to to others Neurotic trends - Moving toward people Moving against people - compulsive as - Moving against people compliant people - Moving away from people - Appearing tough or ruthless; hesitated by a strong heed to exploit Normal vs. Neurotic Defenses others and use them for their own benefit Normal Neurotic - Appears to be powerful, perfect and superior - Basic motivation is for power, personal ambition and prestige Compliant person - attention from everyone  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Aggressive person - sees everyone as a ❖ Neurotic ambition potential enemy - Compulsive drive toward superiority - Ordinarily channel their Moving away from people - needs for energies into those activities privacy, independence and self-sufficiency that are most likely to bring success - Becomes neurotic when people try to satisfy them by compulsively ❖ Drive toward a vindictive triumph putting emotional distance between - Most destructive element; themselves and other people may be disguised as a drive for achievement or success - Complusively driven to move away or to attain the person from people, attain autonomy and separateness; maintain detachment from spouse if married Neurotic claims - Special and therefore entitled to the treated in accordance with their Intrapsychic conflicts idealized view of themselves Idealized self-image - attempt to solve conflicts by painting a godlike picture of - People become frustrated when oneself wishes are not fulfilled; neurotics become indignant and unable to Self-hatred - interrelated yet equally comprehend when neurotic claims irrational and powerful tendency to despise are not met one’s real self Neurotic pride Aspects of idealized image - False pride; based on realistic attributes and accomplishments Neurotic search for glory - Incorporate goals, self-concept and - Based on idealized image of self and relations with other people is usually proclaimed in order to protect and support a glorified view Elements of neurotic search of one’s self ❖ Need for perfection - Drive to mold the whole personality into the idealized Six ways of self-hatred: self; not content to make a ❖ Demands on the self few alterations - exemplified by the tyranny of - Achieve perfection by the should; continue to push erecting a complex set of themselves to perfection “shoulds” and “should nots” (tyranny of the should) ❖ Merciless self-accusation  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS - constantly berate themselves ideal of womanhood and women’s - Obviously grandiose role expressions (taking responsibility) Womb envy - male envy towards women due to her capacity for motherhood; counter ❖ Self-contempt concept for Freud’s penis envy - belittling, disparaging, doubting, discrediting and ridiculing oneself Erich Fromm - Humanistic ❖ Self-frustration Psychoanalysis - stems from self hatred; designed to actualize an Biography inflated self-image - Born in 1900 in Germany - Only child of orthodox parents - “I must not because I’m not - Influenced by the bible, sachs… good enough” - Has a PhD in Sociology ❖ Self-torment Basic assumption - exist in each of the other Human dilemma - turn away from their forms of self-hatred prehistoric union with nature; left with no powerful instincts to adapt to a changing - Main intervention is to inflict mind harm or suffering on themselves Existential dichotomies - Life and death ❖ Self-destructive actions and - Self-realization impulses - People are alone but cannot tolerate - psychological or physical, isolation conscious or unconscious, acute or chronic Human Needs - May attack themselves Relatedness - drive for union with another psychologically person - Submission, power and love Feminine psychology - revision of psychoanalysis psychic differences between Transcendence - urge to rise above men and women are not the result of passive and accidental experience anatomy but rather of cultural and social - Destrctiveness or creativeness expectations Rootedness - need to feel at home again in - Encompass the psychological the world conflicts inherent in the traditional - Wholeness or fixation  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Sense of Identity - awareness of ourselves Hoarding - strives to accumulate as a separate person possessions, love and holds on - Conformity or individuality Marketing - markets oneself like a Frame of orientation - road map or commodity consistent philosophy by which we find our way through the world Productive - fulfills inner potential to - Irrational goals & rational goals become a creative person Burden of Freedom The Productive Orientation Mechanisms of Escape & Positive Freedom - Working - Loving Authoritarianism - tendency to give up - Reasoning one’s independence and to unite with a powerful partner Personality Disorders (syndrome of decay) Destructiveness - escape mechanism - Necrophilia aimed at doing away with other people or - Malignant narcissism things - Incestuous symbiosis Conformity - surrendering of one’s *incapable of love individuality in order to meet the wishes of others Necrophilia - Hates humanity Positive Freedom - Racists, bullied, blood-shed - Person is free and not alone, critical - Strong advocates of law & order and yet not filled with doubts, - Love of death; sexual perversion independent yet an integral part of mankind Malignant Narcissism - Rational and emotional potentialities - Preoccupied by themselves - Love and work: twin components of - Hypochondriasis positive freedom - Moral hypochondriasis - Neurotic claims Orientations of Character Incestuous symbiosis Receptive - passive and dependent - Extreme dependence on the mother orientation; to be loved – not necessarily to or surrogate love - Inseparable from the host person Exploitative - aggressive and self-centered; need to take from others Harry Stack Sullivan - Interpersonal Theory  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Biography - First American to develop a Lust - self-centered need that can be comprehensive personality theory satisfied in the absence of an intimate - Formed one close interpersonal interpersonal relationship; isolating relationship with a boy 5 years older dynamism - Physician for 6 years (no training) - Psychiatrist at a hospital in D.C. Self-system - pattern of behaviors that - Worked with patients with protects us against anxiety and maintains schizophrenia our interpersonal security; conjunctive - Grew up alone; died alone dynamism Tensions - conceptualized personality as Personifications - beginning in infancy & an energy system; energy existing either as continuing through the various a tension or as energy transformations developmental stages; people acquire certain images Divided tension into the following: Types of personifications: Needs Bad mother vs. good other personifications - Relate to the general well-being of a Me (bad, good, not) personifications person or to specific zones (mouth Eidetic personifications (imaginary friend) or genitals) - Can be either physiological (food, Levels of Cognition oxygen) or interpersonal (tenderness Prototaxic - experiences that are and intimacy) impossible to put into words or to - Conjunctive and call for specific communicate others actions to reduce them Parataxic - experiences that are prelogical Anxiety and nearly impossible to accurately - Chief disruptive force in communicate to others; erroneous interpersonal relations assumptions about cause and effect - Disjunctive and calls for no consistent actions for its relief Syntaxic - experiences that can be accurately communicated to others; 12 - 18 Dynamism - typical of behavior; may either months to specific zone of the body Stages of development Types of Dynamisms Infancy Maleviolence - evil and hatred; feeling of - 0 to 2 years living among one’s enemies; disjunctive - Mothering one dynamism - Tenderness - Good mother, bad mother; good me, Intimacy - close personal relationship bad me between two people of equal status; conjunctive dynamism Childhood  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS - 2 to 6 years - Returned home after 7 years - Parents - Taught children in Vienna - Protect security through imaginary - Psychoanalyzed by Anna Freud friends - Married Joan Serson - Syntaxic language - Had four children - Tried to gain Danish citizenship Juvenile era - Immigrated to the States - 6 to 8 ½ years - Playmates of equal status Career - Orientation toward living in the world - Did not finish any college degree of peers - Did research work at MA - Competition, compromise, - Took a position at Yale cooperation - Moved to the University of California - Evolved a theory of personality Preadolescence - 8 ½ to 13 years Identity crisis - Single chum / friend - Started with his father (longing) - Intimacy - Physical features - Affection and respect from peers - Language Early adolescence - 13 to 15 years Post-Freudian Theory - Several chums / friends The ego - Intimacy & lust toward different - Positive force that creates identity persons - Reality principle - Balance of lust, intimacy and - Center of personality security operations - Partly unconcscious Late adolescence Types of ego - 15 and above Body ego - experience with one’s own body - Lover Ego ideal - image a person has of his own - Fusion of intimacy and lust self - Discovery of self and the world Ego identity - image a person has of himself outside of self in the variety of roles he/she plays The Sioux Nation Erik Erikson - Post-Freudian Theory Prolonged & Permissive Nursing of Infants - Oral personalities Biography - Generosity - Born on June 15, 1902 in Southern Germany Suppression of biting - Brought up by mother and stepfather - Fortitude and ferocity - Ventured away from home as a wandering artist & poet  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Yurok Nation - Yurok tribe Play age - Strict regulations concerning - 3 to 6 years elimination of urine and feces - Initiative vs. guilt - Anal personality - Relationships: family - Compulsive neatness, stubbornness - Strength is purpose and miserliness - Is it okay for me to move or act? - Key event: independence Pseudospecies - Man’s deep seated condition that School-age some providence has made his tribe - 6 to 12 years or race or caste and even his - Industry vs. inferiority religion “naturally” superior to others - Relationships: school, neighbors - Strength is competence Epigenetic Principle - people grow in a - Can I make it in the world of people sequence that occurs over time and in the & things? context of a larger community - Key event: school Stages of Psychological Development Adolescence - Epigenetic principle - 12 to 18 years - Interaction of the opposites - Identity vs. role confusion - Ego strength - Relationships: peers, role model - Core pathology - Strength is fidelity - Psychological but also biological - Who am I? What can I be? - Multiplicity of conflicts and events - Key event: peer relationships - Identity crisis Young adulthood - 19 to 40 years Psychosocial Stages of Development - Intimacy vs. isolation Infancy - Relationships: friends, partners - Birth to 18 months - Strengths is love - Trust vs. mistrust - Can I love? - Relationship is the mother - Key event: love relationships - Strength is hope - Can I trust the world? Middle adulthood - Key event: feeding - 40 to 65 years - Generativity vs. Stagnation Early childhood - Household, workmates - 18 months to 3 years - Strength is care - Autonomy vs. shame - Can I make my life count? - Relationship is parents - Key event: parenting - Strength is will - Is it okay to be me Old Age - Key event: potty training - 65 years to death  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS - Integrity vs. despair - Mankind, my kind - Strength is wisdom - Is it okay to have been me? - Reflecting on and acceptance of one’s life Methods of investigation - Anthropological studies - Historical *higher need: weaker need - Sociological - Needs appear later in life - Clinical - Gratification can be delayed - Contribution to personal growth Contributions - Require better conditions - Child development - Needs fulfillment can be scaled - Society and culture Physiological - breathing, food, water, sex, Criticisms sleep, homeostasis, excretion - Ambiguous terms and concepts - Cannot proceed to the next if the - Lack of precision said need is gratified Safety - security of body, employment, Abraham Maslow - Holistic Dynamic resources Theory - Form the basic lower needs alongside physiological Biography - Oldest of seven children Love/Belonging - friendship, family, sexual - Childhood is horrible; family is intimacy miserable - Without friends or loving parents; Esteem - self-estem, confidence, was taunted due to his appearance achievement, respect of others/by others - Developed huge inferiority complex growing up Self-Actualization - morality, creativity, spontaneity Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - Becoming everything one is able to become Two types of love: (love and belonging) D-love - basic need for love is a selfish concern with seeking love from others (deficiency love)  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS B-love - basic need to love others (being - Self-determinism love); possible only when we have fulfilled - Learning is critical our D-love - Individual differences determine variances in the expression of needs Esteem - two ways of gaining respect - People are constantly moving Self-worth - respect from ourselves towards to becoming the best Status - respect from others Self-actualization - living your highest Carl Rogers - Person-Centered potential; maximum realization and Theory fulfillment of our potentials, talents and abilities Biography - 4th of 6 kids Maslow’s Motivation Model - Pious family - Shy, solitary; often lost in fantasy - Books as comfort activity; had bizarre fantasies The Actualizing Tendency - Motivated by innate tendency to actualize, maintain & enhance the self - Refers to the organismic experiences of the individual Self-actualization - tendency to actualize Self-actualizers - not motivated by their the self as perceived in the awareness lack Formative tendency - tendency for all Metamotivation - behavior is not driven by matter, born organic & inorganic to evolve the needs; driven by self-determination from simpler to more complex forms - Goal is to enrich their lives by acting to increase tension so as to experience a variety of stimulating Fully Functioning Person and challenging events - Open to experience - Existential living Jonah complex - individuals avoid or resist - Trust feelings their success or potential for greatness - Creativity - Fulfilled life View of Human Nature - Humanistic and optimistic - Focused on psychological health The Self over illness  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Self-concept - aspects of one being and Biography one’s experiences that are perceived in - Born in Ohio, raised in Michigan awareness - Roamed around Europe as an artist - Master of Divinity at Union Ideal self - one’s view of self as one wishes to be Tenents of Existentialism - Existence takes precedence over essence - Existentialists oppose the artificial Becoming a Person split between subject and object Contact➡positive regard➡positive - People search for meaning in their self-regard lives - Each of us is responsible for who we *cannot be positive all the time are and what we will become - Antitheoretical position, believing that theories tend to objectify people Barriers to Psychological Health Conditions of Worth - experiences and Dasein ➡ being-in-the-world behaviors are perceived as acceptable only if they meet with approval from others Incongruence - discrepancy between a person’s self-concept and aspects of his/her experience Defensiveness - protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences Eigenwelt - relationship with ourself; inconsistent with it intrapersonal Umwelt - environment around us Disorganization - behavior is still Mitwelt - our world with other people consistent with the self-concept, self-concept has been broken and thus the behavior appears bizarre and confusing Alienation - Separation from nature - Lack of meaningful interpersonal Client-centered Therapy relations Congruence - willingness/openness - Alienation from one’s authentic self Unconditional Positive Regard - accepts Empathy - temporary living other’s life Nonbeing - Death - Addiction to alcohol and drugs Rollo May - Existential Psychology - Promiscuous sexual activity - Compulsive behavior  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MIDTERMS Will - care is an important ingredient; Anxiety defined as a conscious commitment to - Become aware that their existence action or something identified with it might be destroyed Forms of Love Normal anxiety Sex - natural biological function - Growth - Proportionate to the threat Eros - psychological desire that seeks an - Does not involve repression enduring union with a loved one (may include sex; built on care and tenderness) Neurotic anxiety - Disproportionate to the threat - involves repression and other forms Philia - intimate nonsexual friendship of intrapsychic conflict; managed by between two people; takes time to develop various kinds of blocking-off of and does not depend on the actions of the activity and awareness other person Agape Guilt - Altruistic and spiritual love that - Arises when people deny their carries with it the risk of playing God personalities; fail to accurately - Undeserved & unconditional perceive the needs of others or remain blind to their dependence on the natural world Freedom - understanding & destiny; death is a possibility at any moment Intentionality - Structure that gives meaning to Existential freedom - freedom of experience and allows people to doing/action make decisions about the future Essential freedom - freedom of being / inner freedom - May believed that it permits people to overcome the dichotomy between subject and object Destiny - Design of the universe speaking through the design of each one of us Care, Love & Will - Includes the limitations of our Care - active process that suggests that environment & our personal qualities things matter Love - to care, to delight in the presence of another person