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Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 1 of 252 Trainee Reference Book...
Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 1 of 252 Trainee Reference Book Aviation Security Basic (AVSEC Basic) Course For Restricted Circulation Published by Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) Issue Date: 21 February 2019 AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 2 of 252 PREFACE Civil aviation is a powerful force for progress in our modern global society. A healthy and growing air transport system creates and supports millions of jobs worldwide. It forms part of the economic lifeline of many countries. It is a catalyst for travel and tourism and the world's largest industry. Beyond economics, air transport enriches the social and cultural fabric of society. In recent years the aviation industry has seen the emergence of world-wide attacks against the safety and security of the travelling public, airports, aircraft and other persons working within the aviation industry on and off airport and air navigation facilities. The counter-measures to these acts against civil aviation can be effective only as long as the people responsible for protecting civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference receive appropriate training to carry out their jobs efficiently and effectively. This Trainee Reference Book has been developed by The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), to enable trainees to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to be better able to implement Aviation Security preventive measures. This is in accordance with the appropriate National Civil Aviation Security Program, Airport / Airline Security Programs and Aviation Security Standards and Recommended Practices prescribed by ICAO. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 3 of 252 AVIATION SECURITY TRAINING PROGRAMME International Legislations Annex – 17 Standard3.1.7: Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to ensure the development and implementation of a national training programme for personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme. This training programme shall be designed to ensure the effectiveness of the national civil aviation security programme. Standard 3.1.8: Each Contracting State shall ensure the development and implementation of training programmes and an instructor certification system in accordance with the national civil aviation security programme Standard 3.4.2: Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons implementing security controls possess all competencies required to perform their duties and are appropriately trained according to the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme and that appropriate records are maintained up to date. Relevant standards of performance shall be established and initial and periodic assessments shall be introduced to maintain those standards. Standard 3.4.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons carrying out screening operations are certified according to the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme to ensure that performance standards are consistently and are reliably achieved. National Legislations Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 1 / 2018 The objective of the National Civil Aviation Security Programme (NCASP) is to safeguard Civil aviation operations against acts of unlawful interference through regulations, practices and procedures which take account of the safety regularly and efficiency of flights. Order 2/2018 In exercise of powers conferred by Section SA of the Aircraft Act, 1934 (XXII of 1934), read with rule 3 (b) of the Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011 Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation Security, for the purpose of the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters relating to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation" directs that the National Civil Aviation Security Training Programme (NCASTP) which has been AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 4 of 252 reviewed and updated to comply with Standards of Annex-17 and security related provisions of Annex-9 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, shall be implemented by all agencies connected with aviation security in India. Aviation Security Training Package (ASTP) The Aviation Security Basic Training is based on the Aviation Security Training Package (ASTP) issued by International Civil Aviation Organization AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 5 of 252 AVIATION SECURITY BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM LIST OF MODULES Module Subject Page Number No. 1 Opening Activities, Course Introduction And Administration Abbreviation/ Acts & Rule/ Roles of Various Agencies 2 Overview of International civil aviation security 3 Working at the Airport0 4 Access Control-People 5 Access Control-Vehicle 6 Landside security 7 Recognition of Explosive Devices & other prohibited articles 8 Building and Area Search Procedure 9 Patrolling and Guarding 10 Screening & searching of passenger and baggage 11 Conventional X-ray 12 Protection of parked aircraft 13 Physical inspection of baggage 14 Carriage of Arms & Ammunition by Air 15 Emergencies & Contingencies 16 Escorting People & Consignment 17 Protecting aircraft catering uplift 18 Protecting cargo, Mail & Courier 19 Behavior –Detection 20 Insider Threat 21 Cyber Security 22 Profiling passengerconditionPassenger Profiling and Security AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 6 of 252 Module-1 Introduction to the Course Module Objective To understand the course objective, structure and methodology To understand the Terminologies related to Aviation Security and Vital Installations Act and rules related to AVSEC To learn about the organisations involved in Aviation security and of the applicable legislation followed for Civil Aviation Need for Security Awareness Teaching Methods Slide Presentations Lectures by certified instructors Group discussions Demonstrations Role- playing and practical exercises Site visits to the Airport Tests and Homework Overnight reading Assignments Progress Tests Mastery Test ( Written and Practical ) Course Objective: After completion of this course, the trainees will be able to: Understand the nature of the threats to civil aviation; Understand civil aviation from an international, regional and national perspective Work in and move around an airport safely; Communicate and cooperate with other airport agencies; Carry out access control duties to control the movement of people and vehicles ; Guard and patrol airport operational facilities, vulnerable areas, and aircraft; Recognize ‘Prohibited Articles’ including weapons and explosive and incendiary devices; Understand the concepts of screening and searching passengers and baggage; and AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 7 of 252 Respond to security incidents or airport emergencies. Terminologies Related To AVSEC and Vital Installations at Airport Terms that are defined in the I C A O A v i a t i o n S e c u r i t y M a n u a l (Doc 8973) and the Annexes are used in accordance with the meanings and usages given therein. A wide variety of terms are in use throughout the world to describe facilities, procedures and concepts for airport operations and planning. As far as possible, the terms used in this document are those which have the widest international use. Accompanied hold baggage: Baggage which is accepted for carriage in the hold of an aircraft and which is checked in by the passenger who is on board. Acts of unlawful interference. These are acts or attempted acts such as to jeopardize the safety of civil aviation, including but not limited to: unlawful seizure of aircraft destruction of an aircraft in service, hostage-taking on board aircraft or on aerodromes, forcible intrusion on board an aircraft, at an airport or on the premises of an aeronautical facility, introduction on board an aircraft or at an airport of a weapon or hazardous device or material intended for criminal purposes, use of an aircraft in service for the purpose of causing death, serious bodily injury, or serious damage to property or the environment, communication of false information such as to jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground, of passengers, crew, ground personnel or the general public, at an airport or on the premises of a civil aviation facility. Aerodrome Entry Permit (AEP). The photo identity card, smart card or temporary permit issued by the Director General, BCAS, Ministry of Civil Aviation or any person authorized by the Central Government for entry into the aerodrome or part of an aerodrome. (Ref. rule 2(c) of The Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011). Aerodrome: Any definite or limited ground or water area intended to used, either wholly or in part, for the landing or departure of aircraft, and includes all buildings, sheds, vessels, piers and other structures thereon appertaining thereto. Aerodrome Operator: A person, organization or enterprise responsible for operation and management of an aerodrome Aircraft: Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 8 of 252 Aircraft in flight: An aircraft from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when such doors are opened for disembarkation. Aircraft in service: An aircraft shall be considered to be “in service” from the beginning of the pre-flight preparation of the aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until twenty-four hours after any landing and in the case of a forced landing, the flight shall be deemed to continue until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and for persons and property on board. Aircraft not in service: An aircraft that either is parked for a period of more than 12 hours or is not under surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access. Aircraft security check: An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers may have had access and an inspection of the hold for the purposes of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles and substances. Aircraft security search: A thorough inspection of the interior and exterior of the aircraft for the purpose of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances. Aircraft stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an aircraft. Airport. Any area in a Member State which is open for commercial aircraft operations Airside: The movement area of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or portions thereof, access to which is controlled. Appropriate authority for aviation security: The authority designated by a State within its administration to be responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the national civil aviation security programme. Apron: A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. Annexure 17 (to the Chicago convention): Annex 17 to the Convention with the title “Standards and Recommended Practices — Security — Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference”. Aviation Security Group. A unit of specialized Government agency authorized by the Director General, BCAS to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference and protection of property at the aerodrome handling civil aviation. (also see rule 13 of the Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011) Apron passenger vehicle. Any vehicle used to convey passengers between aircraft and passenger buildings AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 9 of 252 Background check: A check of a person’s identity and previous experience, including, where legally permissible, any criminal history, as part of the assessment of an individual’s suitability to implement a security control and/or for unescorted access to a security restricted area. Baggage: Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement with the operator. Baggage Breakup Area: The area where all the arrival passenger’s bags are delivered to them. Baggage sorting area: Space in which departure baggage is sorted into flight loads. (The area is also known as Baggage Makeup Area) Baggage storage area: Space in which checked/hold baggage is stored pending transport to aircraft and space in which mishandled baggage may be held until forwarded, claimed or otherwise disposed of. Behavior Detection Within an aviation security environment, the application of techniques involving the recognition of behavioural characteristics, including but not limited to physiological or gestural signs indicative of anomalous behaviour, to identify persons who may pose a threat to civil aviation Bomb alert: A status of alert put in place by competent authorities to activate an intervention plan intended to counter the possible consequences arising from a communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise, or arising from the discovery of a suspect device or other suspect item on an aircraft, at an airport or in any civil aviation facilities. Bomb threat: A communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise, which suggests, or infers, whether true or false that the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground, or any airport or civil aviation facility or any person may be in danger from an explosive or other item or device. Cabin baggage: Baggage intended for carriage in the cabin of an aircraft. Cargo: Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or mishandled baggage. Cargo area. All the ground space and facilities provided for cargo handlings. It includes aprons, cargo buildings and warehouses, vehicle parks and roads associated therewith. Cargo building. A building through which cargo passes between air and ground transport and in which processing facilities are located, or in which cargo is stored pending transfer to air or ground transport Catering stores: All items, other than catering supplies, associated with passenger in-flight services, for example newspapers, magazines, headphones, audio and video tapes, pillows and blankets, and amenity kits. Catering supplies: Food, beverages, other dry stores and associated equipment used on board an AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 10 of 252 aircraft. Note: Stores (Supplies). a. For consumption - Goods, whether or not sold, intended for consumption by the passengers and the crew on board an aircraft, and goods necessary for the operation and maintenance of the aircraft, including fuel and lubricants. b. To be taken away - Goods for sale to passengers and crew of an aircraft with a view to be taken away on landing. Certification. A formal evaluation and confirmation by or on behalf of the appropriate authority for aviation security that a person possesses the necessary competencies to perform assigned functions to an acceptable level as defined by the appropriate authority Check-in: The process of reporting to an aircraft operator for acceptance on a particular flight. Co-mail: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company mail, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Co-mat: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Contingency plan: A “proactive” plan to include measures and procedures addressing various threat levels, risk assessments and the associated security measures to be implemented, designed in order to anticipate as well as prepare all concerned parties having roles and responsibilities in the event of an actual act of unlawful interference. Convention. The convention relating to International Civil Aviation signed at Chicago on the 7th day of December, 1944 Corporate aviation: The non-commercial operation or use of aircraft by a company for the carriage of passengers or goods as an aid to the conduct of company business, flown by a professional pilot employed to fly the aircraft. (Note that corporate aviation is a subset of general aviation.) Courier service: An operation whereby shipments tendered by one or more shippers are transported as the baggage of a courier passenger on board a scheduled aircraft operator service under normal passenger hold baggage documentation. Crew member: A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during a flight duty period. Crisis management: Contingency measures implemented in response to increased threat levels as well as implementation of measures and procedures in response to the emergencies to include acts of unlawful interference. Dangerous goods: Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical Instructions or which are classified according to those Instructions. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 11 of 252 Deportee: A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a State illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent authorities to leave that State. Note. — The competent authorities may provide an escort for such persons. Diplomatic pouch (bag): A shipping container having diplomatic immunity from search or seizure when accompanied by the required official documentation. Direct transit area. A special area established in an international airport, approved by the public authorities concerned and under their direct supervision or control, where passengers can stay during transit or transfer without applying for entry to the State. Disruptive passenger: A passenger who fails to respect the rules of conduct at an airport or on board an aircraft or to follow the instructions of the airport staff or crew members and thereby disturbs the good order and discipline at an airport or on board the aircraft. Emergency plan. A plan setting forth the procedures for coordinating the response of different aerodrome agencies or services and of those agencies in the surrounding community that could be of assistance in responding to an emergency. Explosive Detection System (EDS). A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, explosive material contained in baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material from which the bag is made. Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS). A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, an explosive device by detecting one or more components of such a device contained in baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material from which the bag or article is made. Explosive substance. A solid or liquid substance (or a mixture of substances) which is in itself capable, by chemical reaction, of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Included are pyrotechnic substances even when they do not evolve gases. A substance which is not itself an explosive but which can form an explosive atmosphere of gas, vapour or dust is not included. Express cargo. Goods other than mail and accompanied or baggage involuntarily or inadvertently separated from passengers or crew which is required to be carried on priority basis by an aircraft operator. Facilitation. The efficient management of the necessary control process, with the objective of expediting the clearance of persons or goods and preventing unnecessary operational delays. Freight. See Cargo. Gate-no Show: Passenger who has checked in (may have registered baggage), but not reported for boarding. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 12 of 252 General aviation operation: An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation. Hijacking (Acts of Unlawful seizure of Aircraft): Any person who on board an aircraft in flight: (i) Unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by any other form of intimidation, seizes, or exercises control of that aircraft, or attempts to perform any such act, or (ii) is an accomplice of a person who performs or attempts to perform any such act, commits the offence of hijacking that aircraft. High-risk cargo or mail. Cargo or mail presented by an unknown entity or showing signs of tampering shall be considered high risk if, in addition, it meets one of the following criteria: a) specific intelligence indicates that the cargo or mail poses a threat to civil aviation; or b) the cargo or mail shows anomalies that give rise to suspicion; or c) the nature of the cargo or mail is such that baseline security measures alone are unlikely to detect prohibited items that could endanger the aircraft. Regardless of whether the cargo or mail comes from a known or unknown entity, a State’s specific intelligence about a consignment may render it as high risk. Human Factors principles. Principles which apply to design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system components by proper consideration to human performance. Human performance. Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety, security and efficiency of aeronautical operations Identification cards: See Permits. Inadmissible person: A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its authorities. Such persons normally have to be transported back to their State of departure, or to any other State where the persons are admissible, by the aircraft operator on which they arrived. (See appropriate Standards in Annex 9 — Facilitation, Chapter 5.) Interline Baggage: The baggage of passengers subjected to transfer from the aircraft of one operator to the aircraft of another operator in the course of their journey. Interline Passenger: Passenger who is transferred between aircraft of different air carriers during the course of his journey. In-flight security officer: A person who is authorized by the government of the State of the Operator and the government of the State of registration to be deployed on an aircraft with the purpose of protecting that aircraft and its occupants against acts of unlawful interference. This excludes persons employed to provide exclusive personal protection for one or more specific people travelling on the aircraft, such as personal bodyguards. In-flight supplies. All items intended to be taken on board an aircraft for use, consumption or purchase by passengers or crew during the flight, which typically include catering and cleaning stores and supplies. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 13 of 252 Integrated/consolidated cargo. A consignment of multiple packages which has been originated by more than one person, each of whom has made an agreement for carriage by air with another person other than a scheduled aircraft operator. Interline baggage: Baggage of passengers subject to transfer from the aircraft of one operator to the aircraft of another operator in the course of the passenger’s journey. Isolation Bay: A designated parking bay at the airport far away from the main passenger terminal, exclusively designed for the purpose of parking the affected aircraft in order to handle contingencies and other threat situations. Also known as Isolated Aircraft Parking Position (IAPP) LAGs: Liquids, aerosols and gels, in any volume, for sale at airport outlets (excluding food and beverages for consumption in the airport premises and not intended for carriage into the aircraft passenger cabin) or on board aircraft during the day(s) of the journey, either in the airside area or in a security-restricted area. Landside: Those parts of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or portions thereof that are not airside, as identified by States and relevant entities in their security programmes. Mail: Dispatches of correspondence and other items tendered by and intended for delivery to postal services in accordance with the rules of the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Mishandled baggage: Baggage involuntarily, or inadvertently, separated from passengers or crew. Movement area: That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s). Non-restricted area: Areas of an airport to which the public have access or to which access is otherwise unrestricted. Off-airport processing facilities. A passenger or cargo transport link terminal at an urban population centre at which processing facilities are provided. Passenger area. All the ground space and facilities provided for passenger processing, including aprons, passenger buildings, vehicle parks and roads. Permits: A permit system consists of cards or other documentation issued to individual persons employed on airports or who otherwise have need for authorized access to the airport, airside or security restricted area. Its purpose is to identify the individual and facilitate access. Vehicle permits are issued and used for similar purposes to allow vehicular access. Permits are sometimes referred to as airport identity cards or passes. Person with disabilities (with reduced mobility):Any person whose mobility is reduced due to a physical incapacity (sensory or locomotor), an intellectual deficiency, age, illness or any other cause of disability when using transport and whose situation needs special attention and AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 14 of 252 the adaptation to the person’s needs of the services made available to all passengers. Pier: A corridor at, above or below ground level to connect aircraft stands to a passenger building Pilot-in-command: The pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general aviation, the owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight. Prohibited Items. A list of items i.e. weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations. Such list is established by the DG, BCAS based on a risk assessment Regulated agent: An agent, freight forwarder or any other entity who conducts business with an operator and provides security controls that are accepted or required by the appropriate authority in respect of cargo, courier and express parcels or mail. Restricted articles: Articles which are, in the specific context of aviation security, defined as those articles, devices or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation or which may endanger the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or installations and the public. Sabotage: An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of property, endangering or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its facilities. Screening: The application of technical or other means which are intended to identify and/or detect weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference. Security / Aviation Security: Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective is achieved by a combination of measures and human and material resources. Security audit. An in-depth compliance examination of all aspects of the implementation of the national civil aviation security programme. Security accident. An occurrence which results in death or grievous hurt to a person or major damage to the property. Security checks for LAGs and STEBs. Visual checks or security controls, performed by security staff, for signs of interference, in particular tampering with seals, theft and the introduction of potentially dangerous devices, articles or substances. The checks should be made at the first point of entry on the airside and should be made on all supplies of LAGs and STEBs to establish that they have been protected, that there is no evidence or suspicion of tampering, and that the necessary documentation is in order. Security clearance. Compliance with the security controls specified in the National Civil Aviation Security Programme with regard to any aircraft, entity, person or object. It is a status granted to individuals or entities allowing them access to classified information, access to restricted AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 15 of 252 areas or to conduct business after completion of a background check. Security control. A means by which the introduction of weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference can be prevented. Security equipment: Devices of a specialized nature for use, individually or as part of a system, in the prevention or detection of acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation and its facilities. Security exercise. A full-scale security exercise is a simulated act of unlawful interference with the objective of ensuring the adequacy of a contingency plan to cope with different types of emergencies. A partial security exercise is a simulated act of unlawful interference with the objective of ensuring the adequacy of the response to individual participating agencies and components of the contingency plan, such as the communications system. Security incident. An occurrence in relation to civil aviation security which takes place either on the ground or in flight, which results in: - in injury to a person, damage to property, fire and breakage; - contravention or breach of security laws, regulations, national civil aviation security programme and orders issued by the Central Government under the provisions of the Aircraft Act, 1934. Security inspection. An examination of the implementation of relevant National Civil Aviation Security Programme requirements by an aircraft operator, airport or other entity involved in security. Security investigation. An inquiry into any act or attempted act of unlawful interference against civil aviation and/or any alleged or suspected instance of non-compliance with a State’s National Civil Aviation Security Programme or other legal and/or regulatory requirements pertaining to civil aviation security. Security programme. Written measures adopted to safeguard international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. Security restricted area. Those areas of the airside of an airport which are identified as priority risk areas where in addition to access control, other security controls are applied. Such areas will normally include, inter alia, all commercial aviation passenger departure areas between the screening checkpoint and the aircraft, the ramp, baggage make-up areas, including those where aircraft are being brought into service and screened baggage and cargo are present, cargo sheds, mail centres, airside catering and aircraft cleaning premises. Security survey. An evaluation of security needs including the identification of vulnerabilities which could be exploited to carry out an act of unlawful interference, and the recommendation of corrective actions. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 16 of 252 Security tamper-evident bags (STEBs). Specially designed bags that should only be used for the sale of LAGs by airport outlets or on board an aircraft. Security test. A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates an attempt to commit an unlawful act. Sensitive Aviation Security Information. Information that, if accessed by or disclosed to unauthorized persons, could create or be used to exploit a vulnerability or facilitate an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation. Service panel. Aircraft external access point used for providing aircraft services including water, lavatories and ground electrical outlets, and other service compartments that have external clip-down panels. Small arms. A general description applied to all hand-held firearms. State of Registry. The State on whose register the aircraft is entered. (See also the definition in Annex 6.) State of the Operator. The State in which the operator’s principal place of business is located or, if there is no such place of business, the operator’s permanent residence. Sterile area. The area between any passenger inspection or screening checkpoint and aircraft, into which access is strictly controlled (see also security restricted area.) Stores (Supplies). - For consumption - Goods, whether or not sold, intended for consumption by the passengers and the crew on board an aircraft, and goods necessary for the operation and maintenance of the aircraft, including fuel and lubricants. - To be taken away - Goods for sale to passengers and crew of an aircraft with a view to be taken away on landing. Terminal: The main building or group of buildings where the processing of commercial passengers and freight and the boarding of aircraft occurs. Threat Image Projection (TIP). A software programme approved by the appropriate authority that can be installed on certain X-ray equipment, which projects virtual images of threat articles such as guns, knives, and improvised explosive devices within the X-ray image of a real bag under examination or complete virtual images of bags containing threat articles, and provides immediate feedback to the X-ray equipment operators of their ability to detect such images. Trace detection equipment. A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect very small amounts of explosive materials, and so to indicate, by means of an alarm, any such materials contained in baggage or other articles subjected for analysis. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 17 of 252 Transfer cargo and mail. Cargo and mail departing on an aircraft other than that on which it arrived of the same operator. Transfer passengers/baggage: Passengers/baggage making direct connections between two different flights. Transit cargo and mail. Cargo and mail departing on the same aircraft as that on which it arrived. Transit passengers/Baggage: Passengers/Baggage departing from an airport on the same flight as that on which they arrived. Travel document: A passport or other official document of identity issued by a State or organization which may be used by the rightful holder for international travel. Unaccompanied baggage: Baggage that is transported as cargo and may or may not be carried on the same aircraft with the person to whom it belongs. Unclaimed baggage: Baggage that arrives at an airport and is not picked up or claimed by a passenger. Unidentified/Unattended baggage. Baggage at an airport, with or without a baggage tag, which is not picked up by or identified with a passenger. Unpredictability. The implementation of security measures in order to increase their deterrent effect and their efficiency, by applying them at irregular frequencies, different locations and/or with varying means, in accordance with a defined framework. Unruly passengers: Persons who commit on board a civil aircraft, from the moment when the aircraft door is closed prior to take-off to the moment when it is reopened after landing, an act of: assault, intimidation, menace or wilful recklessness which endangers good order or the safety of property or persons; assault, intimidation, menace or interference with a crew member in the performance of duties or which lessens the ability to perform duties; wilful recklessness or damage to an aircraft, its equipment, or attendant structures and equipment such as to endanger good order and safety of the aircraft or its occupants; communication of information which is known to be false, thereby endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight; Disobedience of lawful commands or instructions for safe, orderly or efficient operations. Vehicle Entry Permit. Vehicle permits issued and used to allow vehicular access to restricted areas of the airports. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 18 of 252 Vital installation. Any facility on or connected with an aerodrome, which, if damaged or destroyed, would seriously impair the functioning of the aerodrome. Vulnerable point: Any facility on or connected with an airport, which, if damaged or destroyed, would seriously impair the functioning of the airport. Example ATC, Fuel storage area etc AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 19 of 252 ABBREVIATIONS 1. AAI - Airports Authority of India 2. AC – Aerodrome Committee 3. ACCR - Aerodrome Committee Control Room 4. ACI - Airport Council International 5. ADP – Airfield Driving Permit 6. AEP - Aerodrome Entry Permit 7. ASC - Airport Security Committee 8. ASG - Aviation Security Group 9. ASTI – Aviation Security Training Institute 10. ASTP - Aviation Security Training Package 11. ATS – Air Traffic Services 12. AWB – Air Way Bill 13. AVSEC – Aviation Security 14. BBA – Baggage Break-up Area 15. BCAS - Bureau of Civil Aviation Security 16. BDDS - Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad 17. BSA /BMA – Baggage Sorting Area/ Baggage Make-up Area 18. BTAC - Bomb Threat Assessment Committee 19. BTCP - Bomb Threat Contingency Plan 20. BTL - Baggage Tally List 21. BTRC- Bomb Threat Review Committee 22. BWAF - Bomb Warning Assessment Form 23. CASO - Chief Aerodrome Security Officer 24. CAT - Computer Aided Tomography 25. CBD:- Chemical and Biological Device. 26. CBRN – Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear weapon AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 20 of 252 27. CBW- Chemical and Biological weapons 28. CC – Central Committee 29. CCTV - Closed Circuit Television 30. CCS – Cabinet Committee on Security 31. CISF - Central Industrial Security Force 32. CLIP- Caller Line Identification Procedure 33. CMG- Crisis Management Group 34. COE - Controller of Explosives 35. COSAH - Committee of Secretaries on Aircraft Hijacking 36. CRPF – Central Reserve Police Force 37. CTCP – Counter Terrorist Contingency Plan 38. CTP – Combined Test Piece 39. CTX – Computed Tomography X-Ray 40. DAW – Directorate of Air Worthiness 41. DFMD - Door Frame Metal Detector 42. DGR – Dangerous Goods Regulation 43. DGCA - Directorate General of Civil Aviation 44. DIP- Diplomatic Mail 45. EDDS - Explosive Device Detection System 46. EDS - Explosive Detection System 47. ETD - Explosive Trace Detector 48. EPX - Enhanced Performance X-Ray 49. EVD - Explosive Vapour Detector 50. HDB - HIGH DENSITY BLINKING 51. HHMD – Hand Held Metal Detector 52. HUM - Human Remains AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 21 of 252 53. IATA - International Air Transport Association 54. IAPP – Isolated Aircraft Parking Position 55. ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization 56. IED - Improvised Explosive Device 57. IFSO – In-flight Security Officer 58. IMS – Ion Mobility Spectrometry 59. LAG – Liquids, Aerosols and Gels 60. LTPE - Low Temperature Plastic Explosive 61. LPR – License Plate Reader 62. MANPADS - Man Portable Air Defense System 63. MCA - Ministry of Civil Aviation 64. MHA - Ministry of Home Affairs 65. MRTD - Machine Readable Travel Document 66. MZDFMD - Multi Zone Door Frame Metal Detector 67. NCASTP - National Civil Aviation Security Training Programme 68. NCASQCP - National Civil Aviation Security Quality Control Programme 69. NCASP - National Civil Aviation Security Programme 70. NDA- Non Disclosure agreement 71. NSG – National Security Guards 72. OTP – Operating Test Piece 73. PB-IED – Person Borne Improvised Explosive Device 74. PFNA- Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis 75. PIDS- Perimeter Intruder Detection System 76. PRM – Person with Reduced Mobility 77. PSc - Pseudo Colour 78. PSO – Personal Security Officer 79. PTSD – Post Trauma Stress Disorder 80. QRT – Quick Reaction Team 81. RCB- Resume Current Bag AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 22 of 252 82. RDX -Research& Developed Explosive 83. REM- Roentgen Equivalent Man 84. SARP – Standards and Recommended Practices 85. SLPC – Secondary Ladder Point Checks 86. SOP – Standard Operating Procedure 87. STEB – Security Tampered Evident Bag 88. STP – Standardized Training Package 89. SPG – Special Protection Group 90. TCV - Threat Containment Vessel 91. TIP – Threat Image Projection 92. VB-IED – Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device 93. VCS -Variable Color Stripping 94. VDU - Visual Display Unit 95. VPB- View Previous Bag 96. UVSS - Under Vehicle Search System 97. UVSM - Under Vehicle Search Mirror 98. XBIS – X-ray Baggage Inspection System Aircraft Acts and Rules of 1934 & 1937 Aircraft Acts of 1934 It extends to the whole of India and applies also- (a) To citizens of India wherever they may be; (b) To, and to the persons on, aircraft registered in India wherever they may be; (c) To, and to the persons on, aircraft registered outside India but for the time being in or over India; and. (d) To an aircraft operated by a person who is not a citizen of India but as his principal place of business or permanent residence in India. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 23 of 252 Section 5 Power of Central Government to make rules for Civil Aviation Section 5 A Power to issue directions (DGCA or any other officer empowered by Central Govt) Section 10 Penalty for act in contravention of Rule made under Section 5 of the Aircraft Acts. (2 years imprisonment or fine up to Rs. 10 Lakhs or both) Section 11 A Penalty forimprisonment (2-3 years failure to comply withuptoRs. or fine directions issuedorunder 10 Lakhs both)section 5A (2 years imprisonment or fine up to Rs. 10 Lakhs or both) Section 11 B Penalty for failure imprisonment to comply or fine uptoRs.with direction 10 Lakhs issued under Section 9A (2 years or both) imprisonment or fine up to Rs. 10 Lakhs or both) imprisonment or fine uptoRs. 10 Lakhs or both) Aircraft Rules of 1937 The Aircraft Rules 1937, extends to the whole of India and apply also (unless the contrary intention appears) (a) To, and to persons on, aircraft registered in India wherever they may be, expect cases falling under sub-rule (4). (b) To, and to persons on, all aircraft for the time being in or over India. Rule 8 Carriage of arms, ammunitions, explosives, military stores etc. Rule 13 Photograph at aerodromes or from aircraft in-flight. Rule 24 Prohibition on consumption of intoxicating and psychoactive substances. Rule 24 A Carriage of persons suffering from mental disorders or epilepsy in aircraft Rule 24 B Carriage of prisoners in an aircraft Rule 24 C Carriage of animals, birds and reptiles in aircraft Rule 25 Prohibition of Smoking in aircraft Rule 27 Carriage of persons in unauthorized parts of aircraft Rule 90 Entry into Public Aerodromes (Access Control) Inspection of aircrafts – (Empowers some of government officials authorized by Rule 156 Central Government to enter aircraft for inspection, but are not exempted from frisking/searching) Rule 159 No person shall voluntarily obstruct any person acting in the exercise of his powers or in the discharge of his duties under these rules. The Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules, 2003 Rule 12: Requirement of training: No person shall engage himself in any manner in the transport of dangerous goods unless he has undergone proper training commensurate with his responsibilities. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 24 of 252 The Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 3 Duties of Appropriate Authority Rule 4 Appeal Rule 5 Planning, design and layout of the Aerodrome security requirement Rule 6 Aerodrome perimeter, Rule 7 Provision of lighting, road, patrolling and observation post Rule 8 Aerodrome security programme Rule 9 Security clearance for operations at aerodrome Rule 10 Handling of unattended or suspect baggage Rule 11 Business establishment at aerodrome Rule 12 Protection of facilities owned by aerodrome operator Rule 13 Aviation Security Group Rule 14 Duties of Chief Aerodrome Security officer Rule 15 Ground handling service Rule 16 Contingency Plan Rule 17 Disembarkation of Unruly Passenger Rule 18 Entry into aerodrome Rule 19 Entry into security restricted area Rule 20 Prohibition to carry weapons or explosive Rule 21 Security check before embarkation Rule 22 Certification of Screeners Rule 23 Prohibition on carriage of certain goods (in cabin baggage) Rule 24 Security Programme (Aircraft Operator) Rule 25 Security clearance for operation (Aircraft) Rule 26 Deployment of staff (for security duties) Rule 27 Security search of aircraft Rule 28 Access control of aircraft Rule 29 Locking of cockpit door Rule 30 Deployment of IFSO Rule 31 Security control for hold baggage Rule 32 Identification and reconciliation of hold baggage Rule 33 Transfer baggage Rule 34 Carriage of prisoners in aircraft Rule 35 Carriage of cargo, mail, catering items and other stores Rule 36 Detention of aircraft Rule 37 Security control for Cargo and Courier bags Rule 40 Prohibition on carriage of certain goods (in cargo and courier) Rule 41 Protection of security cleared cargo or mail or courier bag etc Rule 42 Regulated agent Rule 43 Catering supplies Rule 44 Supply of other stores Rule 45 Reporting of security accident or incident Rule 46 Investigation of security accident or incident Rule 47 Power of the Inquiry Officer Rule 48 Inspection AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 25 of 252 Role of Various Agencies in Aviation Security Roles / Functions / Duties /Responsibilities of BCAS International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.1.5 Each Contracting State shall establish a national aviation security committee or similar arrangements for the purpose of coordinating security activities between the departments, agencies and other organizations of the State, airport and aircraft operators, air traffic service providers and other entities concerned with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme. Laying down AVSEC norms in accordance with ICAO Annex-17 to Chicago convention for Airport Operators, Airline operators and their security agencies responsible for implementation AVSEC measures. Monitoring the implementation of Security rules and regulations and carrying out survey of security needs. Ensure that the persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained and possess all competencies required to perform their duties. Planning policy on civil aviation as per ICAO guidelines, to prepare contingency plan, to prepare NCASP and formulation of Policies. Coordination among different organizations on AVSEC matters. Conducting surprise / dummy checks to test professional efficiency and alertness of security staff. Conducting mock exercise to efficacy of contingency plan and operational preparedness of various agencies. Advisory role the Govt. of India on Security matters Technical Evaluation of equipment used in aviation security. Responsibilities of DG,BCAS: International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.1.2 Each Contracting State shall designate and specify to ICAO an Appropriate authority within its administration to be responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the national civil aviation security programme. Standard 3.1.4 Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to define and allocate tasks and coordinate AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 26 of 252 activities between the departments, agencies and other organizations of the State, airport and aircraft operators, air traffic service providers and other entities concerned with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme. National legislation Aircraft Security Rules 2011 Rule 03 Duties of DG,BCAS Responsibilities of DG,BCAS Establish, Develop, implement, maintain and review the NCASP, NCASTP, NCASQCP in India in accordance with Annexure 17. Issue necessary directions on AVSEC Respond immediately to meet any increased security threat Allocate the responsibilities and ensure coordination amongst various agencies responsible for implementation of the various aspects of the NCASP. Designate an authority at each aerodrome serving Civil Aviation who shall be responsible for coordinating and implementation of security controls. Establish Aerodrome Security Committee (ASC) at each aerodrome serving civil aviation for coordinating the implementation of security controls and procedures as specified in the airport / aerodrome security programme. Arrange for security audit, test, survey and inspection to be conducted on a regular basis Role of Aviation Security Group (ASG) National legislations Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 13 Aviation Security Group (ASG) Rule 14 Duties of Chief Aerodrome Security Officer (CASO) Aviation Security Order / Circular Circular 10/2000 Induction of CISF in the airports for aviation security duties. Circular 17/2001 Components of ASG CISF (Central Industrial Security Force) CISF has been entrusted with security of airports in India since 2000. They are designated as Aviation Security Group (ASG). The In-charge of CISF at an airport is designated as the Chief Aerodrome Security Officer (CASO) and is responsible for enforcement of security measures at an airport. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 27 of 252 Unit’s or Components of ASG Anti-hijacking unit Protection unit Intelligence and surveillance unit Support unit These units will perform following functions: Anti-hijacking unit: Guarding of access control points to prevent unauthorized entry. Pre-embarkation checks of passengers and hand baggage. Security of sterile area, apron and ramp policing Guarding of aircraft on ground. Protection Unit: Protection of perimeter, ATC. Carry out mobile and foot patrols. Guarding of cargo complex. Guarding of terminal buildings. Functioning as Quick Reaction Team (QRT) Cordoning of aircraft in case of in case off unlawful interference. Intelligence and surveillance unit: They will keep surveillance in terminal building, passenger lounge, security hold, apron and any other area assigned by CASO Keep liaison with intelligence agencies to receive regular inputs. Support Unit: Control room which will work round the clock. Administrative work. Staff for training. Supporting service staff. a. Security aides/ Orderlies b. Safai Karmacharis, c. Washer men, d. Barbers, e. Cooks, AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 28 of 252 BDDS Unit: The ASG’s BDDS unit is responsible for the following functions a) Attend to Bomb Threat Calls b) Attend to unclaimed baggage calls c) Detection of suspected baggage for explosives d) Disposal/demolition of confirmed threat/IED by RSP e) Store explosives used in demolition/disposal of IEDs f) Carry out anti-sabotage and random checks of aircraft, airports, terminal building & cargo complexes with special emphasis on BMA g) Participate in the Bomb Threat Assessment Committee Role of Airport Operator National legislations Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Part II Security Measures at Aerodrome NCASP 2018 Chapter 4.2.2 The AVSEC responsibilities of Airport Operators AVSEC responsibilities of Airport Operators: Convene the Aerodrome Committee meetings Issuance of vehicle permits & ADP for access of vehicles in operational areas Preparation of various Contingency Plans for the airport which is required to be approved by Appropriate Authority. Provision & maintenance of Perimeter / fencing, Perimeter road, perimeter lighting, apron, gates / entry points, security hold area, frisking points/booth, Provision of Security Stamps, hand baggage checking counter, isolated parking bay, Cooling pit etc Provision & maintenance of electronic equipment / devices like X-ray BIS, DFMD, HHMD for passenger screening Sign boards for educating the passengers / airport employees Co-ordination in the event of any contingency at the airport. To conduct Airport Security Committee (ASC) meetings. Inline Screening.(Wherever Applicable) Airport Fire Services (AFS) Air Traffic Services All operational and administrative expenses of ASG AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 29 of 252 Issuance of Temporary airport entry passes Appreciate the Need for Security Awareness Security and Non-Security staff shall learn how to recognize suspicious patterns of behavior, while understanding the importance of avoiding racial and ethnic stereotyping. Role of Airline Security National legislations Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Part V Security Measures by Aircraft Operators Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 03/2009 Security functions to be carried out by Aircraft Operators Order 05/2009 Norms for deployment of Airline Security staff for Security functions (Recommendations by Shri Arun Mishra Committee) Security functions to be carried out by Aircraft Operators Security of Aircraft Screening of Registered Baggage Surveillance in departure hall Screening and escorting of screened cargo / unaccompanied baggage Security of catering items. For security and surveillance in BMA and for accompanying the screened baggage up to aircraft. Security in Baggage break-up area. Secondary security checks. Security of parked / idle aircraft. Security of Control Room (including bag tags, boarding cards, etc.) Aircraft Search (Pre-flight anti sabotage Checks) The Security Supervisor shall ensure that the Aircraft Release certificate is signed by all the concerned departments and signature is obtained from the Commander of the flight. A copy of the signed aircraft release certificate shall be kept for record with the security department, and will be put up for scrutiny during checks and audit by the BCAS officers. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 30 of 252 AIRCRAFT RELEASE CERTIFICATE- FOR USE AT INDIAN AIRPORTS FLIGHT NO. DATE AIRCRAFT REGN NO. TYPE OF AIRCRAFT AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE TIME OF DEPARTURE ENGINEERING This is to certify that anti-sabotage measures as per inspection schedule have been carried out and no objectionable/suspected item has been found on board: COMMERCIAL Signature : Name : Designation : Time : (a) This is to certify that all registered baggage have been identified/reconciled along with passengers on board. (b) The total number of passengers as per system has been tallied and all are on board. (c) All cargo, mail, newspaper, courier bag etc. have been loaded after they have been the security cleared. CATERING Signature : Name : Designation : Time : This is to certify that all catering items and equipment have been checked by the caterer/ catering staff/ security staff before being put on board and the crew have received them without any complaints with regard to the security measures Signature : Name : Designation : Time : GROUND SUPPORT AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 31 of 252 This is to certify that all equipment attached to the aircraft were checked thoroughly and only sealed/security cleared baggage and inspected containers loaded into the aircraft. SECURITY Signature : Name : Designation : Time : This is to certify that all security measures have been carried out for the above flight. Signature : Name : Designation : Time : COMMANDER I accept the aircraft in view of the above certification. Signature : Name : Designation : Time : AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 32 of 252 Module 2 Overview of International Civil Aviation Security Module Objective: Describe threats to Civil Aviation Nuclear , Biological , Chemical and Radio-active material threats Sabotage of aircraft , airport and armed attack Type of offender (mentally challenged / disgruntled employees, criminals, terrorist etc.) Vulnerability of Civil Aviation operations Unlawful seizure of aircraft Aviation Security Convention National Legislations Regional Civil aviation Conference Key responsibility of states and appropriate authority NCASP / SOP Teaching Methods Slide Presentations Lectures by certified instructors Group discussions Demonstrations Role- playing and practical exercises Overnight reading Assignments Progress Tests Mastery Test ( Written and Practical ) International Legislations Annex 17 Standard 3.1.1 Each Contracting State shall have as its primary objective the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters related to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation. Standard 3.1.2 Each Contracting State shall establish an organization and develop and implement regulations, practices and procedures to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference taking into account the safety, regularity and efficiency of AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 33 of 252 flights. Standard 3.1.3 Each Contracting State shall keep under constant review the level and nature of threat to civil aviation within its territory and airspace above it, and establish and implement policies and procedures to adjust relevant elements of its National Civil Aviation Security Programme accordingly, based upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities National Legislation NCASP 2018 Chapter 12 Adjustment of programme and Contingency Plan Aviation Security Order / Circular Circular 2/2018 Categorization of Airports Primary Objective of Aviation Security The primary objective of the Aviation Security is the safety and security of passengers, crew, ground personnel, general public, airports, aviation installations and all other matters relating to safeguard against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations. Aviation Security Principles Civil Aviation shall operate from a Safe and Secure environment; Develop and implement Legislation and procedures necessary to ensure a safe and secure environment; Security measures shall be consistent with Standards Prosecute or extradite persons who carry out acts of unlawful interference Nature of Threats Conventional / Traditional threats to Civil Aviation Sabotage of Aircraft Sabotage of Airports Unlawful seizure of aircraft; and Armed attacks on / off airport facilities. New and Emerging threats to Civil Aviation Suicide Attack on the Airport/Aircraft Facilities Use of Aircraft as a weapon of mass destruction AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 34 of 252 Use of Nuclear weapon, Radioactive Substances and Dangerous Goods. Use of Chemical and Biological warfare Air to air attack by Missile Ground to Air attack by Missile (MANPADS) Cyber Terrorism Use of Magnetic System Attack through the electronic system to misguide the air traffic communication. TYPES / CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFENDERS Mentally deranged persons / Psychotics Persons seeking revenge - Disgruntled employees /Dissatisfied passengers Terrorists individuals and groups Criminals individuals and groups TERRORISM Terrorism is an act of placing someone in extreme fear. It is the unlawful use of violence against the Public to intimidate a Government. Factors contributing to terrorism: Religious factors Economic conditions of a country Natural disasters Political factors Social recognition The supports needed by the terrorist organizations: Financial support Motivated manpower Support of Public Arms & Ammunition Media Training AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 35 of 252 Who are the Terrorists? Terrorists are generally people who feel alienated from society and have a grievance or regard themselves as victims of an injustice. Terrorists are devoted to their political or religious cause and do not regard their violent actions as criminal. Terrorists are ruthless and show no fear, pity or remorse. Characteristics of Terrorists Target specific individuals on an aircraft, such as Diplomats or VIPs Engender fear of flying in the general public and disrupt normal life; and Obtain the release of prisoners, perhaps from their own group They operate in small groups or complex networks They are usually well organized Have access to necessary resources such as money, technical expertise, weapons, explosives and sometimes supported by governments or States; and Aims are political in nature Characteristics of Criminals Attacks on Civil Aviation by criminal groups or individuals are rare and their motivation is: Monetary gain or Extortion Personal gains Difficult to classify Unpredictable CBRN – chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attack Chemical warfare Biological warfare Radiological substances Nuclear weapons A growing concern among security professionals is that terrorists will someday use CBRN materials, in an attack against an unsuspecting public. Chemical weapons are those that are effective because their chemical action can cause death, permanent harm or temporary incapacity. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 36 of 252 Some toxic chemicals, such as phosgene, hydrogen cyanide and tear gas, may be used for both civil and peaceful, and hostile purposes. When they are used for hostile purposes, they are considered chemical weapons. Biological weapons are weapons that achieve their intended effects by infecting people with deliberate release of dangerous bacteria, viruses or fungi, or biological toxins (e.g. Anthrax, Small pox, ricin, a natural toxin occurring in plants). Radiological weapon is designed to spread radioactive material such as uranium, plutonium etc with the intent to kill and cause disruption upon a city or nation. Nuclear: Death and injury caused from caused from the effects of an explosion that includes blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse, and secondary fires caused by the destruction. Why is civil aviation considered as an attractive target? Instant Publicity Aircraft is mobile Different nationalities on board Aircraft can be easily taken in control Aircraft itself can be used as a missile Small amount of explosive is sufficient to cause huge damage to aircraft Adverse impact on tourism thereby furthering the terrorist cause Excellent Means of extortion Economic damage to the country Economic damage to the airline Airline carry the flag of the nation Large number of people in a confined area Where can the threats come from? AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 37 of 252 Terrorist disguised as a passenger with the intent to hijack the plane A terrorist may infiltrate a piece of luggage containing an explosive device directly onto the conveyor belt Using naïve passenger to infiltrate a bomb into their luggage Explosive device concealed at the check in area set to explode during the operations Direct attack Explosive device placed at the boarding gate area Passenger used after check-in Interline passengers and baggage Cargo/Courier infiltration Catering infiltration Airport employees Terrorist disguised as an airport worker Explosive device or weapon left on board to be used on the second leg of the flight UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF AIRCRAFT (HIJACKING) What are the techniques used for hijacking? In order to execute a hijack of an aircraft, the perpetrator must be able to coerce the pilot-in- command. Therefore, it is necessary to: Smuggle weapons onto the aircraft (examples of how this has been done ranges from concealment in toys to false prosthetics) Possible collusion with or bribery of airport or airline staff Armed assault. This has been has been used on several occasions The types of weapons used vary and may include pistols, automatic weapons, explosive charges, knives, or flammable material. SABOTAGE Sabotage techniques Most sabotage devices targeted against aircraft are either explosive or incendiary devices and can even be a combination of the two. The saboteur needs to have access to the aircraft to plant the device or place the device on the aircraft using passenger baggage, air cargo, catering or other stores loaded onto the aircraft prior to flight. The most common means of infiltrating sabotage devices in the past have been: AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 38 of 252 Infiltration of device into baggage; Collusion with airport or airline staff to place device on aircraft; Subterfuge, use of an unsuspecting dupe Sabotage of airports Certain critical areas of an airport are vital to the continued operation of an airport, namely: Runway; Passenger terminal buildings; Navigational aids; Electrical power supplies; Air Traffic Control communications; Aviation fuel storage; Rescue and fire-fighting services. Any sabotage to the above facilities can seriously impair the functioning of the airport. Suicide bomber While most successful saboteurs move away from the event of the device activation the suicidal saboteur is ready to kill himself for the cause. Whether a religious, political or nationalistic fanatic, these individuals or groups present a formidable threat to today’s security measures. These offenders may endeavor to achieve sabotage by: Carrying the device on their person; or Providing the means to have a device boarded through their checked baggage. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 39 of 252 Historical Review of the past incidents 1 First hijacking in the world The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February 21, 1931 in Lima, (Peru). 2 1969 Year of maximum Hijackings First hijacking in India 30th Jan, 1971, Indian Airlines flight from Srinagar to Jammu taken to Lahore. 3 Outcome Rule 8 A of Aircraft Rule 1937 was being implemented. { superseded by Rule 21 of Aircraft(Security) Rules 2011} Second hijacking in India Indian Airlines Aircraft hijacked on 10th Sep, 1976, Mumbai to Delhi taken to Lahore. 4 Outcome Shri B.D. Pandey committee was formed in 1976 18th Jan, 1978 Formation of DCAS as a cell under DGCA on the recommendation of Shri B.D. Pandey Committee 2nd August, 1984 A Bomb Explosion at Chennai (Meenabakkam) airport. 5 Outcome Bomb Threat Contingency Plan was Implemented. 23rd Jun, 1985 Sabotage of Air India aircraft Kanishka Tragedy over Atlantic Ocean. Explosion at Narita airport (Japan) during transfer of baggage to Air India aircraft. 6 Post Kanishka Tragedy Justice B.N Kirpal, Commission was setup. On 1st April 1987 BCAS was formed as a Regulatory Authority on Civil Aviation Security under MCA. Following security measures were introduced Identification of baggage-Mandatory Reconciliation of baggage was introduced Re-identification of registered baggage on interline station by passenger. Checking of baggage manually even after X-ray screening Inspection of security arrangements of national air- carriers at foreign stations by BCAS officers AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 40 of 252 7 3rd May 1986 Sabotage of Air Lanka aircraft at Colombo airport. Explosives send through tea consignment in cargo. LTTE rebels bombed Air Lanka plane at Colombo airport, killing 16 people 2nd April 1986 Bombing of TWA 840. 04 passengers died while 117 survived. The bomb contained one pound of plastic explosive. It is suspected it had been placed under the seat cushion on a previous journey by a Lebanese woman 8 Outcome Aircraft security check & security search were improved. 29th Nov 1987 Korean Air Bombing resulted in death of 115 persons on board aircraft. A bomb was planted inside an overhead storage bin in the airplane’s passenger cabin by North Korean agents. 9 Outcome Transit Security checks were given high importance. 21st Dec 1988 Pan Am 103 incident resulted in death of 259 persons on board aircraft, as well as 11 persons on the ground at Lockerbie (Scotland). 10 Outcome Marking of Plastic Explosive for the purpose of detection. Golden principle adopted. No passenger no baggage and all bomb threat calls to be taken seriously. Procedure for carriage of mishandled baggage was introduced. 11 24th Dec 1994 Air France aircraft seized at Algerian airport by four persons dressed as airline staff - three hostages killed. Aircraft flown to Marseilles (France) where four hijackers killed. 12 Nov 1996 ET 961 Ethiopian Airlines was hijacked by asylum seekers. Crashed in Comoros Island due to insuffient fuel. 24th Dec 1999 Hijack of Indian Airlines (IC-814) operating from Kathmandu (Nepal) to Delhi (India). Finally taken to Kandahar (Afghanistan) 13 Outcome Introduction of CISF as ASG in Feb 2000 Secondary Ladder point checks (SLPC) introduced in January 2000 Introduction of Sky Marshals Modernization / up gradation of electronic detection devices Preventing an Hijacked aircraft to take off from Indian soil, once it lands Review of contingency plans 24 July 2001 Colombo Airport (Bandaranaike Airport) attack by LTTE. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 41 of 252 Outcome Raising of Perimeter wall to the prescribed height 14 Access control system strengthened Security of parked aircraft at night Deployment of QRT 11th Attack by Al Qaida using 04 Aircrafts as a weapon of Mass destruction in September USA. 2001 Outcome Strengthening of cockpit doors 15 Locking of cockpit doors Implementation of strict pre-embarkation security checks Deployment of sky marshals Ban on steel / metallic cutlery with sharp edges. 22nd December Richard Reid (Shoe Bomber), a member of Al Qaeda, boarded American 2001 Airlines from Paris to Miami. Passenger was on Aerial suicide mission. 16 Outcome Shoe Scanning through XBIS was introduced. Carriage of Lighters & Matchbox in the aircraft is prohibited. 17 28th November Arkia Airlines (Israel) shot at by shoulder launched surface-to-air missiles on 2002 departure from Mombassa, Kenya. August 2006 Heathrow Airport Attack: Attempt to blow up 11 aircraft with the liquid explosive ( TATP) 18 Outcome Restrictions on carriage of more than 100ml of liquid in cabin baggage 30th June 2007 Glasgow Airport Attack. A dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded cabin baggage with propane canisters was driven into the glass doors of the Glasgow International Airport terminal and set ablaze. 19 A second bomb was later found in the car parking. Outcome Focus on Landside security. 25th December Northwest Airlines Flight 253 was attacked by a man using a small explosive 2009 device hidden in his underwear, causing only a small fire inside the plane, 20 which is extinguished by a flight attendant; the man was subdued by passengers and crew; there were 3 injuries. Outcome Introduction of Body Scanners AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted Aviation Security Basic Handout Restricted Page 42 of 252 24th January Domodedovo International Airport bombing. A passenger exploded himself 2011 Moscow in the Moscow airport, International arrival hall, baggage claim area. Airport Attack 21 Outcome Random screening at the entry gate of the terminal building. Strengthening of security towards city side. Landside security was recommendation. 08th June 2014 Jinnah International Airport (Karachi) was attacked by 10 militants armed with automatic weapons, a rocket launcher, suicide vests and grenades carried out the attack. 36 people were killed, including all 10 attackers, and at least 18 were wounded. Outcome Recommended Practices on landside security, security awareness training, 22 Proper implementation of security measures aimed at preventing or minimizing the effect of ramming vehicle attacks should be incorporated, such as: physical barriers, for example bollards, crash-rated planters, speed breakers and chicane to be placed in curbside and other appropriate areas. 17th July 2014 A Malaysian Airline flight MH 17 flying over Ukraine and Russia border was bought down by a Buck missile fired by the militant. Aircraft crashed near Grabovo in the Donetsk region. Total Passenger 280, crew 15, Total 295 23 Pax. Outcome Annex 17 included provision on attacks against MANPADs 24 22nd March Three coordinated nail bombings occurred in Belgium two at Brussels 2016 Airport in Zaventem. Two suicide bombers, carrying explosives in large suitcases, attacked a departure hall. 12th June 2016 A man has set off a homemade explosive device at Shanghai int
