Tourism Impacts: Definition, Dimensions, and Determinants (PDF)

DEFINITION, DIMENSIONS, AND DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM IMPACTS CHAPTER 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Define impacts Enumerate and discuss the various dimensions of tourism impacts Enumerate and discuss the various determinants of tourism impacts WHAT IS IM...

DEFINITION, DIMENSIONS, AND DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM IMPACTS CHAPTER 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Define impacts Enumerate and discuss the various dimensions of tourism impacts Enumerate and discuss the various determinants of tourism impacts WHAT IS IMPACT? A change in a given state over time as the result of an external stimulus (referred as tourism). (Hall and Lew, Influence, 2009, p.54)effect, outcome, result, consequence, upshot, aftermath product (Dictionary) WHAT IS TOURISM IMPACT?  An effect brought about directly or indirectly by tourism policies, tourism- related establishments and infrastructure, and tourist behavior.  DIMENSIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS Tourism impacts may be categorized according to: Scope Direction of change and type of impact Scale, distribution, and duration of the effects  THE SCOPE OF TOURISM TheIMPACTS scope of Tourism Impact may be ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL, OR POLITICAL. Impacts are seldom UNI-DIMENSIONAL. EX. Focus on tourism may make governments overzealous in protecting nature at the expense of indigenous people, creating a conflict between environmental and cultural concerns.  THE DIRECTION OF CHANGE Tourism may cause positive or negative changes. Tourism may either contribute to the improvement or the deterioration of a place. Ex. Boracay (Positive vs Negative)  THE TYPE OF IMPACTS The type of impact may be categorized in many ways – actual (objective) or perceived (subjective), quantitative or qualitative, direct or indirect. Actual (Objective) – tourism are backed up by hard data which are quantitatively measured. Perceived (Subjective) – refer to the opinions of somebody concerning the effects of tourism  VARIABLES THAT AFFECT PEOPLE”S PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS Butler and Doxey linked residents’ perception of tourism to the stage of the tourism development. Tourism Area Life Cycle theory (Butler, 1980) – predicted that the community will experience and perceive more and more negative impacts as a tourism destination goes through the various stages of growth: discovery or exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, and  VARIABLES THAT AFFECT PEOPLE'S PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS  Irritation Index Model (Doxey, 1975) suggested that the residents’ reaction to the tourism changes from euphoria, apathy, annoyance, and antagonism in the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages, consecutively.  Social Exchange theory (Ap, 1992) – perception of tourism is more of a function of the  THE TYPE OF IMPACTS Quantitative – are impacts which can be measured and expressed in numerical form. Ex. Amount of taxes collected from tourism. Qualitative – are impacts that can only be observed and described. Ex. Effect of tourism experiences of an individual’s self-esteem.  THE TYPE OF IMPACTS Direct Tourism Impact – one that is immediate and flows from tourism to the receiver of impact without intervening persons, agencies, or industries. Indirect Tourism Impact – flows from tourism to the receiver of the impact through intervening persons, agencies, or industries.  THE TYPE OF IMPACTS Cumulative Impact – one that is caused by tourism development over time. Ex. Algae in Boracay Immediate impact – impact that is caused by a single event, and could happen within a short period of time. Ex. Increased occupancy of hotels brought by events Long term – are those that will be borne or experience by the affected sectors or stakeholders for years or even generations to come. Short-term – are those that do not endanger the welfare of the affected people or places way into the  THE TYPE OF IMPACTS  Tourism Attraction System Model (Leiper, 1990) – tourism impacts will also be felt at varying levels in the different areas where tourism activity could take place. These are tourist generating region, transit route region, and tourist destination region.  Touri s m i nd uced i mp acts –  THE TYPE OF IMPACTS  Reversible impact – one which can be corrected immediately or over a short period of time. Ex. Trash left by festival attendees  Irreversible impact – one that requires a long period of time to recover. Ex. Effect of divers on coral reefs TOURISM IMPACTS ACCORDING TO SOURCE Point Source – specific tourism- related facility, project or object. Ex. Airport Non-point Source – mobile, intangible, and has an indefinite life span. Ex. Tourists  DETERMINANTS OF IMPACTS Level of the economic development of the destination The strength of economic linka ges between the tourism industry and other economic sectors Capacity of the stakeholders  DETERMINANTS OF IMPACTS Proximity to the tourism core Location of the development Technology and design Physical and social carrying capacities Tourism volume, density, or ratio Tourist markets served  LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY The more developed the tourism industry, the more destination stands to gain economically from tourism. The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) of the Wo r l d E c o n o m i c F o r u m i s a measure of the level of tourism development in a country. It is based on 4 broad sub-indices with a total of 14 pillar components.  LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY Business environment (12 indicators) Safety and Security (5 indicators) Health and Hygiene (6 indicators) Human resources and labor market (9 indicators) ICT readiness (8 indicators)  LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY The travel and tourism policy and enabling conditions sub-index is composed of: Prioritization of travel and tourism (6) International openness (3) Price competitiveness (4) Environmental sustainability (10)  LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY The infrastructure sub-index consists of: Air transport infrastructure (6) Ground and port infrastructure (7) Tourist service infrastructure(4)  LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY The natural and cultural resources sub-index: Natural resources (5) Cultural resources and business travel (5) Similar to TTIC is the A’s framework by Cruz: 1. Access 2. Attitude 3. Administration 4. Assistance 5. Awareness 6. Atmosphere STRENGTH OF THE ECONOMY AND LINKAGES The net economic impact of tourism depends on the proportion of income that is restrained in the local economy. Tourism Revenues – Amount of Leakages Retained Income  STAKEHOLDER’S POWER AND CAPCITY One of the key issues in tourism development is the extent by which the benefits and opportunities are shared by the stakeholders. One explanation of inequity is offered by Moscardo (2011) through the SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS THEORY. Social representation refers to the way people construct knowledge about tourism and its impacts. Social representation theory holds that “where there is limited knowledge of tourism, a destination  STAKEHOLDER’S POWER AND CAPCITY This results in a distribution where the elites receive the bulk of positive impacts and the poor, most of the negative impacts. Ex. Environmental discrimination – result of, and process by which, environmental policies create intended or unintended consequences, especially those which have disproportionate impacts on individuals, populations, or communities, minority  STAKEHOLDER’S POWER AND CAPCITY Environmental racism – any policy, practice, or directive that differently affects or disadvantages (whether intended or unintended) individuals, groups, o r communities based on race or color.  TOURISM POLICY Tourism policy serves as the tourism development framework. It defines a country’s prioritization of tourism in relation to overall development strategy that spells out the objectives of tourism development and the key strategies for attaining them. INVESTMENT INCENTIVE CRITERIA AND WEIGHTS The kind of tourism impacts is shaped by the chosen tourism development strategy. One of the major strategies for tourism development that was formulated in the National Tourism Develo p m ent P lan fo r 201 1 - 201 6 is the establishment of Tourism Enterprise Zones or TEZ. The Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) distinguishes between ordinary TEZ and flagship TEZ primarily on the INVESTMENT INCENTIVE CRITERIA AND WEIGHTS The required area for ordinary TEZ is 5 hectares (50,000 sqm) and for flagship TEZ 50 hectares. According to the “Guidelines to Evaluate Tourism Enterprise Zones and Tourism Enterprises”, the major evaluation criteria for TEZ are: Ecological and physical design consideration (20%) Economic consideration (20%) Competitiveness and long-term financial sustai nability (20%) INVESTMENT INCENTIVE CRITERIA AND WEIGHTS The major categories of TEZ are: Cultural heritage tourism zone Health and wellness tourism zone Ecotourism zone General leisure tourism zone Mixed-use tourism zone TOURISM VOLUME, DENSITY, OR RATIO Tourism density – the number of tourists at a given time in relation to the area of the destination. Tourism ratio – the volume of tourists in relation to the local population. The impact of tourism rises in proportion to the increase in tourism density or ratio.  DISTRIBUTION OF TOURIST ZONES In North Korea, the government contains the neg ative sid e ef fects of tour ism by concentrating on tourism activity in a confined section of a city. However, when the intent is to spread the benefits of tourism, the strategy would be one of dispersal. The government in this case would choose to designate tourism development clusters across the country. Ex.  TOURIST MARKETS SERVED Institutionalized (Organized and Individual mass tourists) and Non- institutionalized (Explorers and Drifters) Canadian Tourism Commission category of Explorer Quotient (EQ), known as explorer types:  TOURIST MARKETS SERVED Authentic experiencers Cultural explorers Cultural history buffs Free spirits Gentle explorers No-hassle travelers Personal history explorers Rejuvenators Social samplers  TECHNOLOGY Tourism impacts in the environment may be modified by technology. Ex. Noise and greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft  CARRYING CAPACITY Tourism carrying capacity – the level of human activity an area can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected, or the quality of visitors experience declining. (Middleton & Hawkins, 1998) -the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic,  OTHER FACTORS Emergence of bureaucrats Rise of unlivable industrial cities which drove people to escape the physical crowding of the cities Women’s liberation as driving force for tourism development