Tissues: Living Communities Chapter 5 PDF

Tissues: Living Communities CHAPTER 5 Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc.  Tissues ⚫ cells of similar type and function clustered together ⚫ primary types ⚫ primary functions ⚪ epithelial ⚪ covers and lines ⚪ connective ⚪ provi...

Tissues: Living Communities CHAPTER 5 Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc.  Tissues ⚫ cells of similar type and function clustered together ⚫ primary types ⚫ primary functions ⚪ epithelial ⚪ covers and lines ⚪ connective ⚪ provides support ⚪ muscle ⚪ enables movement ⚪ nervous ⚪ controls work Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 2 Gross and Microscopic Anatomy Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 3  Anatomy ⚫ gross ⚪ structures seen with naked eye ⚫ histology = microanatomy ⚪ microscopic study Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 4  Epithelial Tissue ⚫ sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues ⚪ protects, covers, and lines ⚪ filters biochemical substances ⚪ absorbs nutrients ⚪ provides sensory input ⚪ manufactures secretions ⚪ manufactures excretions Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 5  Characteristics of Epithelia ⚫ organized into tightly packed groups that form sheets ⚫ each cell is polar ⚪ apical surface ⚪ basal surface ⚫ lateral surfaces connect to neighboring cells ⚫ cells are avascular ⚫ most cells are innervated Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 6  Cellular Attachments ⚫ plasma membranes join to form specialized attachments ⚪ junctional complexes ⚫ major types of cellular junctions ⚪ tight junctions ⚪ desmosomes ⚪ gap junctions ⚪ basement membrane Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 7  Tight Junctions ⚫ formed by fusion of outermost layers of plasma membranes of adjoining cells ⚪ no leaks Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 8  Desmosomes ⚫ connect plasma membranes of adjacent cells ⚫ strong mechanical coupling ⚪ plaque ⚪ tonofilaments ⚫ found in tissues that undergo repeated tension & stretching Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 9  Gap Junctions ⚫ cells linked by tubular channel proteins ⚪ connexons ⚫ extend from cytoplasm of one cell to the next ⚫ allow exchange and passage of ions and nutrients ⚫ have ability to quickly transport electrical signals between cells Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 10  Basement Membrane = Basal Lamina ⚫ foundation of the epithelial cell ⚫ nonliving network of fibers ⚪ cements cells to underlying tissue ⚪ varies in thickness ⚫ helps prevent cells from being torn off ⚫ partial barrier to underlying tissue Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 11  Surface Specialization ⚫ surfaces vary depending on their location and their role in the function of the tissue ⚪ smooth ⚪ microvilli brush border ⚪ cilia ⚪ keratin Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 12  Epithelial Tissue GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA CLASSIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIA TYPES OF EPITHELIA Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 13  Classification of Epithelia ⚫ number of layers of cells ⚪ simple or stratified ⚫ shape of cells ⚪ squamous, cuboidal, or columnar From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 8, St Louis, 2013, Mosby. ⚫ presence of surface specialization ⚪ cilia, keratin, etc. Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 14 Cytology and Histology 15  Simple Squamous Epithelium ⚫ delicate and thin ⚫ flat and smooth ⚫ found lining surfaces involved in passage of either gas or liquid ⚪ mesothelium ⚪ endothelium From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 8, St Louis, 2013, Mosby. Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 16  Simple Cuboidal Epithelium ⚫ single layer of cube-shaped cells ⚫ nuclei aligned in single row ⚫ found in areas where secretion and absorption occur From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 8, St Louis, 2013, Mosby. Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 17  Simple Columnar Epithelium ⚫ cells are elongated, closely packed together ⚪ less common are simple ciliated columnar epithelia ⚫ nuclei aligned in a row at base of cell ⚫ some cells associated with absorption and secretion ⚪ absorptive cells and goblet cells From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 8, St Louis, 2013, Mosby. Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 18 https://vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/to pics/goblets.html 19  Stratified Squamous Epithelium ⚫ multilayered ⚫ protect underlying tissues ⚫ occurs in areas of body subject to mechanical and chemical stresses ⚪ mouth, esophagus, vagina ⚫ outer layer continually being worn off ⚪ replaced at equal rate from From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 8, St Louis, 2013, Mosby. cells in deeper layers Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 20  Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium ⚫ generally occurs in two layers ⚫ protects underlying tissues ⚫ found primarily along large excretory ducts ⚪ sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 21  Stratified Columnar Epithelium ⚫ rare type of epithelia ⚪ in select parts of respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems ⚪ along some excretory ducts ⚫ function in secretion and protection Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 22  Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium ⚫ layer is not truly stratified ⚪ nuclei at varying levels ⚪ not all cells reach luminal surface ⚪ each cell attaches to basement membrane ⚫ most are ciliated ⚫ locations ⚪ respiratory tract and portions of male reproductive tract Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 23  Transitional Epithelium ⚫ description ⚪ basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells ⚪ superficial layer of squamous cells ⚫ leak-proof membrane ⚫ found in regions required to expand and contract as part of their normal function ⚪ ureters, urethra, bladder Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 24 https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/a-imagenes-grandes/epitelio_transicion.php 25  Glands Cell or group of cells that manufacture and discharge a secretion 26  Glands ⚫ classification by: ⚪ presence or absence of ducts ⚪ number of cells that compose them ⚪ shape of secreting ducts ⚪ complexity of glandular structure ⚪ type of secretion produced ⚪ manner in which secretion is stored and discharged Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 27  Glands exocrine endocrine ⚫ possess ducts ⚫ have no ducts or ⚫ discharge secretions tubules directly into local areas ⚫ produce and secrete ⚪ except for goblet cell hormones into ⚫ unicellular or bloodstream or multicellular lymphatic system ⚫ examples ⚫ examples ⚪ hepatoid, musk, sweat, ⚪ pituitary and adrenal salivary, liver, and glands pancreas glands Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 28  Glands Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 29  Unicellular vs Multicellular Exocrine Gland ⚫ only example is the ductless goblet cell ⚪ composed of modified columnar epithelia ⚪ secretes mucin ⚫ found among columnar cells of respiratory and digestive tracts, and in conjunctiva of the eye Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 30  Classification of Exocrine Glands ducts - simple ducts - compound ⚫ main duct is unbranched ⚫ main duct is branched Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 31  Classification of Exocrine Glands ⚫ ways the products are secreted ⚪ merocrine secretory cells remain intact secretions packaged and released via exocytosis as manufactured ⚪ apocrine ⚪ holocrine Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 32  Classification of Exocrine Glands ⚫ ways the products are secreted ⚪ merocrine ⚪ apocrine glands store their secretions top part of cell is released into the duct system ⚪ holocrine Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 33  Classification of Exocrine Glands ⚫ ways the products are secreted ⚪ merocrine ⚪ apocrine ⚪ holocrine glands store their secretions entire cell is destroyed in the act of releasing its product Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 34  Classification of Exocrine Glands ⚫ type of secretion ⚪ serous watery high concentration of enzymes ⚪ mucous thick, viscous composed of glycoproteins ⚫ mixed exocrine glands ⚪ both serous and mucous components Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 35 Connective Tissue GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 36  Functions of Connective Tissue ⚫ metabolic and structural connections between other tissues ⚫ protective sheath around organs ⚫ insulation for the body ⚫ reserve for energy ⚫ framework to support the body ⚫ medium for transporting substances from one region of the body to another ⚫ role in the healing process and in control of invading microorganisms Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 37  General Characteristics of Connective Tissue ⚫ most abundant tissue by weight ⚫ vascularized ⚫ 3 distinct components ⚪ ground substance ⚪ extracellular matrix ⚪ extracellular fibers ⚪ cells ⚫ examples ⚪ blood, tendons, fat, cartilage, bone Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 38  Components of Connective Tissue ground substance ⚫ medium through which ⚫ envelopes and protects the cells exchange delicate cells nutrients and waste ⚫ effective obstacle for with blood invading microorganisms ⚫ amorphous ⚪ microbes homogeneous material ⚪ glycoproteins Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 39  Components of Connective Tissue extracellular fibers ⚫ collagenous fibers ⚫ reticular fibers ⚪ strong thick strands of ⚪ thin, delicate, branched protein collagen networks of collagen ⚪ provide support for highly ⚪ organized into bundles cellular organs ⚪ varying density and endocrine glands, lymph arrangement of fibers nodes, spleen, bone marrow, surround organs liver tendons & ligaments ⚪ also found around nerves, blood vessels, muscle fibers, and capillaries Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 40  Components of Connective Tissue extracellular fibers ⚫ elastic fibers ⚪ composed primarily of the protein elastin ⚪ branched to form complex networks coiled microfibrils ⚪ occur in tissues subjected to stretching vocal cords, lungs, skin, walls of blood vessels Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 41  Major Cell Types ⚫ fixed cell ⚪ remains in connective tissue ⚪ involved in production and maintenance of the matrix fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, adipocyte, reticular cell ⚫ transient cell ⚪ passes in and out of connective tissue = diapedesis ⚪ involved in repair and protection of tissue leukocyte, mast cell, macrophage Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 42  Connective Tissue Proper ⚫ loose connective tissue ⚪ areolar tissue ⚪ adipose tissue ⚪ reticular tissue ⚫ dense connective tissue ⚪ dense regular tissue ⚪ dense irregular tissue ⚪ elastic tissue Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 43  Areolar Tissue ⚫ loose connective tissue ⚫ tangle of random fibers and cells suspended in thick ground substance ⚫ predominant cell is fibroblast ⚫ functions ⚪ surrounds and supports ⚪ provides nutrients ⚪ present in all mucous membranes ⚫ pathological state ⚪ edema, pitting edema Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 44  Adipose Tissue = Fat ⚫ loose connective tissue ⚫ areolar tissue in which adipocytes predominate ⚫ located throughout body ⚫ highly vascular ⚫ 2 main types ⚪ white adipose, brown adipose ⚫ functions ⚪ energy storehouse ⚪ thermal insulator ⚪ mechanical shock absorber Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 45  Reticular Tissue ⚫ loose connective tissue ⚫ thin, loosely arranged reticular fibers and fibroblasts suspended in ground substance ⚫ forms framework for organs = stroma ⚪ examples: spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 46  Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue ⚫ characterized by densely packed collagen fibers ⚫ 3 major types ⚪ dense regular ⚪ dense irregular ⚪ elastic Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 47  Dense Regular Connective Tissue ⚫ tightly packed parallel collagen fibers ⚪ fibroblasts form rows ⚫ relatively avascular ⚫ locations ⚪ tendons and ligaments ⚪ sheets of fascia Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 48  Dense Irregular Connective Tissue ⚫ thicker bundles of collagen than in dense regular ⚫ fibers interwoven into single sheet ⚫ locations ⚪ dermis of skin ⚪ fibrous covering of organs kidney, testes, liver, spleen ⚪ tough capsule of joints Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 49  Elastic Connective Tissue ⚫ composed primarily of elastic fibers ⚪ parallel or interwoven pattern with fibroblasts and collagen ⚫ locations ⚪ spaces between vertebrae ⚪ body regions that require stretching ligaments walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, heart Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 50  Specialized Connective Tissues ⚫ cartilage ⚪ based on type of fiber in matrix hyaline elastic fibrocartilage ⚫ osseous connective tissue = bone ⚫ blood Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 51  Cartilage = Gristle ⚫ more rigid than dense connective tissue ⚪ more flexible than bone ⚫ no innervation; avascular ⚫ cells ⚪ chondrocytes in lacunae ⚫ matrix ⚪ ground substance, tissue fluid, collagen, & elastic fibers ⚫ locations ⚪ joints, ear, nose, vocal cords ⚪ framework for bone formation Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 52  Hyaline Cartilage ⚫ most common cartilage ⚫ most rigid cartilage ⚪ composed of closely packed collagen fibers and enclosed within a perichondrium ⚫ locations ⚪ most of embryonic skeleton ⚪ tracheal rings ⚪ articular cartilage ⚪ growth plates of long bones ⚪ sternum-to-ribs connections Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 53  Elastic Cartilage ⚫ contains many elastic fibers in dense, branching bundles ⚫ flexible ⚪ withstands repeated bending ⚫ locations ⚪ epiglottis of larynx ⚪ external ears of animals Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 54  Fibrocartilage ⚫ usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue ⚪ contains thick bundles of hyaline cartilage ⚪ no perichondrium ⚫ designed to take compression ⚫ locations ⚪ between vertebrae of spine ⚪ between bones in pelvis ⚪ knee joint Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 55  Bone ⚫ hardest and most rigid connective tissue ⚫ specialized matrix ⚪ organic collagen fibers ⚪ inorganic calcium salts ⚫ well vascularized ⚫ central haversian canal ⚫ canaliculi ⚫ locations ⚪ skeletal frame Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 56  Blood ⚫ matrix ⚪ ground substance = plasma ⚪ fibrous component = protein ⚫ cells ⚪ erythrocytes ⚪ leukocytes ⚪ thrombocytes = platelets Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 57  Membranes ⚫ thin, protective layers of tissue linked together ⚪ epithelial sheet bound to underlying connective tissue proper ⚫ 4 common types ⚪ mucous membranes ⚪ serous membranes ⚪ cutaneous membranes ⚪ synovial membranes Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 58  Mucous Membranes = Mucosae ⚫ line organs with connections to outside environment ⚫ composition ⚪ stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering lamina propria ⚪ submucosa connects mucosa to underlying layers Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 59  Mucous Membranes = Mucosae ⚫ generally produce large quantities of mucus ⚪ may contain goblet cells or multicellular glands mucus = water, electrolytes, and the protein mucin ⚫ some mucosae can also absorb ⚪ epithelial layer in the intestine transfers nutrients Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 60 Mucous Membranes 61  Serous Membranes = Serosae ⚫ line walls and cover organs that fill closed body cavities ⚪ continuous sheets doubled over to form two layers with narrow space between them parietal layer visceral layer ⚪ layers merge to form mesenteries in the abdominopelvic cavity omentum, broad ligament Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 62  Serous Membranes = Serosae ⚫ single sheet of simple squamous epithelium bound to underlying layer of loose connective tissue ⚫ produces thin, watery serosal fluid = transudate ⚪ electrolytes, but no mucin ⚪ creates moist and slippery surfaces pleural fluid in thorax peritoneal fluid in abdomen pericardial fluid in region around the heart Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 63  Serosal Fluid ⚫ small amounts normally found in body cavities ⚫ excessive fluid production during some pathological conditions ⚪ effusion ascites, nephrosis, peritonitis ⚫ abnormally low amounts of serosal fluids produced ⚪ adhesions between layers Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 64  Cutaneous Membrane = Integument = Skin ⚫ organ always exposed to outside environment ⚪ keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ⚪ epidermis ⚫ attached to underlying layer ⚪ dense irregular connective tissue ⚪ dermis Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 65  Synovial Membranes ⚫ line the cavities of joints ⚪ connective and adipose tissue covered by layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts no epithelium ⚫ manufacture synovial fluid that fills joint spaces Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 66 Other Tissue Types: Muscle Tissue SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 67  Muscle Tissue ⚫ fibrous cells designed for contraction ⚪ fiber composition: proteins actin and myosin ⚪ microfilaments slide over one another ⚫ 3 types ⚪ skeletal ⚪ smooth ⚪ cardiac Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 68 Nervous Tissue NERVOUS TISSUE NEURONS NEUROGLIAL CELLS Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 69  Nervous Tissue ⚫ designed to receive and transmit electrical signals throughout the body ⚫ locations ⚪ brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves ⚫ 2 general cell types ⚪ neurons ⚪ neuroglial cells Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 70  Tissue Healing and Repair INFLAMMATION: THE FIRST STEP ORGANIZATION: THE FORMATION OF GRANULATION TISSUE REGENERATION OR FIBROSIS CLASSIFICATIONS Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 71  Tissue Healing and Repair ⚫ injury ⚫ inflammation ⚪ initial response to injury ⚪ goal: limit further damage; eliminate harmful agents ⚫ organization ⚪ granulation tissue ⚫ regeneration ⚪ epithelialization and scar tissue Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 72  Inflammation: The First Step ⚫ nonspecific response to injury or disease ⚪ vasoconstriction and later vasodilation ⚪ edema (swelling) ⚪ clot formation ⚪ phagocytosis ⚪ release of histamine and heparin Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 73  Organization: The Formation of Granulation Tissue ⚫ wound repair begins soon after injury ⚪ phagocytosis ⚪ granulation tissue formed collagen fibers and newly branched capillaries sometimes proud flesh Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 74  Regeneration or Fibrosis ⚫ epithelialization covers granulation tissue ⚫ scab is pushed off ⚫ granulation tissue becomes fibrous scar ⚪ adhesions Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 75  Classifications of Wound Healing ⚫ first-intention ⚪ wound edges in close apposition ⚪ no granulation tissue formation; no scarring ⚫ second-intention ⚪ wound edges separated from each other ⚪ scarring results Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 76  Key Terms absorptive cell axon acinar gland basal surface adipose basement membrane adipose cell blast alveolar gland blood amorphous bone apical surface broad ligament apocrine gland brown adipose tissue areolar connective tissue brush border articular cartilage calcified ascites canaliculi avascular cardiac muscle Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 77  Key Terms cartilage cuboidal epithelium chondroblast cutaneous membrane chondrocyte cyte chondroition sulfate dendrite chondronectin dense fibrous connective tissue cilia dense irregular connective tissue collagenous fiber dense regular connective tissue compound gland dermis connective tissue desmosome connective tissue proper diapedesis connexon duct cuboidal cell edema Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 78  Key Terms effusion excretory duct elastic cartilage exocrine gland elastic connective tissue extracellular fiber elastic fiber extracellular matrix endocrine gland exudate endocrine system fascia endothelium fibrin epidermis fibrinogen epithelial tissue fibroblast epithelialization fibrocartilage erythrocyte fibrous adhesion excretion first-intention healing Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 79  Key Terms fixed cell heparin gap junction hibernate glandular epithelium hibernating gland glycosaminoglycan histamine goblet cell histiocyte granulation tissue histology gristle holocrine gland ground substance homogeneous haversian canal hormone hemidesmosome hyaline cartilage hemorrhaging hyaluronic acid hemothorax hyaluronidase Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 80  Key Terms immunoglobin lamina propria infection leukocyte inflammatory process loose connective tissue innervated lumen integument macrophage intermediate filament mast cell junctional complex merocrine gland keratin mesoderm keratinized stratified mesothelium squamous epithelium microanatomy Kupffer cell microbe lacunae microglial cell Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 81  Key Terms microvilli nonstriated involuntary muscle mixed exocrine gland omentum mucin osteoblast mucosae osteoclast mucous membrane oviduct mucous secretion paralyzed muscle tissue paramecium myoepithelial cell paretic nephrosis parietal layer nervous tissue pathogen neuroglial cell pericardial fluid neuron perichondrium Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 82  Key Terms perikaryon proud flesh peristalsis pseudostratified columnar epithelium peritoneal fluid reproductive systems peritonitis reticular cells phagocytize reticular connective tissue pitting edema reticular fiber plaque sebaceous gland plasma second-intention healing platelet secretion pleural fluid secretory unit polar serosae proteoglycan serous membrane Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 83  Key Terms serous secretion stratified epithelium simple ciliated columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium striated muscle simple cuboidal epithelium stroma simple epithelium submucosa simple gland synovial membrane simple squamous epithelia thrombocyte skeletal muscle thyroxine smooth muscle tight junction specialized connective tissue tissue squamous cell tonofilament stratified cuboidal epithelium transitional epithelium Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 84  Key Terms transudate tubular gland tubuloacinar tubuloalveolar unicellular exocrine gland vascularized visceral layer voluntary muscle white adipose tissue Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 85