Theory of Architecture 1 PDF

Theory of architecture 1 - reflection of the society at a particular point in history that can be subject to INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE change wi...

Theory of architecture 1 - reflection of the society at a particular point in history that can be subject to INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE change with development of technology, - a culmination of different ideas shaped by user and transition of style to accommodate experience. varying cultural needs “As shelter in the form of art, a blossoming in - involves the use of scientific stone and a flowering of geometry” - Ralph Waldo methodologies in the creation of buildings Emerson - Involves the study of different art and “Frozen music” - Goethe scientific disciplines to research and come up with innovative solutions for varying “Human triumph over gravitation and the will to design problems power.” - Nietzs che o physics o mathematics “The will of an epoch translated into space.” - o psychology Ludwig Mies van der Rohe o history “The magnificent play of forms in light.” -Le o economics Corbusier ARCHITECTS “A cultural instrument.” -Louis I. Kahn - practice the profession of building design - the only ones qualified to engage in “Inhabited sculpture.” - Constantin Brancusi artistic articulation of spaces “Balance of structural science and aesthetic - have knowledge on all aspects of building expression for the satisfaction of needs that go design far beyond the utilitarian.” - Ada Louise Huxtable o site planning o structural conceptualization DEFINING ARCHITECTURE o building utilities o building materials - as “the art and science of designing and o code requirements constructing buildings” o standard practices - an art form as this is a physical o historical context translation of expressions in time and o environmental design space considerations  - active in supervising and making sure that SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. buildings are built according to the plan As used in this “IRR of the Architecture Act and specifications of 2004”, in R.A. No. 9266 or other laws, the ETYMOLOGY following terms shall be defined as follows: The word architect comes from the Greek words 01 ARCHITECTURE - “arkhi” - master or chief - the art, science or profession of planning, - “tekton” - builder, carpenter. designing and constructing buildings in their totality taking into account their Architects are referred as master builders as they environment, in accordance with the have knowledge in all aspect of the building design principles of utility, strength and beauty and construction. 02 ARCHITECT ROLE OF AN ARCHITECT - a person professionally and academically - In the past, the architect’s job included qualified, registered and licensed under surveying, military and civil engineering as R.A. No. 9266 with a Certificate of mentioned in Viruvius’ de Architectura. Registration and Professional - During the Renaissance period, architects Identification Card issued by the were engaged in civil engineering as well. Professional Regulatory Board of - By the 17th century, cost estimates and Architecture and the Professional the promotion of speculative Regulation Commission development were included to the works - responsible for advocating the fair and of an architect sustainable development, welfare and - were supervisors in charge of cultural expression of society’s habitat construction in terms of space, forms and historical ARCHITECTURE ACT of 2004 context o ARCHITECT-OF-RECORD - signed into law by former President ▪ the architect registered Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on March 17, 2004 and licensed under R.A. - an ‘act providing for a more responsive No. 9266 and comprehensive regulation for the ▪ directly and registration, licensing and practice of professionally architecture in the Philippines’. responsible for the  total design of the 03 GENERAL PRACTICE OF ARCHITETCURE project for the client - the act of planning and architectural ▪ shall assume the civil designing, structural conceptualization, liability for the plans, specifying, supervising and giving general specifications and administration and responsible direction contract documents to the erection, enlargement or he/she has signed and alterations of buildings and building sealed environments and architectural design in o ARCHITECT-IN-CHARGE OF engineering structures or any part CONSTRUCTION thereof ▪ an architect registered - the scientific, aesthetic and orderly and licensed under R.A. coordination of all the processes which No. 9266 enter into the production of a complete ▪ directly and building or structure performed through professionally the medium of unbiased preliminary responsible and liable studies of plans, consultations, for the construction specifications, conferences, evaluations, supervision of the investigations, contract documents and project oral advice and directions regardless of o CONSULTING ARCHITECT whether the persons engaged in such ▪ the architect registered practice are residents of the Philippines and licensed or or have their principal office or place of permitted to practice business in this country or another under R.A. No. 9266, territory, and regardless of whether such who is professionally persons are performing one or all these and academically duties, or whether such duties are qualified performed in person or as the directing ▪ with exceptional or head of an office or organization recognized expertise or performing them specialization in any branch of architecture 04 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE - encompasses the provision of professional services in connection with  site, physical and planning and the design, o construction and project construction, enlargement, conservation, management, giving general renovation, remodeling, restoration or management, administration, alteration of a building or group of supervision, coordination and buildings. responsible direction or the - Services may include, but are not limited planning, architectural designing, to: construction, reconstruction, o planning, architectural designing erection, enlargement or and structural conceptualization demolition, renovation, repair, o consultation, consultancy, giving orderly removal, remodeling, oral or written advice and alteration, preservation or directions, conferences, restoration of buildings or evaluations, investigations, structures or complex buildings, quality surveys, appraisals and including all their components, adjustments, architectural and sites and environs, intended for operational planning, site analysis private or public use and other pre-design services o the planning, architectural lay- o schematic design, design outing and utilization of spaces development, contract within and surrounding such documents and construction buildings or structures, housing phases including professional design and community consultancies architecture, architectural o preparation of preliminary, interiors and space planning, technical, economic and financial architectural detailing, feasibility studies of plans, architectural lighting, acoustics, models and project promotional architectural lay-outing of services mechanical, electrical, electronic, o preparation of architectural sanitary, plumbing, plans, specifications, bill of communications and other materials, cost estimates, utility systems, equipment and general conditions and bidding fixtures documents o building programming, building administration, construction  arbitration and architectural - This concept was reiterated in the conservation and restoration Vitruvian Tripartite Model of the o all works which relate to the Environment wherein architecture is scientific, aesthetic and orderly illustrated in between climate and coordination of all works and comfort branches of the work, systems o architecture serves as a and processes necessary for the mediator between harsh climatic production of a complete conditions and the comfort felt building or structure, whether by occupants for public or private use, in order to enhance or safeguard life, health and property and the promotion and enrichment of the quality of life, the architectural design of engineering structures or any part thereof - Architecture that is designed according o all other works, projects and to the context of site conditions can activities which require the easily provide the needed thermal professional competence of an comfort thru the use of passive design architect, including teaching of technologies that minimizes energy architectural subjects and consumption while minimizing architectural computer-aided environmental impact. design - Below are some structural systems adopted due to limitations in site climatic beginnings of conditions as well as building material architecture available: ARCHITECTURE USED AS A TOOL o SNOW DOME, ICE, AND FUR - used as a tool to provide the most basic need of human beings which is shelter o provides protection and control over the indoor climate to bring ▪ CLIMATE: Arctic and thermal comfort to its users subarctic  ▪ THERMAL ▪ THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS: CHARACTERISTICS: winter, intense summer, moderate continuous cold, little temperatures, intense solar light or heat, high solar radiation winds ▪ REQUIRED ▪ REQUIRED ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE: high heat RESPONSE: low heat capacity walls capacity walls, ▪ RAW MATERIALS minimum surface, AVAIABLE: turf, earth, maximum stability driftwood ▪ RAW MATERIALS ▪ TYPE OF TENANCY: AVAIABLE: snow seasonal (hunting- ▪ TYPE OF TENANCY: fishing) seasonal (hunting) o PROTABLE TENSION STRUCTURE o SOD ROOFED DUGOUT HIDE AND FELT MEMBRANE ON FRAME ▪ CLIMATE: Arctic and subarctic ▪ CLIMATE: Continental steppe  ▪ THERMAL ▪ THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS: CHARACTERISTICS: winter, intense summer, long warm continuous cold, days, cold nights negligible solar heat, ▪ REQUIRED high winds ARCHITECTURAL ▪ REQUIRED RESPONSE: shade, ARCHITECTURAL ventilation, low heat RESPONSE: low heat capacity walls and roof capacity walls and roof, ▪ RAW MATERIALS minimum exposed AVAIABLE: animal skin, surface, maximum hair, saplings stability ▪ TYPE OF TENANCY: ▪ RAW MATERIALS nomadic (herding) AVAIABLE: animal skin, o SOLID LOADBERING MUD, hair, saplings MASONRY WALLS ROOFS, MUD ▪ TYPE OF TENANCY: CEMENT ON WATLE POLE OR PALM nomadic (herding) TRUNK RAFTERS o ROLL UP WALL PANELS ▪ CLIMATE ▪ CLIMATE: desert ▪ Continental steppe  ▪ CLIMATE: tropical rainforest ▪ THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS: little seasonal variation, hot days, cold nights, ▪ THERMAL intense solar light and CHARACTERISTICS: no heat, very low seasonal variation, hot humidity, little rain days, warm nights, ▪ REQUIRED intense solar radiation, ARCHITECTURAL high humidity, heavy RESPONSE: high heat rainfall capacity roof and walls, ▪ REQUIRED shade, minimum ARCHITECTURAL ventilation, non- RESPONSE: low heat waterproof capacity walls and roof, ▪ RAW MATERIALS maximum shade, AVAIABLE: mud, stone, maximum ventilation reeds, palms, saplings ▪ RAW MATERIALS ▪ TYPE OF TENANCY: AVAIABLE: vine, reeds, permanent (agriculture) bamboo, palm, fronds, o SKELETAL FRAMES, THATCHED poles ROOFS, WALLS SLOPING PARASOIL ▪ TYPE OF TENANCY: ROOF, STILTED FLOORS permanent (agriculture, fishing) ARCHITECTURE AS A SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION - provides a symbolic function common to religious and public buildings  - The intention of the design is to highlight 800 BCE value systems symbolized according to - Between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, the building type the Assyrians and Babylonians established o public building may use classical themselves as the controlling powers of styles commonly found in Greek western Asia architecture to symbolize strength, freedom and stability 400 BCE EARLY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - During this period, ethical and civic notions of government and of personal 12000 BCE conduct began to take root in many - created societies of villages and hamlets parts of Eurasia near caves or along shores and streams, 1 CE allowing for a combination of farming and hunting to which domestication of - Roman emperors from Augustus to animals and plants followed Trajan changed the architectural face of European and West Asian world, building 2500 BCE impressive temples, forums, villas, and - by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE, cities, all with the typical Roman imprint. the various river-oriented civilizations 200 CE were primed for rapid cultural development - The Roman Empire grew into one of the - The five principal cultural hubs: greatest and most extensive empires in o China the world and yet was on the brink of o Egypt disaster o Mesopotamia 400 CE o Margiana o The Indus - The decline of Europe in cultural and economic terms paralleled the shift of 1500 BCE the Roman power base to Byzantium and - The Hittites and the Egyptians became the Western Asia preeminent land powers in Western Asia - In Central Asia, the most impressive - Egypt embarking on a remarkable period buildings at the time were made by the of temple architecture Sassanians in Iraq and Iran 600 CE Basic elements of - In Eurasia, there was consolidation in architecture which the newly arising world religions were changing and being tested - New architectural forms were developed o Brick dome - Concrete have been forgotten 800 CE - In 800 CE, China’s T’ang Dynasty (618-906 CE) was Eurasia’s economic engine - The new Islamic kingdom’s architectural expression was the mosque o A simple hypostyle hall oriented toward Mecca 1000 CE - Th turn of the millennium saw extensive BUILDING SITE temple building programs occurring - CULTURE: People throughout South and Southeast Asia o the needs of your occupants as 1200 CE well as their value systems - The history of religions is never static, o VALUES and this is especially true during this ▪ Attitude period ▪ Priorities ▪ preferences o TRADITIONS: ▪ Social group ▪ Religion o INDIVIDUAL/POPULATION: ▪ User ▪ Client community  ▪ Stakeholders FOUNDATION - CONTEXT: Environment - structural members of the building o the total environmental setting - located on the lowest part usually below where architecture will be built ground level upon - in charge of transferring the load of the o SITE CONDITIONS: building to the soil ▪ Geographic factors ▪ Climatic factors ▪ Sensory Factors o HISTORY ▪ Flooding ▪ Earthquake ▪ Land dispute o GENERAL CHARACTER ▪ Size ▪ Location ▪ Zoning ▪ Soil ▪ Topography STRUCTURES ▪ Sun - the complete structural system ▪ Wind - transfers the different loads of the ▪ Vegetation building through interconnected ▪ Views members to the soil underneath. o EXISTING STRUCTURES o ACCESSIBILITY ▪ Pedestrian ▪ Vehicular o GOVERNING LAWS AND STANDARDS ▪ Development controls ▪ Codes  ELECTRICAL SYSTEM - one of the utility networks of the PLUMBING SYSTEM building composed of wiring, pipes, fixtures and other equipments - one of the utility networks of the - concerned with the distribution of building composed of pipes and fixtures electrical power - concerned with water distribution as well as sewage disposal MECHANICAL SYSTEM - one of the utility networks of the building composed of machineries and other equipments - concerned with the proper functioning of machines inside the building o elevators and escalators  o heating and air-conditioning DOOR systems - “a hinged, sliding or folding barrier of wood , metal or glass, for opening or closing an entrance to a building, room or cabinet.” (Ching, 2013) - The door placement and swing direction play a vital role in providing safe exit for building occupants especially during emergency. FLOOR - “a continuous supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building, having a number of rooms and constituting one level in the structure.” (Ching, 2013) - the bottom surface of a space WINDOW - “an opening in the wall of a building for admitting light and air, usually fitted with a frame in which are set operable sashes WALL containing panes”. (Ching, 2013) - Windows vary from shapes, size, - “as any of various upright constructions operation, material and function in terms presenting a continuous surface and of percentage of ventilation serving to enclose, divide or protect an area.” (Ching, 2013) - can either be load bearing or non-load bearing o LOAD BEARING WALLS ▪ transfers load to different components of the structural system - Materials used for walls also vary whether it will be used for indoor or outdoor o Exterior walls are usually made of masonry ▪ bricks, ▪ hollowblocks  ▪ cementboards ▪ 1.20 sqm with a least o Interior walls have an option to dimension of 0.90 m resort to dry wall construction CEILING - “the overhead interior surface or lining of a room often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above.” (Ching, 2013) - There are prescribed minimum ceiling heights according to PD 1096 as stipulated in Section 805: Ceiling Heights o Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.40 m measured from the floor to the ceiling; provided that for buildings of more than one (1) storey ROOM ▪ the minimum ceiling - “a portion of space within a building, height of the first separated by walls or partitions from storey shall be 2.70 m other similar spaces.” (Ching, 2013) ▪ for the second storey - The National Building Code of the 2.40 m Philippines, PD 1096 prescribes minimum ▪ for the succeeding sizes of rooms as stipulated in Section storeys shall have an 806: unobstructed typical o ROOMS FOR HUMAN HABITATIONS head-room clearance ▪ 6.00 sqm with a least of not less than 2.10 m dimension of 2.00 m above the finished floor o KITCHEN o Above stated rooms with ▪ 3.00 sqm with a least natural ventilation shall have dimension of 1.50 m ceiling heights of not less than o BATH AND TOILET 2.70 m  o Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 m above and below it. INTRODUCTION TO THEORY ROOF ARCHITECTURAL THEORY - “the external upper covering of a - composed of explanations about building including the frame for architectural works and styles with supporting the roofing.” (Ching, 2013) guidelines to help in architectural design - part of the building envelope that - offers a historical record of important protects occupants from different type findings in relation to architecture which of precipitation whether like rain or snow can help navigate the different aspects o In tropical countries with hot of the discipline. and humid climate, it is best to - There are two primary concerns for the use pitched roof study of architectural theory ▪ to allow water to drain o SYSTEMIZATION AND out fast from the roof EXPLANATION: to the building ▪ provides a way to perimeter during heavy systematize and explain rainfall the reasons behind  architectural ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS compositions - The Architecture System is Architecture ▪ provides a broad range of space, structure, and enclosure of practical experienced through movement in space architectural knowledge and time and achieved by means of the present technology that accommodates a knowledge on program which is compatible to its how to context that relates to its physical, identify and perceptual and conceptual translation. categorize architecture ▪ how architecture should be executed ▪ how to expound on different aspects of architectural practice o PRESCRIPTION ▪ Prescriptive expressions are also included in architectural theory promotion of new methodology and techniques how to practice architecture in terms of ethical standards, moral and social - Ching (2007) discusses that architecture obligations represents a “harmonious integration of  interacting and interrelated parts into delight with due regard acomplex and unified whole that consists to correct principles of of spatial systems, structural systems, proportion and enclosure systems, circulation system symmetry taking into consideration the context” - According to Roth (2018), the following questions below can serve as a guide or VITRUVIUS PRINCIPLE OF used as the ultimate tests of ARCHITECTURE architecture: - The Roman architect and engineer, Marcus o “First, does a building work by Vitruvius Pollio otherwise known as supporting and reinforcing its Vitruvius wrote the 10 books of functional use; does it enhance Architecture, de Architectura its setting?” - asserted that architecture must provide o “Second, is it built well enough o UTILITY (UTILITAS) to stand up; will its materials o FIRMNESS (FIRMITAS) weather well?” o BEAUTY (VENUSTAS) o “Third, does the building appeal - The definition of architecture is anchored to the visual senses; does it from these three principles. - Roth (2018) discusses that: provide a full measure of o UTILITY satisfaction and enjoyment— ▪ the functional does it provide delight?” organization of spaces - Roth (2018) points out that there are and the harmonious other fundamental elements not directly placement of the discussed by Vitruvius.These are the building on site. people directly involved in the project o FIRMITAS o THE CLIENTS ▪ the sound building ▪ the one who systems and materials commissions for the used project, the source of o VENUSTAS funding and final ▪ appearance of the decision maker for all building which provide aspects of the project visual pleasure and  o THE ARCHITECTS/DESIGNERS activity for a particular ▪ the one who translates space the client’s wish list bedroom = into physical form sleeping, through drawings and kitchen = illustrations with due cooking regard to culture and o CIRCULATORY FUNCTION context ▪ the allocation of spaces o THE BUILDERS. that allow the ▪ carry out the movement from one construction of the area to another design based on the Paris Opera plan of the architect o SYMBOLIC FUNCTION ▪ visible features that BUILDING FUNCTION: UTILITAS indicate the building - International Modern Architecture in usage 1929, Architect Bruno Taut pointed out ▪ there are usually the main purpose of architecture was symbols and signs that efficiency allow correspondence o “the aim of architecture is the to what the building’s creation of the perfect, and function is therefore most beautiful, ▪ general guidelines were efficiency.” used regarding the - According to Roth (2018), this translates appearance of buildings that “beauty would result automatically until the 1920’s from the expression of the leanest and ▪ By the 1920’s, strictest utility.” architects utilized new - Components of Functionality include: building technologies to o UTILITARIAN OR PRAGMATIC invent original forms FUNCTION and provide appropriate ▪ the accommodation of symbolic an assigned task or representation of its function  o PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTION ▪ “bones of the building” ▪ how architecture can ▪ provides the needed improve the quality of support that makes the user experience by building ‘stand up’. reinforcing the positive The New York psyche and alleviating Racquet and negative emotions and Tennis Club thinking o PERCEPTUAL STRUCTURE ▪ easily observed in areas o the visible structure seen that where most people feel may suggest structural qualities great distress and such as massiveness and stability anxiety among others hospital o gives a preconditioned emergency assumption about the building rooms that reflects the history and ▪ Providing view of culture of people at a particular outdoor green point in time landscape may help ▪ The Lever House reduce stress and o SOIL BEARING CAPACITY anxiety. ▪ Building loads are STRUCTURE: FIRMITAS transferred ultimately to the soil. - “making sure that objects will not fall to ▪ Soil type and soil the earth, despite the incessant pull of bearing capacity plays gravity”. (Roth, 2018) an important role in - Structural conceptualization is part of the type of structural the design services assigned to the system to be used for architect buildings o PHYSICAL STRUCTURE Leaning Tower ▪ the main structural of Pisa members that carry the structural load of a building Below are discussions of other structural systems o the force from their own used in the past up to present time. weight o additional loads 01 POST AND LINTEL SYSTEM (COLUMN AND BEAM) - The upper surface of the beam is under - allowed for walls to be opened up for compression as it is squeezed together openings and windows while the lower part of the beam is in - LINTEL - the beam inserted in a wall to tension as it is stretched. support the wall above such opening - Concrete material is strong in - The lintels will rest upon POSTS OR compression and weak in tension COLUMNS for support. o additional reinforcement bars - The post and lintel system is also called are placed on the lower surface Trabeated System from the latin word of beams to increase tensile ‘trab’ which means ‘beam’ strength of concrete - The Valley Temple East Pyramid of Khafre, structures. in Giza, Egypt seen is a good example - Cantilevers are beams extended over the - Simple supported beams deflect in the end of the column middle of its span due to:  - the upper surface of cantilever beam is stretched and in tension while the lower surface is squeezed together - reinforcement bars are located on the upper part to increase tensile strength 02 CLASSICAL ORDERS GREEK CLASSICAL ORDERS o the most massive of the Greek orders o Height: four (4) to six and half (6 ½) as tall as the column’s - There are three basic parts for the Greek diameter order which are: o Entablatures: one-fourth (1/4) o Base the height o Shaft o Shaft: composed of twenty (20) o Capital broad scalloped indention or - STYLOBATE – a three stepped temple base flutes ▪ sharp outer edges composed of the top step where ▪ rises directly from the columns rise up stylobate - STEREOBATE – two stepped ▪ no base - Measurements of different components of the Greek order are mostly derived from the columns diameter. - DORIC  o Capital: frieze depicting a ▪ ECHNUS - banded necking narrative with an outward o Shaft: composed of twenty- swelling four (24) flutes ▪ FINAL SQUARE SLAB - an ▪ flattened edges. abacus ▪ rises directly from the - IONIC stylobate ▪ ornamental base ▪ Capital: curled volutes with an egg and dart molding swelling pulvinus connecting the volutes - CORINTHIAN o slightly slender o has the tallest capital among the three Greek orders o Height: ten (10) times as tall as the column’s diameter o Entablature: similar to that of o slenderer than the Doric order Ionic o Height: nine (9) times as tall as o Shaft: twenty-four (24) flutes the column’s diameter ▪ rise from the base o Entablature o Capital: ▪ one-fifth (1/5) the ▪ two to three height of the column concentric layers of ▪ made up of an lush and outward architrave with two (2) looking acanthus leaves or three (3) vertical flat surfaces with a middle  o has a smooth shaft with no flutes PILASTERS AND ENGAGED COLUMNS - ENGAGED COLUMNS o columns that merge with the ROMAN CLASSICAL ORDERS wall which makes it seem that it - COMPOSITE came out from the wall o a combination of the Ionic and - PILASTERS Corinthian o pier-like projections that are flat o Volutes found on Ionic capitals 03 RCH are placed atop the curled acanthus leaves found in the Corinthian order - TUSCAN DORIC o the Roman counterpart of the Greek Doric o adopted from the Greek Doric with a few modifications - another alternative aside from the post o slenderer than the Greek Doric and lintel system for spanning an opening o has a base - ADVANTAGES: ▪ buttressing may be o no longer necessary to find and necessary use a large stone lintel free o were excellent for aqueducts from cracks or flaws ▪ Pont du Gard, a ▪ the masonry arch is combination of a bridge made of small wedge- and an aqueduct built in shaped voussoirs the south of France in o the arch can span much greater the late first century. distance compared to linted Total length of the - DISADVANTAGES bridge is 274.3 m and o during construction, a wooden the arch spans a framework of support called distance of 19.5 m centering must be used for the 04 VAULT voussoirs until the keystone, the uppermost voussoirs is inserted - Ching (2012) defines a vault as, “an arched to keep the arch in place structure of stone, brick or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room or other wholly or partially enclosed space.” - ARCADE o formed by placing arches from end to end o the lateral force on one arch is counteracted by a lateral force on the adjacent arch thereby - BARREL VAULT making the resultant force o an extruded arch becomes a towards the column purely tunnel or barrel vault that vertical except on the very ends forms a ceiling over a space of the arcade  o The heavy weight of the barrel o represent the over-arching vault causes the walls at the top heaven to spread - POZZUOLANA - A volcanic ash used as the o buttress and thick walls can help binding agent for Roman concrete resist lateral forces in these - generated when an arch is rotated about areas its center thus a semicircular arch - GROIN VAULT creates a hemispherical dome o combined two-barrel vaults that are right angle to each other o The forces are directed along the groin of the vault and become concentrated at the foot of the vault - PANTHEON - The transition from barrel vault to groin o One of the most impressive vault also allowed for more lighted domes in the world interiors as seen in the Basilica of o spans to about 43.40 m with a Maxentius, Rome, Italy single opening called the OCULUS 05 DOMES at the top which spans to 9.10 m across - Romans makes use of domes for o deep recesses and coffers help structural reasons as well as for symbolic to reduce its weight reasons  o The thickness of the dome 06 TRUSSES, SPACE FRAMES AND GEODESIC DOME increases from 1.20 m at the top - TRUSS to 6.40 m down to its base o composed of straight timber or - Byzantine architects used pendentives to steel members that are used to create a dome over a square plan which form triangular shapes or cells has not been done before since domes o has been used for roof typically have circular plans construction in Roman buildings o has been prevalent in the Middle Ages o Trusses made of steel was capable of spanning long distances - HAGIA SOPHIA o An excellent example of this is the Hagia Sophia in Turkey  - When trusses are extended in three dimensions, it forms a space frame - when a truss is curved in three dimensions then it transforms into a geodesic dome - become prevalent only from 1945 and 1967 respectively 07 SHELLS - constructed using concrete and have varying thicknesses o may be constructed thinner by combining both the geometric shape of shells and utilizing less material like concrete on steel wire mesh. - These trusses were named after the engineers who patented them or first - Felix Candela’s restaurant in Mexico was used them built in 1958 - utilized the building shell in the design  - used concrete on steel wire mesh to o PROXIMITY reduce the thickness of the shell to only ▪ Points in space no four inches matter the distance are - may also be folded deduced to be located - can be transformed into an accordion on only a single plane fold shell ▪ When objects are close to one another, they DELIGHT: VENUSTAS are seen to form a - architecture that brings delight pattern - considered the most complicated o REPETITION principle as matters of beauty are partly ▪ If there is slight subjective in nature that differs from difference in spacing or culture to culture distance among points - According to Roth (2018), beauty or or object, it will be seen delight is the “most complex and diverse as equidistant or have of all the components of architecture, equalities in spacing for it involves how architecture engages ▪ Parallel lines are also all our senses, how it shapes our seen as equal in length perception and enjoyment of (or if there is only a minor discomfort with) our built environment.” difference - By 1965, architects, critics and historians o SIMPLEST AND LARGEST FIGURE/ have come together to argue that there CONTINUITY AND CLOSURE can be an objective or “independent ▪ The mind works by qualities of delight in architecture” to filling in missing pieces which most esteemed architectures that form the simplest around the world adhere to, that also and largest meaningful satisfy principles of functionality and figure it can recognize firmness ▪ related to continuity - anchored to vision and perception of an and closure wherein the architectural experience mind tries to form the - The human mind works by organizing most familiar figure in visual information according to built-in providing closure of preferences figures.  o FIGURE TO GROUND RELATIONSHIP - According to Vitruvius, the human ▪ The mind tries to body’s extremities lie on both a square interpret a shape and a circle when the navel is taken as against a background the center similar to the figure - Many medieval churches arrange their below plans based on proportional systems - Greek temples follow proportional systems of x to (2x +1) o It can be observed that Greek temples have typically six columns (x=6) across the ends and thirteen along the sides. (2x+1=2*6+1=13) - The most celebrated proportional system PROPORTION: VENUSTAS used in classical architecture is the Golden - The mind tries to look for proportions of Mean forms thru mathematical and 01 GOLDEN MEAN OR GOLDEN SECTION geometrical relationships o deemed to be the abstract law - used to describe the perfect relationship that governs nature of two unequal parts as observed among o the ancients believed that the Greek Architecture and other classical form of the human body is architecture based on heavenly figure - it can be expressed as: o where a is the smaller unit and b is the larger unit. - can be rewritten as an equation of b2=a2+ ab o wherein the relationship of 1 and 1.618 is same to 0.618 and 1. - The proportion of the Golden Section was square is marked at one end of the demonstrated by the Greeks by drafting rectangle or by the use of ropes and pegs on the field following the instructions below: - The connected corners of the nestled rectangles will result to a logarithmic spiral or volutes used in the Ionic order 02 FIBONACCI SERIES - by Leonardo Fibonacci o Designate Line A-B - a proportional system that uses o Bisect Line A-B numerical series o Swing a line at half of Line A-B - starts with the number one (1), adding it upto the perpendicular to form to itself and then a series is generated by triangle A-B-C adding the last number to the number o Using C as the center, locate B’ preceding it by swinging up Line B-C to strike o 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 and so a point B’ along Line A-C forth o Using A as the center, locate D - As the number got higher, the closer the by swinging down Line A-B’ to last two values (55 and 89) got close to strike a point D along the original the value of the Golden Section Line A-B 03 MODULOR o In conclusion, the length of D-B is to A-D as A-D is to A-B - Based on the Fibonacci Series, Architect - A logarithmic spiral can be derived using Le Corbusier devised the Modulor the Golden Section rectangle wherein a  - was well known for being used as a basis ▪ Identical offices found for the design of the Unite d’ Habitation on both sides were in Marsailles, France translated externally by repetitive rhythm that SCALE: VENUSTAS changed at the center - usually determines how big a building is in to asymmetrical reference to the human size patterns - in some instances, architectural elements ▪ This corresponds to a are made larger than they seem to be different internal that somehow distorts the sense of scale functional use. o East exterior wall of Basilica of TEXTURE: VENUSTAS Saint Peter in Rome ▪ Building elements like - Using texture is another way to provide the windows and variety in architecture pilasters are two to o Visual pattern by looking at an three times larger than architecture at a large scale to the typical size see the contrast and variations o Tactile pattern by looking close RHYTHM: VENUSTAS into the architectural surface - used in architecture to provide “ordered for texture which can be felt variety” - Secretariat Building at Chandigarh o an interchange between incident o the regular forms of the side and interval offices and the irregularly o an alteration between voids and shaped center solids - Unite d’Habitation apartment block in - observed thru visual scanning of surfaces Marseilles for patterns created which could be o Used tactile surface translated into spacing/design of o was achieved when concrete architectural elements was poured on specially made o Secretariat Building, India rough lumbers designed by architect Le o Checkerboard pattern, in Corbusier particular can be seen on its concrete surfaces LIGHT: VENUSTAS o COOL COLORS ▪ sensed to be farther - illuminates and uncovers all details of away than it is in reality the structure ▪ green or blue - sets the mood and psychological ▪ muscular relaxation response to spaces ▪ slight lowering of body - utilized to create a “sense of mystery temperature and awe” ▪ the heart beat slows o commonly used in the design of down religious buildings ▪ preferable for small - The Church of Light spaces to make it seem o one of the most celebrated larger works of architect Tadao Ando o features a cruciform found behind the altar that is cut into UGLINESS: VENUSTAS the concrete wall bringing in - helps architects to question and light revalidate the norms and accepted COLOR: VENUSTAS conventions in the practice of the - elicits different moods and physiological profession. responses. - According to Roth (2018), ugliness is a o RED quality that is ▪ increases tension in the o “Confusing because it is muscles ambiguous or displays an ▪ increases heartbeat absence of a perceivable pattern ▪ makes you feel hungry of relationships” ▪ creates sensation of o “Monstrous because it does not strong consumer desire conform to accepted norms, or o WARM COLORS as artistic willfulness and ▪ orange and brown capriciousness” ▪ have similar effect as - often observed that most periods well. criticize unfairly the architecture ▪ interpreted by the mind immediately preceding it to be closer to the eye  o “Each generation thus rejects to last longer, an example of its parents and embraces its which are gargoyles found in grandparents; it tends to think Gothic cathedrals that serve as of the work of the previous water spouts generation as barbaric, since it o Drawing attention to functional does not conform to components of buildings as can contemporary standards or be seen in the Reims Cathedral in values.” (Roth, 2018) France where the doors were heavily accentuated by arched ORNAMENT: VENUSTAS entranceway - re-evaluated from time to time ERGONOMICS and depending on historical context anthropometrics - In some periods, using ornament was an essential component of architecture. ERGONOMICS - In the mid-19thcentury, art and - Pheasant (2003) defines ergonomics as architecture critic John Ruskin “the science of work: of the people who emphasized the importance of do it and the ways it is done; the tools ornaments and strongly believed that and equipment they use, the places they “ornament is the chief part of work in, and the psychosocial aspects of architecture” the working situation.” - During the onset of modernism, architect - ERGOS + NOMOS Adolf Loos advocated the removal of o ‘ERGOS’ – work ornaments with his statement, “the o ‘NOMOS’ – natural law evolution of culture is synonymous with ▪ ergonomics relates the the removal of ornament from natural laws that utilitarian objects.” govern the science of - Ornaments may serve other purposes work such as: - PROFESSOR HYWELL MURRELL - the first to o Providing pure “visual delight” use the word ergonomics in 1949 to that can be seen in church engage in the “study of human being in interiors their working environment.” o Providing a functional component integral for buildings - concerned with the design of tools, o TASK ANALYSIS artifacts and working environment for ▪ Pheasant (2003) - “a human use to accomplish a specific task formal or semi-formal or activity attempt to define and - anchored in the Principle of User Center state what the Design user/operator is o the design of an environment, actually going to do system or tool should be based with the on the “physical and mental product/system/enviro characteristics of its human nment in question” users” ▪ help delineate what are o provide the best harmonious the desired outcome, relationship between the users requirements to and the product in accomplishing accomplish and other tasks limitations o CRITERIA: o USER TRIAL ▪ Functional efficiency ▪ Pheasant (2003) - “is an ▪ Ease of Use experimental ▪ Comfort investigation in which a ▪ Health and Safety sample of people test a ▪ Quality of Life prototype version of the product under controlled conditions.” ▪ subjects for user trial should be representatives from a sample size to which the product was designed for. - The methodology used to properly describe and define user centered approach is thru two investigative methods: ANTHROPOMETRICS risk taking behavior to properly incorporate - a branch of ergonomics more details - defined as “the branch of the human o PERSONAL SPACE IN CONNECTION sciences that deals with body TO PROXEMICS BY ROBERT HALL measurements: body size shape strength ▪ Intimate space ranges working capacity.” (Pheasant, 2003) from 0 to 450 mm - The following are components of human ▪ Personal space ranges diversity in relation to anthropometric from 450 to 1200 mm data ▪ Social space ranges o sex difference from 1200 to 3500 mm. o ethnic differences ▪ Public space ranges o growth development from 3500 mm above. o secular trend o Clearance Dimensions in Various o social class Positions (mm) o occupation o age APPLICATION OF ANTHROPOMETRY IN DESIGN: Workspace Design - CLEARANCE o Minimum Dimensions for o directly related to the space Passageways in Areas of needed to accomplish a Restricted Access (mm) particular task although additional space may be added for comfort o SAFETY CLEARANCE ▪ For walking a ▪ design should take into trapezoidal space which account not only is 630 mm wide at physical dimensions but shoulder height and 145 also the behavior of mm wide at floor level users which include will suffice their normal task behavior as well as the  ▪ Stature of a 99th percentile man wearing shoes and protective helmet ▪ For prone crawling, a width of 1015 mm is preferable to allow for lateral elbow movements. o Increments to Forward Grip o Space Requirements for Reach (mm) Circulation (mm) o The Normal Working Area - REACH o the area or workspace envelope where performance of manual tasks is done easily o highly dependent on the extent - VISION AND THE POSTURE OF THE HEAD AND of reach to which stretching or NECK leaning forward is acceptable and if tasks require hand and finger operation o Zones of Convenient Reach (ZCR)  o visual tasks such as reading or ▪ For lifting and handling recognizing faces are usually tasks: between mid- allocated for the central part of thigh and mid-chest the visual field level, preferably close o downward eye movement is to waist level recommended to be limited to ▪ For hand-operated 24 to 270 controls (e.g., switches, ▪ If not, tension can be levers, etc.): between felt in the neck muscles elbow height and for supporting the shoulder height weight of the head o Architectural Design Data - WORKING HEIGHT, POSTURE AND STRENGTH o Recommended Working Height for Specific Tasks ▪ For manipulative tasks involving a moderate degree of both force and precision: 50 to 100 mm below elbow height ▪ For delicate manipulative tasks (including writing): 50 to 100 mm above elbow height wrist support will generally be necessary ▪ For heavy manipulative tasks (particularly if they involve downward pressure on the workpiece): 100 to 250 mm below elbow height  o the sequence for a left-handed person would be better if it starts from right to left, the reverse for the right handed - SECOND PRINCIPLE: FREQUENCY OF USE o ‘work triangle’: refrigerator, sink and cooker o interruptions in the circulation should be avoided o Below are the prescribed sums of lengths of the triangle depending on kitchen size: o 7000 mm for small to medium- sized kitchens o 8000 mm for large kitchens o Kitchen Layout ERGONOMICS AT HOME 01 KITCHEN - FIRST PRINCIPLE: SEQUENCE OF USE o activity for a right-handed LAYOUT person - Possible kitchen layout and dimension in o proceeds from left to right Philippine context depending on users o may start from the “sink to main work surface to cooker to accessory work surface for putting things down” o should be continuous o should not be broken by passageways or tall cupboards.  STORAGE - 95% of elderly population can use shelves that are 300 mm for only up to the WORKTOP HEIGHT height of 1350 to 1400 mm - considers both the anthropometric - worktops become the most accessible diversity of users as well as the range of storage space in the kitchen activities needed to be accomplished - Standard Kitchen Tall Unit - Appropriate worktop heights: o food preparation - 850 mm to 1000 mm o washing up - 900 to 1050 mm. o ISO 3055 (1985) specifies 850 mm or 950 mm as the standard worktop height but adjustments may be necessary - Optimum Heights (mm) of Kitchen Sinks and Worktops WORKTOP HEIGHT AND STORAGE - Possible worktop and storage heightin Philippine context depending on users - Standard Kitchen Units  o Couple on opposite side(95th %ile couple: 625 mm) - Ergonomically designed bathtub (mm). HANDBASIN/LAVATORY - mainly used for washing of hands, face and hair - Different criteria o Minimized possibility of bending o Basin rim should be at elbow height of short user (5th %ile woman: 930 mm) 02 BATHROOM o Water source should be set at 915 to 965 mm and located 100 BATHTUB mm above the basin rim - should be comfortable for one person o When getting hands wet, water (or perhaps two persons) should not be running down the - the depth and volume should not require forearms the filling up of excessive water WATER CLOSET - Widths of bath to accommodate the maximum body breadth of: - The preferred toilet seat height is o Single bather (95th %ile man: 580 o 430 mm for men mm) o 404 mm for women with o Couple side by side (95th %ile variability of 30 to 33 mm couple: 920 mm) - Recommended water closet height is at 400 mm - Other constraints: o Some toilets have limited space o Other items used in the toilet are not properly considered in the design of the toilet o Accessible toilet should be integrated in the design by: ▪ Providing a cleat area ACCESSIBLE TOLER AND BATH of 1.50 m diameter for a wheelchair turning space ▪ Comfortable room length and width for a fully accessible toilet should be 2.20 m x 2.0 m - Bathroom Design and Dimensions o Below are illustrations of bathroom design guide in Philippine context  - Bed Sizes 03 BEDROOM BED - Length of single and double beds range from 1.90 m to 2.36 m which means that bed lengths of the following will be: o 1980 mm will be too short for 1 man in 10(10%) o 2055 mm will be too short for 1 man in 100(1 %) o 2105 mm will be too short for 1 man in 1000(0.10%) 04 STAIRS o 2150 mm will be too short for 1 man in 10,000(0.01 %) - Grandjean (1988), recommends: o stair riser (step height) of 170 - Bed widths should also be wide enough to mm (17 cm) accommodate different changes in o tread depth of 290 mm (29 cm) posture o he adds the following ‘stair