Systems Technologies Theory Guide PDF

CONTENTS Categories of Computer Users ________________________________________________ 1 Personal and Mobile Users _____________________________________________________________________ 1 SOHO Users _________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Power/Super Use...

CONTENTS Categories of Computer Users ________________________________________________ 1 Personal and Mobile Users _____________________________________________________________________ 1 SOHO Users _________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Power/Super Users ___________________________________________________________________________ 2 Disabled Users - Hardware _____________________________________________________________________ 3 Disabled Users - Software ______________________________________________________________________ 5 Types of Computers _________________________________________________________ 6 Portable (Mobile) ____________________________________________________________________________ 6 Non-portable ________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Hardware Specifications _____________________________________________________ 7 Motherboard ________________________________________________________________________________ 7 CPU/Processor _______________________________________________________________________________ 7 Memory (RAM) ______________________________________________________________________________ 8 Memory (ROM) ______________________________________________________________________________ 8 Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Solid State Drive (SSD) _____________________________________________________ 9 Video Card (GPU)_____________________________________________________________________________ 9 Input ____________________________________________________________________ 10 Scanners___________________________________________________________________________________ 10 Digital Cameras _____________________________________________________________________________ 11 Biometrics _________________________________________________________________________________ 12 Hand-held Devices ___________________________________________________________________________ 13 Output __________________________________________________________________ 14 Display Devices _____________________________________________________________________________ 14 Storage __________________________________________________________________ 15 Online/Cloud _______________________________________________________________________________ 15  Backing Up _________________________________________________________________________________ 16 Troubleshooting - Hardware Problems / How To Solve Them ______________________ 17 Keyboard __________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Mouse ____________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Scanner ___________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Webcam ___________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Microphone ________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Monitor ___________________________________________________________________________________ 18 Printer ____________________________________________________________________________________ 18 Hard Drive _________________________________________________________________________________ 18 New Technologies _________________________________________________________ 19 Virtual Reality (VR) __________________________________________________________________________ 19 Augmented Reality (AR) ______________________________________________________________________ 20 Drones ____________________________________________________________________________________ 21 3D Printers _________________________________________________________________________________ 22 File Operations ____________________________________________________________ 23 File Properties/attributes _____________________________________________________________________ 23 Windows Operating System _________________________________________________ 24 Task View __________________________________________________________________________________ 24 Notification Area ____________________________________________________________________________ 24 Printing Queue______________________________________________________________________________ 25 Default Printer ______________________________________________________________________________ 25 Printing Options ____________________________________________________________________________ 26 Application Software _______________________________________________________ 27 Compatibility Issues _________________________________________________________________________ 27 Versions, Patches, Service Packs________________________________________________________________ 27 Utility Programs ___________________________________________________________ 28 Schedule/Update____________________________________________________________________________ 28 Backup/Archive _____________________________________________________________________________ 28 Firewalls ___________________________________________________________________________________ 28 Software Installation _______________________________________________________ 29 Installation Process __________________________________________________________________________ 29  CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER USERS This user uses a personal computer to do task of a personal nature, not requiring large amounts of processing power or speed. End users typically do not have advanced computing What is it? skills and only aim to use specific software applications. They typically focus on finding an affordable system that meets their needs. Mobile computer users require their computers to be lightweight and portable. They typically favour laptops and tablets over traditional desktop PCs and prioritise battery life over raw performance. Cost: Personal computers are generally relatively affordable compared to other types of computer systems. PERSONAL AND MOBILE USERS Advantages Convenience: Personal computers provide convenience and efficiency in performing everyday tasks such as online shopping, banking, entertainment, conducting research and communicating. Always available – These users are always available because their devices are with them all the time and they have access to mobile networks when on the move. Capabilities - Convergence / All-in-one devices can also lead to increased productivity. Increased communication: Having a constant connection to a PC/device in their personal space, the user risks being flooded with e-mails, voice messages or instant messages, often resulting in overlooking important communications received. Health risks/Not ergonomically designed: Resulting in health-related illnesses such as Disadvantages Repetitive Strain Injury, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, sore wrists, necks, back aches, eyestrain, and headaches due to spending prolonged time using devices that are not ergonomically designed. Addiction: Gaming, cyber-relationship, online gambling, pornography, and internet addiction can result due to constantly having access to the device. Lack in productivity: Constant connectivity may lead to these users focusing on their devices to e.g. socialise instead of their daily work tasks. Personal users are individuals that use computing devices for personal use, such as education, Examples entertainment, or communication. Mobile users are seen as any individual that is utilising a mobile device such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, and any other wearable computing device. 1  SOHO (Small Office Home Office) computer users typically need computers that are powerful What is it? enough to handle the workloads of a small business. They usually require fast processors, large amounts of RAM, and ample storage space. Less traveling: SOHO users operate mainly from their houses. Increased family time: Home office enables the employee to be available to attend to their personal obligations more often. Reduces stress and distraction: SOHO workers don't have constant pressure to keep up with the fellow employees and don't get distracted by many individuals working around Advantages them in the same office. Increased comfort: The work environment allows for a comfortable dress code and SOHO USERS workspace, e.g. employee can wear pyjamas and listen to music during work hours. Independence: Since most SOHO users are their own boss, they can structure their day as they see fit. Improved wellness: The SOHO user can balance their work/social/personal life as they deem fit, leading a healthy balanced life. Lack in work related commitment: SOHO users need to have a strong committed work ethic, as they are responsible for completing work related tasks on their own. Disadvantages No set work hours: The flexible nature of this work environment often makes following a set work schedule difficult. Many distractions: Family and personal life often distracts these users from their work. Performance: SOHO computers may not be able to handle intensive tasks such as 3D rendering or gaming. SOHO users comprise of many different types of users such as lawyers, accountants, Examples entrepreneurs, travel agents, sales representatives, and consultants for large businesses. Power users can also be referred to as super users. Power computer users are usually What is it? professionals or gamers who prioritise performance over everything else. This group demands the most powerful hardware available, such as multiple graphics cards, multiple CPU cores, and massive amounts of RAM. Performance: Power PCs are designed to handle intensive tasks such as gaming and 3D POWER/SUPER USERS rendering with ease. Advantages Expandability: Power PCs are modular, making them easy to upgrade with more powerful components. Data Storage: Power PCs can be equipped with large amounts of storage, making them ideal for data-intensive applications. Examples Disadvantages Cost: Power PCs can be expensive, as they require powerful components. Size: Power PCs are usually large and bulky, making them difficult to transport and store. Power Consumption: Power PCs require a lot of power to run and are mostly not energy efficient. Super/power users can often be found as software developers, network administrators, graphic designers, gamers, animators, and audio mixers that require devices with high-end computing abilities. 2  A disabled computer user is an individual who has one or more physical, sensory, or other What is it? impairments that affect their ability to use a computer or digital devices in the same way as someone without such disabilities. Many people with physical impairments or learning disabilities use computers in different ways. Some of them use assistive technologies to do so. This depends on their individual needs and preferences. Braille keyboard and Braille display A refreshable, tactile braille display converts digital text on the screen into braille. They’re normally connected to a computer, smartphone or tablet using Bluetooth or USB. Electronic magnifiers A device which magnifies text. There are various forms of electronic magnifiers which come in all different sizes. DISABLED USERS - HARDWARE VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS Large-key keyboards/ High contrast keyboards These devices are usually the same size as a usual keyboard, however the characters on each key are bigger and more defined. Some devices also use colours to create a higher contrast between the keys and the characters on each key. Vibrating devices HEARING IMPAIRMENTS Devices that vibrate instead of emitting a sound. 3  Adaptive keyboards Some ergonomic keyboards are on a fixed curve. These place the finger keys into two cupped depressions at shoulder width, with function keys set in-between for use with the thumbs. These fully ergonomic keyboards require very little movement of the arms. Keyguards are rigid plates with holes designed to work with specific keyboards. The holes are positioned over each key and significantly reduce the chance of accidental keypresses. The guard also allows you to rest your hands and arms on the guard without pressing any of the keys. MOTOR CONTROL IMPAIRMENTS Alternative input devices Some input devices give people with mobility impairments different options, allowing them to use a computer in a way that works best for them. Examples: Single switch entry devices - A button which performs an action when hit, sending a signal to the computer. They often look like large, round colourful buttons. Foot switches - Foot switches work in a similar way to single switch devices. But instead of buttons, they look like pedals. Sip-and-puff switches - A device that allows the user to operate a computer by inhaling and exhaling small breaths of air. Eye-tracking devices - Follows the movement of the eyes. Joysticks – A device that can be used for controlling the movement of the cursor around the screen by manoeuvring a lever on the joystick. Trackballs – A device that allows users to move the cursor around the screen by moving a ball and click when needed by pressing the ball. 4  Dictation software Dictation software converts speech to text. It also carries out commands, like “press enter” or “delete that”. Dictation software is also called Speech-To-Text or voice recognition software. Optical Character Recognition software (OCR) Optical Character Recognition software turns printed documents that are scanned into digital VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS text (text on a computer). With digital text, the user can customise the text to read more comfortably. This is helpful for people with poor vision who need to edit this digital text for further clarity. For example, enlarging and highlighting words or changing the colour of the text, or inputting the text into a braille display. DISABLED USERS - SOFTWARE Screen magnification software Magnification software increases the size of text, images or graphics on a screen. Screen magnification software also enlarges the cursor size too, so it’s easier to find on the screen. The user can then zoom in and out of the parts of the screen they need. Screen reader software (text-to-speech) Screen readers read out loud everything that’s on the screen. This reduces the need for a user with poor vision to read text on the screen. IMPAIRMENTS HEARING The user can choose to have the active window, active title bar, or the whole screen flash when the computer would usually make a sound. MOTOR CONTROL IMPAIRMENTS Speech-to-text software Software that is able to dictate speech and convert it into digital text automatically without the need of typing by the user. 5  TYPES OF COMPUTERS Portability: Mobile devices are designed to be portable and easy to carry around. They are typically small and lightweight, making them suitable for on-the-go use. Wireless Connectivity: Mobile devices are equipped with wireless communication capabilities, such as Wi-Fi, cellular, and Bluetooth, allowing users to connect to the internet and other devices without the need for physical cables. Characteristics Battery-Powered: Most mobile devices are powered by rechargeable batteries, allowing PORTABLE (MOBILE) them to operate without being constantly plugged into a power source. Touchscreen Interface: Many mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, feature touchscreen interfaces that enable users to interact with the device by tapping, swiping, and using gestures. Limited Hardware Expansion: Mobile devices generally have limited options for hardware expansion or customization compared to non-mobile devices. Processing Portable computers typically have lower power processors than non-portable ones, as they Power must fit into a smaller device and use less power. Portable computers are designed for use on the go and are typically used for web browsing, email, and basic productivity tasks. Usage Fixed or Stationary: Non-mobile devices are designed to be stationary or fixed in a particular location and are not intended for portable use. Wired Connectivity: Non-mobile devices often rely on wired connections, such as Ethernet or Characteristics USB, for network connectivity and peripheral attachments. Power Source: Many non-mobile devices are powered directly through electrical outlets, eliminating the need for batteries. NON-PORTABLE Greater Hardware Customisation: Non-mobile devices usually offer more extensive options for hardware customization and expansion, allowing users to upgrade components like RAM, storage, and graphics cards. Processing Non-portable computers often have higher power processors to accommodate larger tasks. Power Non-portable computers are designed for more intensive tasks, such as media editing, graphic design, and gaming. Usage 6  HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS A motherboard is the main component of a computer system. It holds many of the crucial components of a MOTHERBOARD computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), Role of Component memory, and connectors for input and output devices. The main function is to connect the different computer components to each other. The CPU is responsible for running your programs and Role of Component processing data. CPU Model: The model name and number of the CPU, such as "Intel Core i5-11600K" CPU/PROCESSOR or "AMD Ryzen 7 5800X." Identify in adverts CPU Clock Speed: The clock speed of the CPU, usually measured in gigahertz (GHz). For example, "3.6GHz base clock" or "up to 4.4GHz turbo boost." Number of CPU Cores and Threads: Information about the number of physical CPU cores and threads. For instance, "6 cores, 12 threads" means the CPU has 6 physical cores and can handle 12 threads simultaneously. CPU Architecture: Sometimes, the advertisement might mention the CPU architecture, such as "10th Gen Intel Core" or "Zen 3 architecture." The standard entry-level (cheapest) processor is sufficient for general computing Recommendations tasks, email, web browsing, as well as casual gaming. This should be sufficient for personal users, SOHO users and mobile users. Applications such as games, 3D graphics, large databases and photo/video editing need the best processors that are available. Power users should have the best CPUs that they can afford. 7  Random Access Memory (RAM) plays a crucial role in a computer's functionality and performance. The RAM is the temporary storage area for running programs and for data that is being processed. RAM stores data that the CPU is actively using or processing. This includes the operating system, running applications, and data needed for ongoing tasks. When you open a Role of Component program or file, it is loaded into RAM so that the CPU can quickly access and manipulate the data. DIMM - Dual In-line Memory Module DIMMs are the memory modules you see inside desktop computers. They are relatively large in size. SODIMM - Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module MEMORY (RAM) SODIMMs are almost half the size of DIMM modules. Theys are designed to be used in notebooks and laptops. RAM Capacity: The amount of RAM will be specified in gigabytes (GB). For example, it might say "8GB," "16GB," "32GB," etc. Identify in adverts RAM Type: The type of RAM technology used, such as DDR3, DDR4, or DDR5. This is important because it affects the speed and compatibility of the RAM. Number of DIMM/RAM Slots: In some cases, especially for laptops or smaller form factor computers, the advertisement might mention the number of DIMM/RAM slots available for future upgrades. RAM Speed: The RAM speed is usually mentioned in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). For example, "DDR4 2400MHz" or "DDR5 4800MHz." For any user, the more memory you have installed, the better – no matter what Recommendations you’re doing with the computer. With more memory, more data or programs can be loaded for processing at the same time. Power users working with specialised programs will require more memory, because these programs work with a lot of data at the same time. ROM (Read-only Memory) plays a crucial role in the computer's boot-up process, as it contains MEMORY (ROM) the initial instructions needed to start the Role of Component computer's operating system. It also stores the computer's BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which provides low-level control over hardware components. Additionally, ROM can store other important data such as system configuration settings, diagnostic tools, and specialized software that is necessary for specific tasks. It ensures that these critical instructions and data remain intact and accessible whenever the computer is powered on. 8  This is the main permanent storage area Role of Component HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) - SOLID STATE DRIVE (SSD) for all your data and software. Computers usually have one hard drive, but you can add additional hard drives. HDD Capacity: The capacity of the HDD, usually measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). For example, "1TB HDD" means the hard drive has a capacity of 1 terabyte. Identify in adverts HDD Speed: The rotational speed of the HDD, usually measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). Common speeds include 5,400 RPM and 7,200 RPM. A higher RPM generally indicates faster data access. SSD Capacity: The capacity of the SSD, usually measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). For example, "256GB SSD" means the solid-state drive has a capacity of 256 gigabytes. SSD Speed: If the advertisement provides additional details, you might see information about the SSD's read and write speeds, often measured in megabytes per second (MB/s) or gigabytes per second (GB/s). Most users will almost never fill the hard drive of their computers, using simple Recommendations applications such as word processing, email and web browsing. Power users who use their computers for media such as music, movies, videos and photographs will need the largest storage that they can afford. Since SSDs provide faster data transmission, most Power users will opt for SSDs. This is a separate circuit board that plugs into a Role of Component special slot on the motherboard. It has its own video memory and a graphics processing unit (GPU) that improves video processing. Entry-level computers have integrated graphics, where a graphics processor is built into the CPU or the motherboard and where part of the RAM is used as video memory. VIDEO CARD (GPU) GPU Model: The model name and number of the video card, such as "NVIDIA GeForce Identify in adverts GTX 1660 Ti" or "AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT." VRAM (Video RAM) Capacity: The amount of video memory, usually measured in gigabytes (GB). For example, "6GB GDDR6" indicates that the video card has 6 gigabytes of GDDR6 video memory. Clock Speed: The base and boost clock speeds of the GPU, usually measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). For example, "Base: 1500MHz, Boost: 1800MHz." Most users do not require a video card, since the built-in graphics processor would Recommendations suffice for their every day tasks. Since video cards add extra processing power and are essential if you work with 3D graphics, video editing or serious gaming, most Power users will ensure that their computer has a Video card. 9  INPUT How does it What is it? A scanner is a hardware device that allows you to convert physical documents or images into digital format. It is commonly used for digitising photographs, documents, and other printed materials. Scanners use a combination of sensors and light sources to capture images. A light source work? illuminates the document. The reflected light is captured by sensors, which convert it into digital data. This data is processed and saved as an image file. Flatbed Scanners: These are the most common type of scanners. They have a flat, glass surface where you place the document or image face down. They are versatile and can scan various sizes Different types and types of materials. Sheet-fed Scanners: These scanners are designed to scan multiple sheets of paper in quick succession. They are often used for scanning large volumes of documents. Resolution: Scanners have a resolution measured in dots per inch (DPI) that determines the level of detail in the scanned image. Higher DPI results in better image quality but larger file sizes. Key Features/Functions SCANNERS Colour Depth: This refers to the number of colours a scanner can capture. Common colour depths are 24-bit (16.7 million colours) and 48-bit (billions of colours). Automatic Document Feeder (ADF): Sheet-fed scanners often have an ADF that allows you to scan multiple pages at once. Duplex Scanning: Some scanners can scan both sides of a document simultaneously. OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Scanners with OCR software can convert scanned text into editable text documents. Digitization: Scanners allow you to convert physical documents, photos, and other printed materials into digital format, making them easier to store, manage, and share electronically. Advantages Preservation: Scanners enable the preservation of old and fragile documents, photographs, and artworks by creating high-quality digital copies that can be archived without further wear and tear. OCR Capability: Many scanners come with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software, which can convert scanned text into editable digital documents, making it easier to search, edit, and repurpose text-based content. Cost: High-quality scanners can be relatively expensive, especially those designed for professional use or specialized applications. Disadvantages Space Requirements: Scanners can take up space on your desk or workspace, and larger models may require dedicated areas. Time-Consuming: Scanning multiple pages or large documents can be time-consuming, especially if you need to scan each page individually. File size: High-resolution scans can result in large file sizes, which may consume storage space and make sharing files more challenging. 10  How does it What is it? Digital cameras are electronic devices that capture and store photographs and videos in digital format. Unlike traditional film cameras, digital cameras use image sensors to record images work? electronically, allowing for immediate image preview and storage on memory cards. Compact Cameras: Also known as point-and-shoot cameras. Compact and easy to carry. Generally, have fixed lenses and automatic shooting modes. Suitable for everyday photography, vacations, and casual use. DSLR Cameras (Digital Single-Lens Reflex): Feature interchangeable lenses. Popular among enthusiasts and professional photographers due to their versatility and image quality. Different types DIGITAL CAMERAS Key Features/Functions Image Sensor: Determines image quality and low-light performance. Resolution (Megapixels): Higher resolution sensors capture more detail. Suitable for large prints and cropping. Lenses: Interchangeable lenses on DSLRs offer versatility. Quality lenses are essential for sharp, clear images. ISO Range: Determines sensitivity to light; a wide range is essential for low-light shooting. Instant Image Review: Digital cameras allow you to review and preview images immediately after capturing them, helping you ensure you've captured the shot you wanted. Multiple Shots: You can take multiple photos of the same subject without the cost of Advantages film, which is particularly helpful for capturing fast-moving subjects or trying different compositions. Image Editing: Digital cameras provide the option to edit and enhance photos directly on the camera or on a computer, allowing for color correction, cropping, and other adjustments. Immediate Sharing: You can share photos quickly through social media, email, or cloud storage, eliminating the need for physical prints or scans. Cost: High-quality digital cameras can be expensive, especially professional-grade DSLR Disadvantages and mirrorless cameras. Complexity: Advanced digital cameras come with a learning curve, and understanding settings like ISO, aperture, and shutter speed may take time for beginners. Battery Life: Digital cameras rely on batteries, and their life can be limited, especially when using advanced features like continuous shooting or video recording. 11  It's an authentication technique which relies on measurable physical characteristics that can be automatically checked. It includes making use of a person's fingerprints, voice patterns, facial characteristics, or the pattern of the iris of the eye to uniquely identify a persons' identity. What is it? How does it work? Security systems and timekeeping systems make use of a person's unique physical attributes like a fingerprint, to ensure that the person making use of said system is in actual fact the person he is representing to be. Since these attributes are unique to each person, it is much more secure in establishing the authenticity of the person. The device scans the unique attribute and checks it against the database stored. Once the attribute is recognised and action such as opening a door takes place. It is much less likely that a person will be able to bypass the security of a biometric BIOMETRICS system, making the system more secure. It is much easier to teach a person how to use a biometric system, since not much Advantages training is required to scan a biological component of a person. It's a form of authentication, which cannot be lost or forgotten. It reduces operational cost since it no longer is necessary to replace or repurchase new authentication keys to allow employee access. Once the initial expense of incorporating the system is incurred, the running cost reduces drastically. If the attribute being used of a person is damaged or cannot be clearly read, the biometric system will not work. If the biometric system is in an environment which is not environmentally suitable for the system, it will not work effectively. For example, voice recognition in a noisy environment. Disadvantages The initial setup and integration cost of such a system is very high and may not be financially viable for many businesses. If the system is compromised or down, you will not be able to gain access to the device or area which is controlled by the system which will lead to loss of productivity. It's expensive to maintain. If the biometrics being used as security has been duplicated or compromised, it cannot simply be reset like a password and therefore will pose a serious risk to the security of the item or information being protected. You need specialised hardware and software to implement a biometric system. It is mostly used to ensure security and is used to allow access, allow a person to clock in and Examples out at work or allow access to files on a flash drive or computer hard drive. 12  Handheld devices, also known as handhelds or handheld gadgets, refer to small, portable What is it? electronic devices that can be held and operated with one hand. These devices are designed for convenience and mobility, allowing users to perform various tasks on the go. Handheld devices typically have a compact form factor and are powered by batteries or rechargeable batteries Smartphones: Smartphones are perhaps the most ubiquitous handheld devices today. They combine the functions of a mobile phone, computer, camera, and more into a single device. Smartphones allow users to make calls, send text messages, browse the internet, access apps, and perform various tasks. HAND-HELD DEVICES Tablets: Tablets are larger than smartphones but still considered handheld devices. They offer more screen real estate for tasks such as web browsing, reading e-books, watching videos, and running applications. Examples E-Readers: Electronic readers or e-readers are specialized devices designed primarily for reading digital books (e-books). They often feature E- ink displays that mimic the appearance of printed text and offer excellent battery life. Portable Media Players: These devices are used for playing digital media files such as music, videos, and podcasts. Examples include iPods, MP3 players, and dedicated media players. Handheld Gaming Consoles: Devices like the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation Portable (PSP), and Game Boy are designed for gaming on the go. They offer a range of gaming experiences and often have dedicated game libraries. 13  OUTPUT Display devices, also known as display screens or monitors, are electronic hardware What is it? components that visually present information, data, images, and videos to users. Computer monitors are display devices used with desktop computers and laptops. They come in various sizes and resolutions, with common types including LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diode), and OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) monitors. Resolution: The number of pixels (dots) that make up the screen, which affects image sharpness and clarity. Refresh Rate: The number of times the screen refreshes per second, impacting the smoothness of motion in videos and games. DISPLAY DEVICES Brightness: The level of illumination the screen can achieve, important for readability in various lighting conditions. Key Features/Functions Colour Accuracy: The ability to display colours accurately, crucial for tasks like graphic design and photo editing. Touchscreen: Some displays are touch-sensitive, allowing users to interact directly with the screen. Aspect Ratio: The ratio of the screen's width to its height, with 16:9 and 16:10 being common ratios for widescreen displays. Screen size: Measured diagonally, from corner to corner, in inches. 14  STORAGE Online storage, also known as cloud storage, refers to the practice of storing digital data, files, What is it? and information on remote servers accessible over the internet. Instead of saving files exclusively on a local computer or storage device, online storage allows users to upload and access their data from anywhere with an internet connection. How does it Users upload their files, documents, images, videos, and other digital content to a cloud work? storage service provider’s remote server. The uploaded data is stored on servers located in data centres operated by the cloud storage provider. Accessibility: Data can be accessed from anywhere, fostering remote work and mobility. Data Backup: Provides automatic backups, protecting against data loss due to hardware failures or accidents. Advantages Collaboration: Facilitates seamless collaboration and file sharing among teams and individuals. Scalability: Storage capacity can be easily adjusted to accommodate changing needs. ONLINE/CLOUD Security: Cloud providers implement robust security measures to protect user data. Cost-Effective: Pay-as-you-go pricing can be cost-effective for both individuals and businesses. Internet Connectivity Requirement: To access your data stored in the cloud, you need a stable and reliable internet connection. Without internet access, you may not be able to retrieve or work with your files. Data Privacy Concerns: Storing sensitive or confidential data in the cloud can raise privacy concerns. Disadvantages Monthly Subscription Costs: While many cloud storage services offer free storage tiers, additional storage and advanced features typically come with subscription fees. These costs can accumulate over time, especially for businesses with extensive storage needs. Ownership and Control: Users may not have full ownership or control over their data when stored in the cloud. Providers may have terms and conditions that grant them certain rights over the data. Service Downtime: Cloud service providers can experience downtime for maintenance or due to technical issues. This can disrupt access to data and services temporarily. Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Dropbox, Apple iCloud Examples 15  Backing up refers to the process of creating copies of your digital data, files, and information to protect them from loss or damage. These copies, known as backups, are stored separately What is it? from the original data, often in a secure location or on a different storage medium. The primary purpose of backing up is to ensure data recovery in the event of data loss, hardware failures, accidents, cyberattacks, or disasters. Backups serve as a safety net, allowing you to recover lost or corrupted data. In the event of data loss, you can restore your data from the backup copies. External Hard Drives: External hard drives are one of the most popular backup devices. They offer large storage capacities and are relatively affordable. BACKING UP Flash Drives: USB flash drives are small, portable devices with limited storage capacity. They are useful for quick Methods for Backing up backups of important documents or for transporting data between computers. Optical Media (CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays): Optical discs are no longer a popular backup method. This is because discs degrade over time due to factors like exposure to light, humidity, and physical wear and tear. They are also unreliable as they are easily damaged or broken. They have relatively slow data transfer speeds. Optical discs have a limited storage capacity. Many newer laptops and computers are no longer equipped with optical disc drives. 16 TROUBLESHOOTING - HARDWARE PROBLEMS / HOW TO SOLVE THEM The keys are sticky (they don’t pop back up quickly after being pressed): Switch off the computer, unplug the keyboard and clean it with a damp cloth or small brush The keyboard is not responding: KEYBOARD If it is wireless – the batteries might need to be replaced. The USB dongle might not be connected properly, try removing and then reinserting the dongle or try a different USB port. If it is wired – disconnect and reconnect the keyboard. Try a different USB port. Try rebooting the computer. If it still doesn’t work, try using a different keyboard to pinpoint the problem The mouse is sticky (the pointer moves erratically or ‘jumps’ on the screen: Make sure that you are using a clean, smooth, non-reflective surface. The mouse is not responding: MOUSE If it is wireless - the batteries might need to be replaced. The USB dongle might not be connected properly, try removing and then reinserting the dongle or try a different USB port. If it is wired - disconnect and reconnect the mouse. Try a different USB port. Try rebooting the computer. If it still doesn’t work, try using a different mouse to pinpoint the problem Errors in image size or quality: Check the settings of the scanning software. SCANNER The scanner is not responding: The scanner might not be switched on or might not be properly connected to the USB port. Some scanners have a lock switch that helps to protect them when they are being moved, make sure this lock switch is off. The webcam is not responding/ no-one can see you: WEBCAM It might be unplugged, not switched on, or not selected as the current camera to be used by the software. Webcam software or operating system utilities can often be used to test if the webcam is functioning properly and to troubleshoot problems. The microphone is not responding/ no-one can hear you: MICROPHONE It might be plugged into the wrong jack (the speaker or headphone jack) It might be set on mute. 17  The colours are faded, too strong, too bright, too dim, etc: Adjust the settings (contrast, brightness, etc.) The image is blocky or stretched: Adjust the resolution settings – this problem usually indicates that MONITOR your monitor can take a higher resolution. The image is tinted purple, blue, yellow or green: The connection is faulty, or the cable is damaged. Check the connections and replace cables if necessary. Nothing is displaying on the monitor: The monitor might not be receiving power, the cable might not be connected properly, the computer might not be switched on, or the monitor itself might be faulty (swop it with another to test it) The printer will not work or print properly: It might not be plugged in, or the power might be off. It might not be connected to the computer properly. It might be low on ink or toner (the printout will be faded and PRINTER irregular) You might have selected the wrong printer in the print dialogue box. The network settings of the printer or the computer might be wrong. The computer might have the wrong printer driver installed. You might be using the wrong type of paper. The paper might be stuck in the printer and must be manually removed. The storage space is nearly full: You might need to delete or remove some files. (some apply to SSDs and flash drives too) Check the free space of the drive by right clicking on the driving and viewing properties. The hard drive seems slow and unresponsive: The hard drive might be fragmented, causing the files to be slower HARD DRIVE to receive. Use a disk defragmentation utility to rearrange the files so that all scattered parts of the files are joined back together. You cannot access the data on the hard drive: Files on the hard drive might be corrupt due to the computer not shutting down correctly, or because of programs crashing, or because of power failures. In newer versions of Windows, you can attempt to fix the hard drive through the property’s tools tab. 18  NEW TECHNOLOGIES Virtual Reality is a technology that creates a completely immersive digital environment, How does it What is it? often using a headset or goggles. In VR, users are fully immersed in a computer-generated world and are typically unable to see the real world around them while wearing the VR headset. Interaction in VR often involves gestures, controllers, or even physical movement within the work? virtual environment, as users are completely cut off from the real world. Immersive Experiences: VR offers unparalleled immersion, making users feel like they are in a different world. This is particularly useful for applications like gaming, simulations, and virtual tours. Advantages Training and Education: VR is highly effective for training simulations, allowing users to practice in a risk-free environment. It's also useful for immersive educational experiences, such as exploring historical events or visiting far-off places. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) Entertainment: VR offers a new dimension to entertainment, from immersive storytelling and interactive experiences to virtual concerts and art exhibitions. Cost: High-quality VR hardware can be expensive, making it less accessible to some Disadvantages users. Isolation: The immersive nature of VR can lead to social isolation as users are cut off from the real world while using it. Physical Space Requirements: VR experiences that involve physical movement (room- scale VR) require ample space, which not everyone may have. VR typically requires dedicated headsets, such as the Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, or PlayStation VR, to create the immersive environment. VR is often used for gaming, training simulations, virtual tours, architectural design, and experiences that require full immersion, where the user is disconnected from the real world. Examples 19  Augmented Reality blends digital content with the real world. It overlays computer- What is it? generated information, such as images, videos, or 3D objects, onto the user's view of the real world, usually through a smartphone, tablet, or AR glasses. How does it work? Interaction in AR can include touch gestures on screens, voice commands, and even physical interactions with real-world objects, as users remain aware of their surroundings. Enhanced Real-World Interactions: AR enhances the user's interaction with the real world by overlaying digital information, making it useful for various practical applications. Accessibility: AR can be experienced on commonly available devices like smartphones Advantages and tablets, making it more accessible to a wider audience. Navigation and Wayfinding: AR is valuable for navigation apps that provide real-time directions and information about nearby points of interest. Remote Assistance: AR can be used for remote collaboration and assistance, where AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) experts can guide users by overlaying information onto their view. Retail and Marketing: AR is used for interactive advertising, allowing customers to try products virtually or get additional information by scanning QR codes. Limited Immersion: AR does not provide the same level of immersion as VR. The digital content is overlaid onto the real world, which may not be as engaging for certain applications. Disadvantages Technical Challenges: AR can be technically challenging, requiring precise tracking and alignment of digital elements with the real world. Dependency on Devices: AR heavily relies on the availability and capabilities of devices like smartphones or AR glasses. Older or incompatible devices may limit the AR experience. Privacy Concerns: AR apps may raise privacy concerns, as they often require access to camera and location data, potentially collecting sensitive information. AR can be experienced on a variety of devices, including smartphones, tablets, and AR glasses like Microsoft HoloLens or Google Glass. AR is commonly used in applications like navigation, education, remote assistance, retail (e.g., trying on virtual clothes), designing, advertising, and some mobile games. Examples 20  Drone technology: A drone is an unmanned aircraft. Essentially, a drone is flying a robot What is it? that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in conjunctions with on-board sensors and GPS. Advantages How does it work? The two basic functions of drones are flight and navigation. To fly a drone needs a power-source such as a battery or fuel, propellers, rotors, and a frame (which is made of lightweight materials). Drones need a controller which is used remotely by an operator to launch, navigate, and land it. Controllers communicate with the drone using radio waves, e.g. Wi-Fi. Drones are relatively inexpensive compared to manned aircraft, quick to deploy, can work rapidly, and can collect accurate data. Drones can fly to areas that are difficult/impossible to access in other ways. Collateral damage: Although drones can be used precisely, sometimes collateral damages occur. The possibility of loss of signal from the controller, dead batteries, bird attacks, or even a sudden change in wind direction can easily cause a drone to plunge to the ground. DRONES Invasion of privacy: Drones survey an area through a remote control. The high-power zoom lenses, and its night vision make it easy to capture images or record activities in Disadvantages an area. Battery life: The battery life limits the flying time of the drone and sometimes you need to have multiple batteries fitted on the drone to extend its flying time. Cold temperatures in an area reduce the battery life. Weather changes: Weather changes in an area affects the use of drones. Most drones are designed to operate at a speed of 30 mph thus you cannot use them in an area with a wind speed of less than 20 mph. Flying drones in rain or snow can damage the electronic components and interfere with the communication between the drone and the controller. Restrictions: The use of drones may be limited by air space rules/laws. Agriculture, for example, farmers can use drones to measure and record the growth of their crops, insect infestation, etc. Disaster management: Drones can be used to survey the extent of wildfire damage in a specific area. Drones can be used in situations where it is too dangerous to send in a manned Examples aircraft. Photography, filming, journalism – drones are used by television sport networks to capture sporting footage. Military – drones are deployed mainly for intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance missions. Security companies use drones to provide surveillance systems for industrial, commercial, and residential properties. 21  What is it? 3D printers can create three-dimensional solid objects from a digital model of the item by adding successive layers of material on top of one another. This process is known as additive manufacturing. The process starts with a 3D model of the object you want to create. This model is typically designed using computer-aided How does it work? design (CAD) software or obtained from existing designs available online. Common materials used include thermoplastics, resins, metals, ceramics, and even food-based materials such as chocolate. It heats or liquefies the chosen material and deposits it onto a build platform. Each new layer fuses with the one below it as the material cools and hardens, gradually building the object. Customisation: 3D printing can produce customised and personalised products and prototypes. This is especially valuable in fields like healthcare, where patient-specific solutions can be created. Rapid Prototyping: 3D printing allows for the quick and cost-effective creation of Advantages prototypes, enabling designers and engineers to test and iterate their designs before 3D PRINTERS mass production. On-Demand Production: 3D printing enables on-demand production, reducing the need for large inventories and long lead times. Products can be manufactured when and where they are needed. Cost-Effective for Low-Volume Production: For small batches of products, 3D printing can be more cost-effective than setting up traditional manufacturing processes, such as injection moulding. Limited Material Selection: While the range of available 3D printing materials has expanded, it is still more limited compared to traditional manufacturing processes. Some materials may not yet be suitable for specific applications. Speed: 3D printing can be a slow process, especially for large or complex objects, which may not be suitable for high-volume production. Material Costs: Specialty 3D printing materials can be expensive, affecting the overall Disadvantages cost of production. Environmental Concerns: Some 3D printing processes, particularly those using certain plastics, can have environmental implications, such as emissions and energy consumption. Learning Curve: 3D printing technology and software can have a learning curve, requiring training and expertise to use effectively. Post-Processing: Many 3D-printed objects require post-processing, such as sanding, painting, or assembly, which adds time and effort to the production process. Odours: Depending on the type of material being used, the printing process can sometimes emit unpleasant odours. Examples Jewellery, food, fashion, art/sculptures, prosthetics, artificial corals, houses, consumer goods. 22  FILE OPERATIONS File properties refer to the various details and characteristics associated with a file, such as its size, creation date, modification date, and file type. What is it? These properties provide valuable information about files and are used for organization, search, and management purposes. File Attributes are settings associated with a file, controlling various behaviours and permissions. File Name: The name of the file, which is used to identify and locate it. File Extension: The part of the file name after the dot (e.g.,.txt,.jpg), indicating the file Common file properties type or format. FILE PROPERTIES/ATTRIBUTES File Size: The size of the file in bytes, kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), or gigabytes (GB). File Location: The directory or folder path where the file is stored within the file system. Date Created: The date and time when the file was originally created or saved. Date Modified: The date and time when the file was last modified or updated. File Type/Format: The format or type of data stored in the file (e.g., text, image, audio, video). Read-Only: Prevents the file from being modified or deleted without authorization. Common file attributes Hidden: Makes the file invisible in standard directory listings. System: Marks a file as essential to the operating system. Archive: Marks a file for backup purposes. Compressed: Indicates that the file is compressed to save storage space. Encrypted: Encrypts the file's content for security. Temporary: Denotes that the file is a temporary or cache file. Offline: Indicates that the file is not currently accessible because it has been archived or moved to secondary storage. File properties are crucial for file organization, as they help users locate, identify, and manage files efficiently. Importance They are essential for file version control, backup, and data recovery. File attributes play a role in file security by controlling who can access, modify, or delete files. 23  WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM Task View is a feature in the Microsoft Windows operating system that provides a way to manage and switch between open What is it? applications. TASK VIEW How does it work? Press the "Task View" button on the taskbar or use the keyboard shortcut "Win + Tab." Application Switching: Task View allows users to see a visual representation of all open applications, making it easier to switch between them. You can access Task View by pressing the "Task View" button on the taskbar or by using the keyboard shortcut "Win + Tab." The notification area, also commonly referred to as the system tray or taskbar notification area, is typically located in the lower-right corner of the screen. The primary function of the notification area is to display notifications from the operating NOTIFICATION AREA What is it? system and running applications. These notifications can include alerts about software updates, system events (e.g., low battery, network status changes), and messages from apps. How does it The notification area often contains icons representing the status or activity of various work? system components and running applications. For example, you might see icons for Wi-Fi connectivity, volume control, battery status, antivirus software, and more. 24  A printing queue, often referred to as a print queue, is a software component that manages and controls the order in which print jobs are sent to a printer. It acts as an intermediary between applications and the physical printer, ensuring that print jobs are processed in a sequential and orderly manner. Users can perform various actions and tasks from the print queue. What is it? PRINTING QUEUE View Print Job Details: Users can see detailed information about each print job in the queue, including the document name, owner, number of pages, status (e.g., pending, printing, error), and date and time of submission. Pause or Resume Print Jobs: Users can pause print jobs that are currently being processed or How does it work? resume paused jobs. This can be useful if there is a need to temporarily halt printing or address an issue. Cancel Print Jobs: Users can cancel or delete print jobs from the queue. This is handy if a print job was submitted by mistake or if it's no longer needed. Change Print Job Priority: Some print queue systems allow users to change the priority of print jobs. This can be helpful when there are multiple print jobs in the queue, and a user wants to give higher priority to a specific document. Check Print Job Progress: Users can monitor the progress of print jobs, including the number of pages printed and the estimated time remaining for completion. What is it? A default printer is the designated printer that your computer automatically selects when you send a print job from an application without explicitly choosing a specific printer. It is the printer that your operating system assumes you want to use for printing by default. When you have multiple printers installed and connected to your computer you can specify one of them as the default printer through your operating system's settings DEFAULT PRINTER You can usually identify a default printer by a tick. How does it work? 25  What is it? Printing options, often referred to as print settings or print preferences, are configurable parameters that allow users to control various aspects of the printing process when sending a document or file to a printer. Printer Selection: Users can choose which printer to send their print job to, especially if multiple printers are installed and available. This option allows users to select the appropriate printer for their needs. Number of Copies: Users can specify how many copies of the document or file they want to print. This is useful when multiple identical copies are needed. PRINTING OPTIONS Page Range: Users can select a specific range of pages to print. For example, they can choose to print all pages, only odd or even pages, or a custom page range. How does it work? Duplex Printing: If the printer supports duplex printing (printing on both sides of the paper), users can enable or disable this feature. Duplex printing can save paper. Collation: Users can choose whether to collate printed pages when printing multiple copies. Collation arranges the pages in the correct order for each copy. Orientation: Users can set the orientation of the printed page, choosing between portrait (vertical) and landscape (horizontal) orientation. Paper Size: Users can specify the size of the paper on which they want to print, such as letter, legal, A4, or custom paper sizes. Page Layout: Some printing options allow users to configure page layout settings, such as margins. Pages per sheet: When a document has multiple pages, users can specify for more than one page to be printed on a single piece of paper. This is helpful for saving paper. 26  APPLICATION SOFTWARE Software compatibility issues refer to problems or conflicts that arise when different COMPATIBILITY ISSUES What is it? software programs or components, including operating systems, applications, and drivers, are unable to work together harmoniously. These issues can manifest in various ways and can cause software to malfunction or not work at all. Operating System Compatibility: Software designed for one operating system may not run or How does it work? function correctly on a different operating system. For example, software developed for Windows may not work on macOS or Linux without emulation or virtualization. Version Compatibility: Older software may not be compatible with newer versions of an operating system or other software components. Conversely, software that relies on specific features or libraries introduced in newer versions may not run on older systems. Software versions refer to different iterations or releases of a software application or VERSIONS, PATCHES, SERVICE PACKS system. Each version typically represents a distinct stage of development, featuring new features, improvements, and, sometimes, bug fixes. What is it? A patch is a small piece of software designed to address specific issues or vulnerabilities in an existing software application or system. Patches are typically created to fix bugs,