Theory Chapter C PDF

Definition of 2- Di- angular shapes that are math- ematically consistent. They are Rhythm...

Definition of 2- Di- angular shapes that are math- ematically consistent. They are Rhythm Positive and negative space can mensional and 3- Di- often manmade and can appear clean and sterile. Examples include create a sense of rhythm and movement through patterns and mensional forms. spheres, cubes, pyramids, cones, repetitions. and cylinders. Geometric forms are often found in architecture and the Balance built environment. Negative space can balance out Two-dimensional (2D) shapes positive space so that a visual piece have two dimensions, such as Organic forms doesn’t overwhelm the viewer. length and width, and no thick- ness or height. They can be cre- These are irregular shapes that are usually asymmetrical, free-form, Optical illusions ated on a flat surface or horizontal or curved. They are often found in Positive and negative space can be plane and can be rotated in a plane. nature and can appear natural. used to create optical illusions. For Examples of 2D shapes include Examples include the shapes of example, Coca Cola’s “Let’s Eat To- squares, triangles, and circles. flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, gether” campaign used positive and clouds, animals, and the human negative space to create the illusion Three-dimensional (3D) shapes figure. Organic forms can also be of a bottle between silverware. have three dimensions, such as length, width, and height. found in the work of Spanish ar- They are not flat and include the chitect Antoni Gaudi and in many sculptures. objects around us that we can touch, pick up, and move around. Functional aspect of The type of form used in a design depends on the desired effect or form The flat sides of 3D shapes are 2D shapes. purpose of the design. Form can add a 3D quality that can trigger The principle of “form follows For example, a rectangular prism is function” is a design concept that a 3D shape made up of four rectan- sensations of touch, such as rough, smooth, hard, soft, hot, or cold. states that the shape, structure, gles and two squares. and appearance of an object should Artists use value, tone, light, and shadow to make a form three-di- be based on its intended purpose or Other examples of 3D shapes in- function. This principle has been clude cubes and cylinders: mensional. influential in architecture and industrial design, and has helped to Cube: A 3D square with six equal shape the aesthetics of many iconic sides and equal dimension on all faces Concept of positive products and structures. Here are some ways that the prin- Cylinder: A shape with two circu- and negative form ciple of “form follows function” can lar ends and a curved surface along be applied: its length. It has height and radius, and the shape remains the same In design, positive and Consider the user: When de- from bottom to top negative space are con- signing a product, it’s important to cepts that refer to the think about how and why it will be The common types of 3D shapes in- subject and background of used, and by whom. clude a cube, sphere, cone, pyramid, a visual piece: Make the function explicit: The rectangular prism, and cylinder. function of an object should be easi- Positive space ly recognizable to the user. The objects around you, the ones Make the function accessible: you can pick up, touch, and move The subject or areas of interest in a design, such as a person’s face in a The object should be easy for the around, are three-dimensional. user to engage with. portrait, or the objects in a still life painting. Positive space can be any Establish design criteria: shape or form. Setting specific criteria for what success looks like can help to re- Kinds of forms Negative space move subjectivity from the design process. The background or the area that Consider psychological func- There are two main types of form surrounds the subject of the work. tion: The emotional reactions or in design. They are geometric Negative space can be any color, attachments that people have with form and organic form. The type pattern, or texture. products can be an important con- of form that is used in a graphic sideration. designer’s work largely depends on The balance of positive and nega- the desired effect or purpose of the tive space is important for creating Form follows function is a principle design. visual interest and a good composi- of design associated with late 19th- tion. Some ways positive and neg- and early 20th-century architecture Geometric forms ative space can be used in design and industrial design in general, These are precise, regular, and include: which states that the shape of a building or object should primarily relate to its intended function or purpose. “Whether it be the sweeping eagle in his flight, or the open apple-blos- som, the toiling work-horse, the blithe swan, the branching oak, the winding stream at its base, the drifting clouds, over all the coursing sun, form ever follows function, and this is the law. Where function does not change, form does not change. The granite rocks, the ever-brooding hills, remain for ages; the lightning lives, comes into shape, and dies, in a twinkling. It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things super- human, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law.” Louis Sullivan, Architect.