theories of aging.pdf

Theories of aging and its Nursing Implications EDWIN B. MALIC RN, MAN  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING I. STOCHASTIC THEORIES - Based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulates as the organism ages  STOCHASTIC THEORIES A. Free Radical Theory - Membranes, Nucleic acids an...

Theories of aging and its Nursing Implications EDWIN B. MALIC RN, MAN  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING I. STOCHASTIC THEORIES - Based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulates as the organism ages  STOCHASTIC THEORIES A. Free Radical Theory - Membranes, Nucleic acids and proteins are damaged by free radicals which causes cellular injury, - Exogenous Free radicals: Tobacco smoke, Pesticides, organic solvents, Radiation, ozone and selected Medications - Health Teaching: ▪ Decrease calories in order to lower weight ▪ Maintain a diet high in nutrients using anti -oxidants ▪ Avoid inflammation ▪ Minimize accumulation of metals in the body that can trigger free radicals reactions. - Older adults are more vulnerable to free radicals.  STOCHASTIC THEORIES B. Orgel/ Error Theory/ERROR CATASTROPHE - Errors in DNA and RNA synthesis occurs with aging.  STOCHASTIC THEORIES C. Wear and Tear Theory - Cells wears out and cannot function with aging. - Like a machine which losses function when its parts wears off.  STOCHASTIC THEORIES D. Connective Tissue Theory / Cross link theory - With aging, proteins impede metabolic processes and cause trouble with getting nutrients to cells and removing cellular waste products.  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING II. NON STOCHASTIC THEORIES OF AGING -Based on the genetically programmed events that cause cellular damage that accelerates aging of the organism  NON STOCHASTIC THEORIES OF AGING A. Programmed Theory - Cells divide until they are no longer able to and this triggers to apoptosis or cell death. - Shortening of the TELOMERES – the distal appendages of the chromosomes arm.  NON STOCHASTIC THEORIES OF AGING B. Gene/ Biological Clock Theory - Cells have a genetically programmed aging code.  NON STOCHASTIC THEORIES OF AGING C. Neuroendocrine theory - Problems with the hypothalamus -pituitary-endocrine gland feedback system causes disease. - Increased insulin growth factor accelerates aging.  NON STOCHASTIC THEORIES OF AGING D. Immunologic/ Autoimmune Theory - Aging is due to faulty immunological function, which is linked togeneral well-being.  THEORIES OF AGING PSYCOSOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING - Attempt to explain aging in terms of behavior, personality and attitude change.  PSYCOSOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING 1. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES - changing roles, relationship, status and generational cohort impact the older adult’s ability to adapt.  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES A. Activity theory - Havighurst and Albrecht (1953) - Remaining occupied and involved is necessary to satisfy late life. - Activity engagement and positive adaptation.  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES B. Disengagement Theory - Cumming and Henry (1961) - Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships serves to maintain social equilibrium and promote internal reflection.  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES C. Subculture Theory - Rose (1965) - The elderly prefer to segregate from society in an aging subculture sharing loss of status and societal negativity regarding the aged.  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES d. Continuity Theory - Havighurst (1960) also known as Development Theory - Personality influences role and life satisfaction and remains consistent throughout life - 4 Personality types: ▪ Integrated ▪ Armored Defended ▪ Passive Dependent ▪ Unintegrated  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES E. Age Stratification Theory - Riley (1960) - Society is stratified by age groups that are the basis for acquiring resources, roles, status and deference from others  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES F. Person-Environment Fit Theory - Lawton (1982) - Function is affected by ego strength, mobility, health, cognition, sensory perception and the environment.  PSYCOSOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING Psychological theories - Explain aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation, and personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions.  Psychological theories A. Human needs - Maslow’s (1954) - Five basic needs motivate human behavior in a lifelong process toward need fulfilment. - Self – Actualization  Psychological theories B. Individualism Theory - Jung (1960) - Personality consists of an ego and personal and collective unconsciousness that views life from a personal or external perspective. -Middle life crisis ( at middle age person questions values, beliefs, and possible dream and left unrealized) - as person ages chronologically the individual begins to search answer from being outwardly focus to becoming more inward -successful aging * person looks inward & value him/herself * accepts past accomplishment and limitations  Psychological theories C. Stages of Personality Development - Erikson (1963) - Personality develops in eight sequential stages with corresponding life tasks.  Generativity vs self absorption or stagnation Ego integrity vs Despair  Psychological theories D. Life-course/Lifespan Development - Life stages are predictable and structured by roles, relationship, values and goals.  NURSING IMPLICATION Aging and disease do not necessary go hand. Have a clear understanding between age related changes and those that may be pathologic  NURSING IMPLICATION Among biologic theories two concept have gained wide acceptance -limited replicative capacity of certain cells -free radical may cause damage to cells  NURSING IMPLICATION Gerontological nurse can promote health -helping smoking cessation (smoking increase rate of cell damage -promotional activity (sun exposure) -to reduce radical damage nurse can advise patient to ingest varied nutritious diet & supplement with antioxidants such as Vitamin C and E  NURSING IMPLICATION -Prevention of atrophy of muscle -Deep Breathing Exercise (increase the flow of oxygen in brain) -daily walking -encouraging preventive measures ( annual influenza) -recognition of stress physical & psychological (music therapy, therapeutic touch, heat and cold application)  NURSING IMPLICATION Promote positive self esteem task. Nurses need to keep in mind that intellectual functioning remains intact in most older adults Employing moslow’s theory the nurse recognize essential needs must be met before self actualization. ( patient education will be more successful if patients are well rested)  NURSING IMPLICATION Planning activities for older adults nurse need to remember that all individuals enjoy feeling needed and respected. (reviewing person’s lifetime through picture) Programs promoting interaction between older adult and young children As eyesight and manual dexterity diminish, many older adult enjoy the opportunity to cook or work in garden  NURSING IMPLICATION Planning activities for older adults nurse need to remember that all individuals enjoy feeling needed and respected. (reviewing person’s lifetime through picture) Programs promoting interaction between older adult and young children As eyesight and manual dexterity diminish, many older adult enjoy the opportunity to cook or work in garden  NURSING IMPLICATION By examining the past and being aware of significant event the health care provide deeper understanding on why older adults act the way they do Helping older adult to adjust to limitation while accentuating positive attributes may enable them to remain independent (family home care) THANK YOU!!!!!!