THEO-1 Midterm Notes PDF

THEO 1 | Augustine, Scripture and Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments Prayer Midterm Notes (Theological Dictionary). LESSON 1: BIBLE A. Etymolo...

THEO 1 | Augustine, Scripture and Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments Prayer Midterm Notes (Theological Dictionary). LESSON 1: BIBLE A. Etymological meaning of the Bible It is a collection of books; it contains of 73 books - The Sacred Scriptures and the Bible are the God’s Love Letter for us. same referring to God’s Word. They are different only in terms of use. For the Bible is BIBLE always used by the ordinary people like us. In Authors: other words, is considered as layman’s term God - the author of the Bible. while the Sacred Scripture is the term used - - “For the Holy Mother Church, always by the Bible Scholars or Theologians. relying on the faith of the apostolic age, accepts as sacred and canonical the The word Bible comes from the Greek books of the Old and the New Testaments, word “Biblia” meaning “books whole and entire, with all their parts, on the Its singular form is ‘Biblion’ (book), grounds that, written under the inspiration meaning paper or scroll. of the Holy Spirit, they have God as their Was a diminutive of the word Byblos or author, and have been handed on as such to the Church herself.” (Dei Verbum 11; cf. papyrus. John 20: 31; 2 Tim 3:16; 2 Pet 1: 19-21; 3: 15-16; Catechism of the Catholic Church B. Different understanding of the Bible #105) The Word of God written by men but under Men the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. - also known as the author because they had The Bible or Sacred Scripture is the written, participated through writings but under the inspired, word of God inspiration of the Holy Spirit, the Word of It is the fundamental source of Divine God. In other words, whatever things they Revelation had written were truly coming from the The Bible is the Holy Scripture of the dictates of the Holy Spirit. Christian religion, purporting to tell history of the Earth from its earliest creation to the Divine Inspiration spread of Christianity in the first century A.D - It is the doctrine in Christian theology that the It is the account of God’s action in the world, human authors and editors of Bible were led and his purpose with all creation. or influenced by the Holy Spirit. The word Bible comes from the Greek word “Ta Biblia” (The Books) which came into Division of the Bible use in the early centuries of Christianity to The Catholic Bible has a Total of 73 Books designate the whole sacred volume. (OT and NT) The collection of writings which the Church of Testament – It is coming from the Hebrew God has solemnly recognized and inspired word “berith’ and Greek word “diatheke” (Catholic Encyclopedia). which means covenant/agreement, the The name applied by the covenant which God entered first with Christians by way of eminence, to the Abraham, then, the people of collection of sacred writings or Holy Israel. Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B Old Testament The Sources of the Bible - This refers to the first 45/46 books of the 1. The Old Testament Sources Bible. It speaks about the promise of God to - In the Old Testament, we can classify the Abraham and his Descendants prior to the manuscripts into three main groups: coming of Jesus Christ in the New Testament. ❖ the text and versions of the Masoretic text - The OT tells the story of God’s revelation ❖ the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Himself and His plan for humanity, up to just ❖ the text and versions of the Septuagint. before the coming of Jesus Christ tracing the history of the Jewish people/Hebrews, the Masoretic Texts Israelite, chosen people of God. - Comes from the Hebrew root verb ‘maser’ which means ‘to hand down.’ New Testament Masoretic refers to what is ‘handed down’ - is made up of 27 different books attributed or to what is ‘traditional.’ Hence, the to 8 different authors (Matthew, John, Paul, Masoretic Text is simply the traditional James, Peter, Jude, Mark and Luke). Hebrew text of the Bible. The manuscripts of the text are dated - NT tells about the life of Jesus, His suffering, death and resurrection; also talks about the between 930-1009 A.D. It consists of life of the early Christians and their missions only 39 books and can therefore be which was to preach the Good News of traced to the Jewish rabbis of Palestine, salvation first to the Jews and then to all who were the successors of the people of God on earth. Pharisees during the time of Jesus. Classifications of Old and New Dead Sea Scroll Testament - On the other hand, are the oldest Old Testament manuscripts which we have of the Bible - Pentateuch/Torah (The Law or the first that have been found just very recently five books of the OT) since 1947, mainly at a deserted place - Historical Books called Qumran. They can be dated from - Wisdom/Poetry Books Prophetic Books 100 B.C. to 100 A.D. The only complete New Testament scroll, however, is that of Isaiah while all - Gospel the other scrolls are in fragments. They - Acts of the Apostles can be traced to the community of - Letters (21) Written by St. Paul and others Essenes during the time of Jesus. - Apocalypse/Revelation Septuagint - In the midst of these two, the Septuagint – the Greek version of a Hebrew text earlier than that of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The word Septuagint means “Seventy” (70) which is the rounded number of the legendary seventy-two (72) translators (6 Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B  from each of the 12 tribes of Israel) who They contain the oldest known Hebrew were supposed to have come out with text of the Old Testament, written this text. “These seventy-two (72) between 150 BC and 70 AD. translators lived in Alexandria, a city in More than 15,000 fragments and 500 Egypt near the Mediterranean coast, an manuscripts have been found from important Jewish colony. However, these around 900 separate scrolls. Jews in Alexandria did not understand They contain every book of the Old anymore the Hebrew language. Thus, in Testament with the exception of Ester, the 3rd century BC they made a including 19 copies of Isaiah (shown translation of the Bible (that is, the Old below), 25 of Deuteronomy, and 30 of the Testament) into the language they used Psalms. (Greek) and they used this version in their liturgies. They called this version the SEPTUAGINT Septuagint”. the name for the Greek translation of the Old Testament. MASORETIC TEXT It was translated between the 3rd and Another ancient Masoretic text is the 2nd centuries BC, and this is the version Aleppo Codex (Deuteronomy above, quoted by the New Testament and by Joshua 1 below) was written in the 10th early church fathers. century. It was used as the basis for Old Latin It contains the entire Old Testament – or versions, Slavonic, Syriac, Old Armenian, at least it did until it was burnt during riots Old Georgian and Coptic translations. directed against Jewish property in Remarkably there some early fragments Aleppo in 1947. of the LXX dating back to the second and Only 294 of the original 487 pages third centuries BC, such as this one from remain. the Rylands Library, containing parts of A third Masoretic text is the Leningrad Deuteronomy 23-38: Codex (title page shown below) was written in 1008. VULGATE After the burning of the Aleppo Codex, it Finally, the Vulgate is a Latin translation is now the oldest complete Masoretic text of the Bible thanks to the labor of Jerome. known today. Jerome's translation came independently It has been the basis of Biblia Hebraica from Hebrew, with the exception of (1937) and the Biblia Hebraica Psalms. Stuttgartensia (1977). His translation was completed in 405 AD. The Codex Amiatinus is the earliest surviving nearly complete Vulgate Bible, DEAD SEA SCROLLS dating from the start of the 8th century. The dead sea scrolls were discovered in caves near the ancient town of Qumran, 20 kilometers east of Jerusalem, between 1947 and 1956. Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B BIBLE The New Testament Sources These are: the codex Vaticanus, the codex - The sources of the New Testament, on the Sinaiticus and the codex Alexandrinus. They other hand, are very difficult to classify since have been so–named due to the particular many manuscripts at hand. places where they were found. The only codex The oldest form of manuscript is what we call still in its proper place is the codex Vaticanus, papyri scroll. These are normally classified into while both the codex Sinaiticus (partially) and different families. Unfortunately, they do not the codex Alexandrinus are now in London represent the whole of the New Testament but simply contain varied New Testament writings. Greek Manuscripts - the oldest and the most important ➔ The later forms are then contained into evidence to reconstruct the New what is called a “codex” which is the book testaments. There are 4 types of Greek form of manuscripts. manuscripts: The first codices of the New Testament 1. Papyri were written in Greek capital letters. For 2. Uncial this reason, they are called majuscules or 3. Minuscule uncials. 4. Lectionaries ➔ Other manuscripts which come later are found written in small Greek letters for Papyri which they have been called as - The first group of manuscripts, the papyri, minuscules. is named after the material they were ➔ In knowing these manuscripts, we get to written upon. know the concrete evidence from where - Papyrus is the surface upon which the the Bible comes. From this concrete originals (autographs) of the New evidence we can then properly base our Testament were composed. judgement and understanding of claims - Strips of the papyrus reeds were pressed of the Church as the mother and guardian together to make this writing material— of the Word of God. which is extremely perishable, surviving only in warm, dry climates. The concrete evidence of manuscripts presented above demonstrate that the Bible did Uncials (Majuscules) not just come from God directly. - The second line of evidence to reconstruct the text of the New Testament These contain not only most of the New is the uncial (inch high) manuscripts. Testament writings but also a great bulk of the - The name is derived from the inch high Septuagint. It is from these uncials that we can size of the letters. say that we have a complete Christian Bible, i.e., - There are approximately three hundred both the Old and New Testaments. There are uncial manuscripts of the New basically three codices which contain almost the Testament—all written-on parchment complete Bible. (animal skins). Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B  - It has been estimated that it would have - A Catholic Bible includes the whole 73- taken the hides of about 360 sheep and book canon recognized by the Catholic goats to produce Codex Sinaiticus (an Church, including the deuterocanonical uncial manuscript that contained the books (Of these books, Tobit, Judith, 1 entire Greek Old Testament and New and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Testament). Baruch, parts of Esther and parts of - Uncial writing consists of upper-case Daniel are deuterocanonical). letters that are deliberately and carefully - Above all the Catholic Bible, all of which written. have an imprimatur granted by a Catholic Bishop. Minuscules - In the ninth century A.D., uncial writing Imprimatur began to be replaced by a faster method - A license granted by a bishop certifying known as minuscule writing. the Church’s approval of a book to be - Minuscule writing was a script of smaller published(collinsdictionary.com). letters not as carefully executed as Nihil Obstat uncials. - “nothing hinders” (Encyclopedia - By using minuscule writing, books could Britannica). be turned out much faster. - Minuscule writing was in use from the 4TH CENTURY ninth to the sixteenth century. - “EMPEROR CONSTANTINE” - AUTHORIZED THE CREATION OF Lectionaries FIFTY COPIES OF THE COMPLETE - The fourth witness to the New Testament SCRIPTURE. text are Scripture portions known as - THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE NEW lectionaries. TESTAMENT CAME TOGETHER AS - The church followed the custom of the ONE BOOK. synagogue which had a fixed portion of the Law and the Prophets read each Sabbath. - In the same manner, Christians developed a practice where they would read a fixed portion of the gospels and the New Testament letters every Sunday as well as upon Holy Days. - These fixed portions are the lectionaries. Fragments of lectionaries come from as early as the sixth century A.D., while complete manuscripts are found as early as the eighth century. Distinct Characteristics of a Catholic Bible: Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B  Numbers: 36 Story of the 40 years of wandering in the wilderness Deuteronomy: 34 Series of formal speeches of Moses THE HISTORICAL BOOKS LESSON 2: THE OLD TESTAMENT o this section deals with the history Old Testament of the nation of Israel - (also known as the Jewish Tanakh) o these books cover the life of the - is the first 39 books in most Christian Bibles nation from their possession of - the name stands for the original promise with the land down to the two God (to the descendants of Abraham in deportations and loss of the land particular) prior to the coming of Jesus Christ because of unbelief and in the New Testament (or the new promise) disobedience - contains the creation of the universe, the o covering about 800 years of history of the patriarchs, the exodus from Israel’s history, tell about the Egypt, the formation of Israel as a nation, the conquering and possession of subsequent decline and fall of the nation, the Canaan, the reigns of the judges, Prophets (who spoke for God), and the the establishment of kings, the Wisdom Books. division of Israel into the Northern and Southern Kingdoms, the fall The Division of Old Testament of the Northern Kingdom to Section of Old Testament Assyria, the exile of the Southern THE PENTATEUCH Kingdom into Babylon, and the o it refers to the first five books of return to Jerusalem under the Old Testament leadership of men like Nehemiah o telling the about story of creation and Ezra & beginning of the nation. Genesis: 50 Joshua: 24 “Book of beginnings” and Foundational Regarded as a type of Christ; successor Principles of the nature of the world. of Moses as a leader of Israel; came from the tribe of Ephraim Exodus: 40 Departure of the Israelites from Egypt to Judges: 21 the Promised Land temporary and special deliverance of Israelite people Leviticus: 27 described in the Hebrew Bible as the Containing the laws relating to the priest people who roles as military leaders in and Levites times of crisis, in the period before the Israelite monarchy was established recounts the actions of certain leaders whom God raises up to liberate the Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B  people from the oppression of their Ruth: 4 Canaanite neighbors Story of Ruth and Naomi and intro to the attacks of their enemies are in the genealogy of David; wife of retribution for the people’s lack of Mahlon obedience to the covenant and for their worship of false gods 1 Samuel: 31 when the people repent, God sends It contains the history of Eli, Samuel, them a liberator or judge Saul and exile of David among the most famous judges are Gideon, Deborah, Jephthah, Samson, 2 Samuel: 24 and Samuel. It contains the reign of David Types of Judges 1 Kings: 22 Religious history of a nation ▪ Major Judges Othniel, Ehud, Deborah 1 Chronicles: 29 and Barak, Gideon, and Contains the list of genealogies of Israel Samson straining all his down to David & his reign nerves’) are judges as such 2 Chronicles: 36 because they have more History of King Solomon; separation of details written than the kingdom of Judah to Babylonian exile others they have substantial Ezra: 10 accounts dealing with Records of events occurring at the close their acts on Israel’s of Babylonian exile behalf. we’re not judges at all but Nehemiah: 13 served as entirely Records of events occurring at the close different function (Military of Babylonian exile deliverer) ▪ Minor Judges (Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Tobit: 14 Ibzan, Elon and Abdon) Judith: 16 are having only a series Esther: 10 of stereotyped phrases This book exhibits the providential and a few personal government of God; Persian name details ‘Hadassah’ served as legal authorities in Israel’s 1 Maccabees: 16 2 Maccabees: 15 amphictyony and thus were properly termed ‘judges.’ POETRY AND WISDOM BOOKS o the term “poetical” refers only to their form Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B  o it must not be thought to imply that and life experiences of prophets they are simply the product of who preached between about 750 human imagination and 450 B.C o portray real human experience, o some of the messages are of and grapple with profound judgment and warning, while problems, and express big others focus on forgiveness and realities of Israel’s spiritual life renewal o wisdom books - wise sayings or o Prophets – serving as spoke instructions persons of God Job: 42 Kinds of Prophets This speaks about the trial of Job, issue Major Prophets and endurance refer to those whose words and actions are told in the longer prophetic books Psalms: 150 Isaiah, Jeremiah, (Lamentations & Lament of praise, nature, poems and Baruch) Ezekiel, Daniel worship Minor Prophets they are the group of prophets whose biblical writings are relatively brief Proverbs: 31 Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Observation about life and the wisdom Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, of God Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Isaiah: 66 Ecclesiastes: 12 This consists of prophecies Personal journal consisting of reflection, Jeremiah: 52 recollection and mood pieces Reproofs of the sins of the Jews Song of Solomon: 8 Lamentations: 5 This is an allegorical poem setting forth An Elegy that laments the metaphoric the mutual love of Christ and the Church death of Jerusalem; a song of wailing Wisdom: 19 Baruch: 6 A guide for practical and intellectual life This speaks about the Jewish exile from Babylon Ecclesiasticus (Sirach): 51 This speaks about ethical teachings Ezekiel: 48 He speaks about denunciation of against Jews and giving warning for the PROPHETIC BOOKS/PROPHETS destruction of Jerusalem o these books record God’s messages to the people of Israel Daniel: 12 and Judah in the form of Treating the period of captivity speeches or sermons, visions, Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B Hosea: 14 Haggai: 2 Talks about the period of Israel’s decline Urging the people to proceed with the and fall rebuilding of the temple Joel: 3 Zechariah: 14 Contains a prophecy of great public Apocalyptic book a prophet announces calamity his commission and vision; description Amos: 9 of hopes Talking about the spiritual condition of Judah and especially of Israel Malachi: 4 Consists of litany of spiritual and moral failings of priest and ordinary people; Announcing the advent of the Great Messenger of NT Obadiah: 1 Speaks the captivity and the calamity as LESSON 3: NEW TESTAMENT having come on Jerusalem The New Testament o The second part of the Christian Bible. Jonah: 4 o Written originally in Greek and recording the Talks about his divine commission to life and teachings of Jesus and His earliest Nineveh; his disobedience and followers. punishment o It includes the four gospels, The Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles by St. Paul and others, Micah: 7 and the book of Revelation. States that the prophet exercised his o The New Testament is a collection of Christian texts originally written in the Koine office Greek language, at different times by various different authors. While the Old Testament Nahum: 3 canon varies somewhat between different Message of warning or predicting the Christian denominations, the 27-book canon destruction of the city of the New Testament has been almost universally recognized within Christianity since at least Late Antiquity. Habakkuk: 3 o In almost all Christian traditions today, the Speaks about Chaldeans invasion to New Testament consists of 27 books: Judah but it did not happen comforting - The Four Canonical Gospels his people by foretelling the humiliations (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and of their conquerors John) - The Acts of the Apostles Zephaniah: 3 - The Fourteen Epistles of Paul Foretells the doom of Nineveh - The Seven Catholic Epistles denouncing various forms of idolatry esp. that of Baal - The Book of Revelation Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B Division of the New Testament - John o The Historical Books - Presenting Jesus Christ as the Son of - Four Gospels & Acts of the God Apostles o The Didactic Books The Synoptic Gospels - (RCGEPCTTTPH&JPJJ) - St. Matthew o The Prophetic Book - St. Mark - The Apocalypse/Revelation - St. Luke - They are called the Synoptic Gospels, Sections of the New Testament because they include many of the same o Gospels stories, often in a similar or identical o Pauline Letters & Others wording. o Acts of the Apostles - It comes from the Latin word o The Book of Revelation ‘synopticus’ or Greek word ‘synopsis’ which means “same view” or “seeing all The Gospels together”. o Each of the four gospels in the New Testament narrates the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. o The word "gospel" derives from the Old English gōd-spell (rarely godspel), meaning "good news" or "glad tidings". o The gospel was considered the "good news" of the coming Kingdom of Messiah, and the redemption through the life and death of Jesus, the central Christian message. o Gospel is a calque (word-for-word translation of the Greek word euangelion (eu- "good", -angelion "message"). o Derived from the Greek term euangélion, which simply means ‘good news’ or ‘good tidings’ o It comes from the Greek word εὐαγγέλιον, “evangelion”, meaning “Good News” and written account of the life and teachings of Jesus. Matthew - Presenting Jesus Christ as the promised Messiah. - Mark - Presenting Jesus Christ as the Suffering Servant of God. Acts of the Apostles - Luke - Written by St. Luke. - Presenting Jesus Christ as the Savior Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B  - Provides a detailed, orderly, eyewitness Ephesians account of the birth and growth of the Philippians early church and spread of the gospel Colossians immediately after the resurrection of Philemon Jesus Christ. Pastoral Epistles Three letters were directed toward Letters of St. Paul church leaders discussing the - Catholic Letters ministerial matters. - The Pauline letters refer to the thirteen - 1 Timothy books; speak about the Christian - 2 Timothy documents; provide an insight into the - Titus beliefs and controversies of early Christianity. General Epistles - Hebrews was considered as Pauline letter, addressed to some Churches. Known as the Catholic Epistles, are the 7 New Testament letters written by Epistles James, Peter, John and Jude. - The epistles of the New Testament are These were addressed to a general considered by Christians to be divinely audience of believers rather than to a inspired and holy letters, written by the specific church (except 2 and 3 apostles and disciples of Christ, to either John) local congregations with specific needs, or to New Covenant Christians in general, PAULINE EPISTLES: scattered about; or "catholic epistles." a. Romans Apostles Paul’s inspirational Epistles in Paul's name masterpiece, explains God’s 2 Thessalonians plan of salvation by grace, Colossians through faith in Jesus Christ. Pseudepigraphic Ephesians b. Corinthians 1 Timothy Paul wrote 1 Corinthians to 2 Timothy confront and correct the Titus young church in Corinth as it was struggling with matters of Authorship of the Pauline Epistles disunity, immorality, and Romans immaturity. 1 Corinthiand 2 Corinthians c. 2 Corinthians Galatians A deeply personal letter from Philippians Paul to the church in Corinth, 1 Thessalonians giving great transparency into Philemon Paul’s heart. THE LETTERS OF ST. PAUL d. Galatians Prison Epistles It warns that we are not saved by Were composed while he was confined in obeying the Law but by faith in Jesus prison. Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B  Christ, teaching us how to be free from the burden of the Law. b. 2 Timothy Written by Paul just before his death e. 1 Thessalonians Is a moving letter, teaching us how we can be Paul’s first letter to the church confident even during hardship. in Thessalonica encourages new believers to stand firm in c. Titus the face of strong It is about choosing competent church persecution. leaders, a topic especially relevant in today’s immoral, materialistic society. f. 2 Thessalonians Paul’s second letter to the HEBREWS church in Thessalonica was written to Written by an unknown early clear up confusion about the end Christian, builds a case for the times and the second coming of superiority of Jesus Christ and Christ. Christianity. But traditionally Apostle Paul was PRISON EPISTLES: thought to be the author of this a. Epheshians because of the style of writing Gives practical, encouraging advice on living a life that honors God, which CATHOLIC LETTERS is why it’s still relevant in a conflict They are letters of the New ridden world. Testament which are not named after b. Philippians Paul. One of Paul’s most personal letters, They are called Catholic (Universal) written to the church in Philippi. because they are intended for the In it, we learn the secret to Paul’s entire Christian world; address to all contentment Churches or believers. Seven Catholic letters of the New c. Colossian Testament: Warns believers against the dangers - James which threaten them. - 1 & 2 Peter - 1, 2 & 3 John d. Philemon - Jude One of the shortest books in the Bible, teaches an important lesson on CATHOLIC/GENERAL EPISTLES forgiveness as Paul deals with the a. James issue of a runaway slave. Has a well-deserved reputation for providing practical advice for PASTORAL EPISTLES: Christians. a. 1 Timothy b. 1 Peter It describes Christ-centered living in the Hope to believers in times of Christian church, directed to both leaders suffering and persecution. and members. Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B c. 2 Peter revelation of Christ Jesus, Himself. Peter’s second letter contains John's visions reveal that Jesus has his final words to the church; overcome evil by his death and a warning against false resurrection, and will return one day teachers and an as the true king of the world. encouragement to press on in John of Patmos/John the Revelator/ faith and hope. John the Divine/John the Theologian/John the Presbyter/John the Apostle. d. 1 John Contains some of the Bible’s most beautiful descriptions of God and his unfailing love. e. 2 John It delivers a stern warning about ministers who deceive others. f. 3 John It catalogs the qualities of four types of Christians we should and should not imitate. g. Jude Written by Jude, who is also called Thaddeus, shows Christians the dangers of listening to false teachers, a warning that still applies to many preachers today. Book of Revelations The final book of the New Testament is the Book of Revelation, also known as the Apocalypse of John. In the New Testament canon, it is considered prophetical or apocalyptic literature. A prophetic book concerning the events of the last days. It comes from the Greek word “apokalypsis” meaning “unveiling” or “revelation”. The book of revelation talks about the worship and praise and ultimate Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B Sanz, Kassandra Althea C. BSN – 1B