Adolescent & Young Adulthood Social and Emotional Development PDF

Adolescent & Young Adulthood Social and Emotional Development Continued  Learning Objectives Explain how adolescent-caregiver relationships, relationships with friends, and peer groups influence, socio-emotional development. Describe the development and quality of romantic...

Adolescent & Young Adulthood Social and Emotional Development Continued  Learning Objectives Explain how adolescent-caregiver relationships, relationships with friends, and peer groups influence, socio-emotional development. Describe the development and quality of romantic relationships during adolescence and young adulthood. Understand what intimate partner violence is including the risk and protective factors and prevention strategies.  Relationships with Parents What did you argue the most about with your parents/caregivers when you were an adolescent? Authoritative parenting Attachment Styles – a secure base Adolescents with a secure attachment have better abilities to negotiate and resolve disagreements with their friends and higher social competence with peers and adults outside the family. (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Peers Friends serve as a support system for each other as adolescents seek to establish autonomy from parents and a sense of identity. Girls appear to have more intimate and socially supportive friendships than boys – they share more intimate details. BUT Girls are also more likely to use relational aggression against their friends, particularly in early and middle adolescence, including sharing secrets or personally sensitive information outside the friendship. (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Peers Cont… Boys appear to be less concerned with issues of intimacy and more focused on issues of skill and competition. Their conversations may involve attempts to “one-up each” other in terms of grossness, humour, or physical skill. Lack of concern for intimacy? – socialized this way (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Positive Results of Friendships? Helps to understand other’s emotions and social roles Increases social competence. Increases psychological well being Offers support for everyday life as well as stressful times. (Manis & Pencer, 2020) Negative Results of Friendships? Co-rumination – 2 friends keep revisiting upsetting issues, putting them at risk of anxiety or depression. Deviancy training - a process by which antisocial peers encourage antisocial talk among friends, sometimes leading the friend down a path to delinquent behaviour. (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Cliques Small, exclusive groups of friends and acquaintances, containing an average of five to eight members. Clique members generally resemble one another in socioeconomic status, family background, ethnicity, moral and social values, and school achievement. They provide a secure base and active social support for its members. Individuals may have several cliques, including cliques in school, in after-school activities, and in the neighbourhood. In mid-adolescence, single-sex cliques become mixed-sex, and romantic couples sometimes form within the group. (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Crowds Often contains several cliques, friendship pairs, and solo individuals. Crowds are reputation-based. Common types of crowds found in high schools are “brains,” “populars,” “jocks,” “burnouts” (disengaged with school and/or engaging in deviant behaviour), and “normals” (a large group of teens who are average in popularity and school achievement). (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Popular Crowd Perceived popularity – popularity rated by peers Researchers have found that popularity in girls is associated with being fashionable, attractive, and sociable as well as mean, rude, and snobby (think of the popular film Mean Girls written by Tina Fey), whereas popularity in boys is associated with being cool, athletic, entertaining, and a risk taker. (Manis & Pencer, 2020) In your small groups develop a list of pros and cons of social media.  Online Peer Interaction Social Media, Social Life: Teens Reveal Their Experiences - Common Sense Media Please watch the video. What are some of the positive and negative aspects they discuss about social media?  Cyberbullying Is the use of electronic communication to bully an individual. It may consist of posting inappropriate or embarrassing photos or videos of someone; attacking or mocking someone’s sexual orientation, race, or ethnicity; or other forms of social harassment. Research on cyberbullying is fairly new, however, a meta-analysis of research studies found that cyberbullying was more strongly related to suicidal ideation than traditional bullying and that all types of peer victimization were associated with suicide attempts for both males and females. (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Positive Youth Development Positive Youth Development – focuses on the process by which adolescents can become physically and psychologically healthy. This is different from the traditional perception – instead of viewing adolescents as “problems to be managed,” many experts now regard them as “resources to be developed.” The key principles of this approach involve focusing on; positive resources within the adolescents themselves (such as self-regulation), positive aspects of relationships within their families (such as parental warmth and monitoring), and assets within their schools and communities (such as mentors and developmental programs). These principles were derived from many years of research on resilience, a phenomenon referring to successful development that occurs in children and adolescents despite exposure to stressful or traumatic experiences (such as child maltreatment, war, gang violence, malnutrition, and so forth). (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Positive Youth Development cont… Positive Youth Development | Youth.gov  Romantic Relationships The majority of relationships under the age of 17 generally lasted less than a year. By ages 17 to 18, many teens report longer-term relationships. Most people in their 20s state that they feel unable to commit to a long-term romantic relationship until certain life tasks – working & career training – are settled. (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Romantic Relationships Cont… At the present time, little research exists on romantic relationships among sexual minority youth. The few studies that do exist indicate that the development of romantic experiences is similar among sexual minority youth, although they tend to be less public about it due to issues surrounding the acceptance of LGBTQ people by family, friends, and society. (Manis & Pencer, 2020)  Factors Affecting Romantic Relationships Family Secure attachment Authoritative parenting style Positive relationships with family Positive family communication Peers (Manis & Pencer, 2020) Sternberg’s Theory of Love 7 Different types of love involve combining three qualities; 1.Passion – physical attractiveness and sexual desire. 2.Intimacy – feelings of emotional attachment and closeness. 3. Commitment – pledge to love someone over the long run. This is what sustains a long-term relationship through fluctuations in passion and intimacy. These 3 qualities of love are combined into seven different forms of love in Sternberg’s theory. (Arnett, 2013) 19  Sternberg 1. Liking 2. Infatuation Intimacy alone without passion or Passion alone without commitment or intimacy. commitment. Involves a great deal of Love that characterizes most physiological and emotional friendships. arousal. Friendships that come and go in Heighted level of sexual desire. our lives. No emotional closeness or enduring commitment. √ Intimacy X Intimacy X Passion √ Passion X Commitment X Commitment (Arnett, 2013) 20  Sternberg 3. Empty Love 4. Romantic Love Commitment alone, without passion or Combines passion and intimacy intimacy. but lacks commitment. Couples who have been married for years, have Often experienced as intense and lost the passion and intimacy they once had, but remain together. joyful, but it rarely lasts long. Arranged marriages – can develop passion and √ Passion intimacy. √ Intimacy X Passion X Commitment X Intimacy √ Commitment (Arnett, 2013) 21  Sternberg 6. Fatuous love (silly or 5. Companionate love foolish) Combines intimacy and commitment but Involves passion and commitment without passion. without intimacy. May be applied to married or long-term couples “Whirlwind” courtship where two whose passion for each other has gradually waned but who have maintained the other people meet, fall passionately in love, qualities of their love. and get married in a very short period Could also be applied to unusually close of time. friendships as well as to close family They have not had time to get to know relationships. each other well. X Passion √ Passion √ Intimacy √ Commitment X Intimacy √Commitment (Arnett, 2013) 22  Sternberg 7. Consummate love Integrates passion, intimacy, and commitment. Represents the ideal for many people. Over time passion may fade, intimacy may falter, or commitment may be betrayed. √ Passion √ Intimacy √Commitment (Arnett, 2013) 23 Sternberg’s Seven Forms of Love Forms of Love Passion Intimacy Commitment Liking No Yes No Infatuation Yes No No Empty Love No No Yes Romantic Love Yes Yes No Companionate Love No Yes Yes Fatuous Yes No Yes Consummate Love Yes Yes Yes 24  What are your thoughts about living together before marriage? Do you think living together first helps to better prepare you for marriage? Why do you think living together is on the rise? 25  The Daily — State of the union: Canada leads the G7 with ne arly one-quarter of couples living common law, driven by Qu ebec (statcan.gc.ca) In this context, the 2021 Census of Population took a snapshot of Canada's 8.6 million couples. It reveals that the face of romantic relationships continues to become more diverse, and differs considerably across generations and regions of the country. When young adults do pair off, living common law is the norm. In 2021, nearly 8 in 10 people aged 20 to 24 who were part of a couple (79%) were living with a common-law partner. However, living common law is also gaining popularity at older ages, accounting for 16% of people aged 55 to 69 in couples, up from 13% in 2016.  From 1981 to 2021, the number of common-law couples increased by 447%, a much faster growth than that of married couples over the same period (+26%). Still, marriage remains the predominant type of union. In 2021, more than three-quarters (77%) of couples were married, with the remaining 23% living common law.  Common Law Common law – provincial jurisdiction, not a federal one According to the Ontario Family Law Act, you are considered common law if you have lived together for at least 3 years – unless you have a child together and have cohabited in a relationship of some permanence for 1 year. “Common law partners sometimes assume that if they separate, they have an automatic entitlement to half of the assets accumulated during the relationship. But the reality is that they do not have any automatic right to property as married couples do under the Family Law Act. So, whatever the parties brought into the relationship is what they are entitled to leave with (a division of property based on ownership), and they generally must divide any shared property equally. A common law partner also has no intrinsic right to inherit property if the other party dies and did not include them in their estate plan or will. That includes the home that both parties lived in (Brown, 2017).” 28  Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) The following information is taken from an article, focusing on the overall Canadian population, examining experiences of intimate partner violence among members of different population groups, based on self-reported data from the 2018 Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces (SSPPS) for various populations. It explores the prevalence, nature, and impact of IPV on Canadians taking a gender-based approach by comparing the experiences of women and men. Statistics Canada – Intimate Partner Violence in Canada, 2018: An Overview – Adam Colter, April 26, 2021. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/artic le/00003-eng.htm  Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Different definitions (but all include psychological, physical and sexual violence) STATS Canada - violent offences that occur between current and former partners who may or may not live together RCMP - harm caused by an intimate partner, which takes many forms but is often the result of an attempt to gain or assert power or control over a partner. Survey of Safety in Public & Private Spaces (SSPS) - any act or behaviour committed by a current or former intimate partner, regardless of whether or not these partners lived together. (Colter, 2021)  Psychological Violence Encompasses forms of abuse that target a person’s emotional, mental, or financial well-being, or impede their personal freedom or sense of safety. 15 types of abuse in total – some are jealousy, name- calling and other put-downs, stalking or harassing behaviours, manipulation, confinement, or property damage. (Colter, 2021)  Physical Violence Includes forms of abuse that involve physical assault or the threat of physical assault. 9 types of abuse in total – some are items being thrown at the victim, being threatened with a weapon, being slapped, being beaten, and being choked. (Colter, 2021)  Sexual Violence Includes sexual assault or threats of sexual assault. Being made to perform sex acts that the victim did not want to perform, and forcing or attempting to force the victim to have sex. (Colter, 2021)  IPV Prevalence of self-reporting IPV is similar when comparing men and women. The difference lies in the type; women disproportionately experience the most severe forms; Choked Assaulted Threatened with a weapon Sexually assaulted Women are more likely to experience More frequent instances of violence Injury Negative physical and emotional consequences (Colter, 2021)  IPV Women comprise most victims in cases that are reported. Homicide data have consistently shown that women victims of homicide in Canada are more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than by any other perpetrator. 44% of women (approximately 6.2 million women 15 yrs and older) reported experiencing some type of abuse in the context of an intimate relationship. Psychological abuse is the most common, then physical, followed by sexual assault. (Colter, 2021)  IPV Among women who experienced IPV, the most common abusive behaviours were; being put down or called names (31%), being prevented from talking to others by their partner (29%), being told they were crazy, stupid, or not good enough (27%), having their partner demand to know where they were and who they were with at all times (19%), or being shaken, grabbed, pushed, or thrown (17%)  IPV Four of these five—being prevented from talking to others (27%), being put down (19%), being told they were crazy, stupid, or not good enough (16%), and having their partner demand to know their whereabouts (15%)—were also the most common types of IPV experienced by men. However, the prevalence among women was higher for each of these abusive behaviours, as it was for almost all IPV behaviours measured by the survey. (Colter, 2021)  IPV In addition to gender, other individual and socioeconomic characteristics intersect to impact the likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence. For example, the prevalence of IPV was notably higher among; Indigenous women, LGBTQ2 women and men, Women with disabilities, and Young women Victimization research has consistently shown that age is a major risk factor, with younger people being more likely to experience IPV. Three in ten (29%) women 15 to 24 years of age reported having experienced IPV in the past 12 months, more than double the proportion found among women between the ages of 25 to 34 or 35 to 44, and close to six times higher than that among women 65 years of age or older. This was similar for men as well. (Colter, 2021)  IPV Lower household income and early experiences of child abuse were also characteristics that impact the likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence. (Colter, 2021) Cycle of Abuse Risk and Protective Factors  Major Project Cont… Group Learning Activity – worth 5% Due a week prior to presentation (one copy per group) Presentation – worth 20% All members are required to be present for the presentation to receive their individual grades. Working log, interview questions/answers, reference page, and PowerPoint are due the night (11:59pm) before the presentation. Please submit (separate documents) into the folder. Peer Evaluations – worth 5% Evaluate each group member including yourself. To receive a grade for this part you must hand in your peer evaluations. Due a week after presentation unless you are presenting the last day.  Major Project Cont… Worksheets and Participation – worth 10% Each week you will be required to complete the learning activities related to the presentations given that week. They are due one week (by 11:59pm) after the presentation for the first 2 weeks. The learning activities for the last presentations are due within 2 days by 11:59pm. There will be a folder created with the title of the presentation. Please upload it to the appropriate folder. You are also required to attend each presentation as an audience member.  References Arnett, J.J. (2013). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach (5th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Brown, K. (2017). Rights & Obligations for Common Law Couples in Ontario. Retrieved from https://shulman.ca/common-law-relationships/rights-obligations-common-law-coupl es-ontario/ Colter, A. (2021). Statistics Canada: Intimate Partner Violence in Canada, 2018: An Overview. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00003-eng.htm Manis, F.R. and Pencer, A. (2020). The Dynamic Child. (Canadian Edition) Toronto ON: Pearson Canada Inc. STATS Canada. (2019). Family Matters: Being Married or Common-Law in Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2019031-eng.htm Stritof, S. (2018). Essential Cohabitation Facts and Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.thespruce.com/cohabitation-facts-and-statistics-2302236