The Novels of Rizal | Herocor College

HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines THE NOVELS OF RIZAL Jose Rizal wrote eight (8) novels: 6 unfinished and untitled novels and two (2) Its sequel is the El Filibusterismo. was...

HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines THE NOVELS OF RIZAL Jose Rizal wrote eight (8) novels: 6 unfinished and untitled novels and two (2) Its sequel is the El Filibusterismo. was the first complete novel published by Rizal. Unfinished and Untitled Novels 1. Untitled and unsigned manuscript novel consisting of 44 pages in Rizal's handwriting. The manuscript form is preserved in the National Library. Some of the characters include Prince Tagilima and Sultan Zaide. The hero of the novel was Kamandagan. 2. Makamisa, a novel in Tagalog. Only two chapters were finished. The manuscript consisted of 20 pages. 3. Dapitan written in ionic Spanish. It consists of eight (8) pages. It was written during Rizal's exile in Dapitan. 4. Life in Pili, Laguna a Spanish novel which was not finished. The manuscript consists of 147 pages. Some of the characters of this novel are Pedro Agaton, a Spanish friar, Capitan Panchoy and Capitana Barang, Cecilia their pretty girl and Isagani, the lover of Cecilia. 5. Cristobal a novel without a title is about Cristobal, a youthful Filipino student who has returned from Europe. 6. A novel that was contained/written in two notebooks the first note contains 31 written pages and the second one contains 12 written pages. The Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe which portrays the brutalities of American slave-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro slaves inspired Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of the Filipino under the lash of Spanish tyrants. Rizal was then a medical student at the Universidad Central de Madrid. CHAPTER 1 Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) Background of the Publication of the Noli Toward the end of 1884. Rizal started to write Noli in Madrid and fin about one-half of it. In Paris, 1885, while studying at the Universidad Central Madrid, he finished one-half of the second half. He finished the last fourth of N in Germany. The last few chapters were written at Wilhelmsfeld in April-Jus 1886. Viola Financed Printing. Sick and penniless. Rizal had no hope of having published, he received a telegram from Dr. Maximo Viola that he was coming Berlin. Dr. Viola was a scion of rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan. When Viola arrived before Christmas Day in 1887, he was shocked to find Rizal in poverty and was sick due to lack of proper nourishment. 1  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines Viola gladly agreed to finance the printing cost of the Noli. He also loa some cash money for the living expenses. To save printing expenses, Rizal dele certain passages in his manuscript, including the whole chapter, Elias and Salom Printing of the Noli. Rizal with the help of Viola, supervised the printing the Noli. Day by day, they were at the printing shop proof-reading the printed pages. Noli came off the press on March 21, 1887. First copies of the printed novel were sent to Rizal's intimate friends like Blumentritt. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and Felix R. Hidalgo. On March 29, 1887. Rizal gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli in token of his appreciation and gratitude. The Title of the Noli. Noli Me Tangere, which means "Touch Me Not", was taken from the bible, particularly the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20, Verses 13 28). According to St. John, on the first Easter Sunday, St. Mary Magdalene visited the Holy Sepulcher, and to her Our Lord Jesus, just risen from the dead said: "Touch Me Not", I am not yet ascended to my Father, but go to my brethren and say unto them. I ascend unto my Father and Your Father; and my God and your God." Attackers and Defenders of the Noli Attackers: 1. Fr. Jose Rodriguez, an Augustine priest who published a series of eight (8) pamphlets to discredit Noli. 2. Father Font - printed and distributed copies to discredit the controversial novel. 3. General Jose de Salamanca 4. General Luis M. de Prado 5.Sr. Fernando Vida 6.Vicente Barrantes, the Spanish academician of Madrid who bitterly criticized the Noli in an article published in La España Moderna (Madrid newspaper) in January 1890. Defenders: 1.Marcelo H. Del Pilar 2.Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor 3.Graciano Lopez Jaena 4.Mariano Ponce 5.Father Sanchez, Rizal's favorite teacher in the Ateneo 6 Don Segismundo Moret, former Minister of the Crown 7. Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and stateman Professor Blumentritt, scholar and educator 2  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines Other Filipino reformists in foreign lands 10. Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino priest-scholar and a Tagalog translator 11. Desiderio Magalong Important Characters in the Noli There are many characters that appear in the novel but have at least one role. Listed here are the nine most important characters in the story. 1. Crisostomo Ibarra Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly called Ibarra, is Filipino-Spanish and the only descendant of the wealthy Spaniard Don Rafael Ibarra. He was born and grew up in the Philippines, but during his adolescence, spent seven years studying in Europe. Those years prevented him from knowing what was happening in his country. When he returned to the Philippines, he found his father had died and the corpse was (supposedly) moved to a Chinese cemetery (but the body ended up in a river). He heard tales of how helpful and kind his father had been and decided to honor the memory of his father by doing as his father did. 2. Maria Clara Maria Clara delos Santos y Alba is the most dominant yet we representation of women in the setting. When thinking of Noli, the of María Clara can be seen predominantly as the image of the ideal Flip woman. Maria Clara is the primary female character in the novel. She daughter of Capitán Tiago and Doña Pia Alba. Doña Pia died while deliver Maria Clara. The poor child grew under the guidance and supervision of T Isabel, Capitán Tiago's cousin. María Clara is known to be Ibarra's lover since childhood. When Tow was away in Europe, Capitán Tiago sent Maria Clara to the Beaterio de Sa Clara where she developed into a lovely woman under the strict guidance the religious nuns. Later in the novel. Maria Clara discovers that her biological father i Capitán Tiago, but San Diego's former curate and her godfather Padre Daman 3. Padre Damaso Padre Damaso Verdolagas (commonly known as Padre Damaso Pad Damaso or Father Damaso), of Franciscan order, was the former curate of the parish church of San Diego. He was the curate for almost twenty years before he replaced by much younger Padre Salvi. Padre Damaso was known to be friendly with the Ibarra family, so much that Crisostomo was surprised by what the former curate had done to Don Rafael. Padre Damaso is described to be snobbish, ruthless and judge mental extrovert. He does not control his words when speaking and does not care the person he is talking to feel embarrassed or remorseful. He always berates or criticizes other people around him- especially towards Ibarra. Enraged Ibarra once almost stabbed the priest after he embarrassed him in front of the people in the sacristy. This made everyone think of him dead before Ibarra was being issued for arrest. 3  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines There are also issues that he and Donya Pia had a relationship and also revealed that he is the biological father of Maria Clara. 4. Kapitan Tiago Don Santiago delos Santos commonly known as Kapitán Tiago, is the only son of a wealthy trader in Malabon. Due to his mother's cruelty, Kapitán Tiago did not attain any formal education. He became a servant of a Dominican priest. When the priest and his father died, Kapitán Tiago decided to assist in the family business of trading before he met his wife Dona Pia Alba who came from another wealthy family. Because of their consistent devotion to Santa Clara in Obando, they were blessed with a daughter who shared the same features as Padre Damaso, named Maria Clara. Kapitán Tiago owned numerous properties in Pampanga, Laguna and especially, in San Diego. He also managed boarding houses along Daang Anloague and Santo Cristo (in San Diego too) and had contracts for opening an opium business. He is close to the priests because he had given numerous contributions of money during ecclesiastical donations and always invited the parish curate to every formal dinner. He was also entrenched with the government because he the reason he obtained the title of gobernadorcillo, the highest government position that a non-Spaniard could have in the Philippines. Later in the Noli sequel, El Filibusterismo, Kapitán Tiago loses all his properties and becomes addicted to opium, which would eventually lead to his death. 5. Pilosopo Tasyo Don Anastacio commonly known as Filósofo Tacio (Philosopher Tasyo) is one of the most important characters in Noli. On the one hand, he is referred to as a philosopher/sage (hence, Pilosopo Tasyo) because his ideas were accurate with the minds of the townspeople. On the other hand, if his ideas were against the thinking of the majority, he was considered the Imbecile Tacio (or Tasyong Sintu-sinto) or Lunatic Tacio (Tasyong Baliw). Filósofo Tacio was born into a wealthy Filipino family. His mother let him be formally educated, then abruptly ordered him to stop. She feared Tasyo would become "too educated" and lose his faith and devotion to religion. His mother gave him two choices: either go into the priesthood or stop his education. Tasyo chose the latter because he had a girlfriend that time. Soon enough, they married and after a year, Tasyo widowed while his mother also died. Most of his time was taken up in reading and buying books that all his properties were lost and he became poor. 6. Elias Elias came from the family which the Ibarra clan had oppressed for generations. He grew up in a wealthy family until he discovered something that changed his life forever. Despite that Ibarra's family subjugated his family, he is entirely indebted towards him. Furthermore, Ibarra, who in turn, saved Elías' life when they tried to kill a crocodile. Elias helped him again before Ibarra pets arrested by burning his house. Elias and Ibarra conies. supporting each other until Elias sacrificed.He was shot by the guards (mistakenly took as tharra trying to dive down river and escape) and slowly died. 4  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines 7. Doña Victorina Doña Victorina de los Reves de Espadana is the one who pretended to a meztisa (a Spaniard born in the Phillipines) and always dreamed of find a Spanish husband, in which she married Don Tiburcio. She was feared everyone in the town because of her odd appearance, her ruthless person and her fierce rivalry against Donya Consolacion. It actually came to pass but she did not like Don Tiburcio. She mes forced herself to marry him despite having fallen in love with Kapitan 8. Sisa Narcisa is married to the man named Pedro and the mother of Basilion Crispin. She depicts how Filipino mothers love their children unquestionably After days when Crispin was held captive by Mang Tasyo, the owner of sacristy, she was arrested, locked up in the jail. One day later, she was pardo by the town Alferez and was released. However, when she returned home. Basilio was also gone. When she found Crispin's clothes soaked with blood she grew lunatic as she continues to find her children. At the end of the novel. Basilio grievously mourns for his mother as he found her lying dead under the tree. 9. Doña Consolacion Doña Consolacion, la musa de los guardias civiles y esposa del Alferez once a laundry woman who worked for the town Alferez. She became wealthy after marrying a Spanish husband. Despite that they are rivals with Dom Victorina, they are somewhat common WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERS OF NOLI REPRESENT: (Reported by: Jenalyn Avila Rutsel Baguinang Katherine Guingab) Rizal's portrayal of the characters in the novel Noli Me Tangere is relevant to the political and social classes during his time. 1. Crisostomo Ibarra Elias Kapitan Tiago Maria Clara Doña Victorina Pia Allba Don Tiburcio Gobernador Heneral Alfonso Linares Alferez Pilosopo Tasyo Padre Sibyla Padre Salvi Padre Damaso Crispin Basilio Sisa Doña Consolacion. The characters crisistomo Ibarra He has a liberal mind outspoken dealistic Patient and serious man. He becomes very violent and impulsive when he is provoked. Ibarra is Rizal's reflection of himself He symbolizes the idealism of the privileged youth. 2. Elias- He distrusts human judgment and prefers God's justice instead. He prefers a revolution over the reforms. He represents the common Filipino. He is said to be the personification of Andres Bonifacio. 3. Kapitan Tiago He is said to be a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish government, He symbolizes the rich Filipinos who oppress their fellow countrymen. 5  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines 4. Maria Clara, a religious woman. She was portrayed as a faithful sweetheart, a good friend and an obedient daughter. She had childish simplicity, She gets easily nervous. Her character is related to Rizal's childhood sweetheart, Leonor Rivera. She symbolizes the purity and innocence of a sheltered native woman 5. Doña Victorina an ambitious Filipina. She symbolizes those who have a distorted view of their identity, Wife of Don Tiburcio. 6. Don Tiburcio de Espadaña Doña Victorina's husband. He is timid and rarely joins in conversation. Makes living as a quack doctor. Represented the ignorant Spaniards whose foolishness the other Spaniards tolerated, often resulting in disastrous consequences for the natives. 7. Pia Alba a young, healthy and beautiful woman, a very spiritual woman. By nature, a very merry woman but she became melancholic when she became pregnant. Pia Alba represents the women who had been abused by the clergy and had been silenced by their shame. 8. Gobernador General he occupies the second most powerful rank in the colonial government, second only to the king Supported Ibarra against Padre Damaso Represented the typical Governor Generals of the Philippines who would often disdain the power that the friars had. 9. A young and smart Spanish lawyer, Meek and shy Padre Damaso wanted Maria Clara to marry him but she refused. Alfonso Linares represented the young Spaniards who came to the Philippines hoping for a better life than in their motherland. 10. Alferez Dona Consolascion's husband Shares rivalry with the priest, particularly Padre Salvi and frequently has violent fights with his wife Represented the officials of the state who frequently had power struggles with Church officials. 11. Pilosopo Tasyo Known as "Filosopo Tasyo". He spent most of his money on books and now lives in poverty Rizal can relate to his character as his oldest brother, Paciano Rizal. He symbolizes the learned Filipinos. He is a pessimist. 12. Padre Hernando Sibyla He is often cool and intelligent, especially when correcting the other friar, Padre Damaso, of the latter's ostentatiousness Dominican friar who is the curate of Binondo and had been a former professor at San Juan de Letran college Symbolizes the liberal friar but would rather stay in the background rather than incur the wrath of other priests in power He is aware of the injustices done to the natives but would not do anything change it, as all he cares about is getting his congregation in power. 13. Padre Bernardo Salvi Manipulates people to get what he wants. He is described to be very thin and sickly. The Franciscan curate of San Diego, secretly harboring lust for Maria Clara. 14. Padre Damaso Talkative and cruel priest. He raped Doña Pia, Maria Clara's mother He continually antagonizes Ibarra and prevents his marriage to Maria Clara He symbolizes the Spanish friars of Rizal's time. 15. Sisa Is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispin, Described as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she cannot protect them from the beatings of her husband. Pedro. Personified the suffering of the motherland. Named after Rizal's older sister, Narcisa. 6  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines 16. Basilio He is 10 years old. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus They represented the innocent who were wrongly accused of crimes they did not commit. Their story was based on the true tale of the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy. 17. Crispin He is 7 years old, often talks about silly things and is Sisa's favorite son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church. 18. Doña Consolacion Wife of the Alferez of San Diego Often has violent arguments with her husband pretends not to know Tagalog and often uses Spanish words even if she does not the meaning Symbolizes the Filipinos in our society who are ashamed of their own race and nationality. Conditions and Problems of Philippine Society in the 19th Century as Portrayed Through the Noli Me Tangere. The novel conveyed the plight of the vanquished and the pathetic suffering of the Filipinos from the hands of the abusive colonizers. The Noli was perceived by Rizal as a reflective of the spirit of the social, moral, and political life of his time because it clearly showed mankind under severe ordeal. mankind unredeemed and reason and aspiration in an open struggle with fanaticism and injustice. Rizal wrote a novel depicting the country to be redeemed from bondage and repression. CHAPTER 2 El Filibusterismo Background of the Publication of Fili Elias and Salome, the Missing Chapters. This is missing in the ori chapter Noli Me Tangere. This chapter follows chapter XXIV "In the Wood The particular chapter on Elias and Salome was deleted by Rizal. His reason for doing so was definitely economic. El Filibusterismo After Rizal arrived in Ghent, Belgium, he searched for printing press with the lowest cost for the publication of his Fili. The F. Meyer Van Loo Press charged the lowest fee and was willing to print book on installment basis. To pay the down payment, Rizal pawned his jewels. While the printing was ongoing, Rizal was desperate because his funds were running low. The money he received from Bata and Php 200.00 from Rodriguez Arias were also used up and much more was needed to pay the printing press. The printing had to be suspended because he could no longer give the needed amount, in a moment of despair, he almost hurled the manuscript into flames, just as he almost did to Noli in Berlin. When everything seemed lost, an unexpected help came from Valentin Ventura in Paris who learned of Rizal's predicament. When Ventura sent him the necessary funds, the printing of the book was resumed. 7  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines Printing of the Fili was Completed. On September 18, 1891, El Filibusterismo Immediately he sent printed copies to Basa and Sixto Lopez who were in Hongkong. He also sent complimentary copies to Blumentritt, Mariano Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Pardo de Tavera, Antonio and Juan Luna and other friends. Likewise, he gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed printed copy. El Nueva Regimen, a liberal Madrid newspaper, serialized the novel in the issues of October 1891. Rizal dedicated the novel to Gom-Bur-Za because of their martyrdom. The Manuscript and the Book. The original manuscript in Rizal's handwriting has been preserved in the National Library. It was acquired from Valentin Ventura by the Philippine Government for a fee of Php 10,000.00. The manuscript consists of 279 pages of long sheets of paper. Two features in the manuscript do not appear in the printed book (Foreword and Warning) perhaps to save foinrr the printing cost. The title page contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt. Characters of El Filibusterismo Below are some of the major and minor characters in the novel. Simoun Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise, left for dead at the end of Noli me tangere. Ibarra has resurfaced as the wealthy jeweler, Simoun, sporting a beard. blue-tinted glasses, and a revolver. Fueled by his mistreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and his fury at Maria Clara's fate, Simoun secretly plans a revolution to seek revenge against those who wronged him. Basilio Son of Sisa and another character from Noli Me Tangere. After his mother's death, he became a vagabond until Captain Tiago took him in out of pity and hired him as a houseboy in exchange for sending him to school. In the events of the book, he is a graduating medical student who discovered Simoun's true identity and befriended him. His girlfriend is Juli Isagani - Basilio's friend and one of the students who planned to set up a new school. He is very idealistic and hopes for a better future for the Philippines, His girlfriend was the rich and beautiful Paulita Gomez, but they broke up once he was arrested. Despite this, his love for her still endured. He sabotaged Simoun's plans by removing the lamp that contained explosives and threw it in the waters. Kabesang Tales-Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay (barangay head) of Sagpang, a barangay in San Diego's neighboring town Tiani, who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin. He is the son of Tandang Selo, and father of luli and Tano. Don Custodio - Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a famous "journalist" who was asked by the students about his decision for the Academia de Castellano. In reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manila's high society. 8  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines Paulita Gómez - The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña. In the end, she and Juanito Peláez are wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that she will have no future if she marries him. Tiburcio de Espadana. In the end she had Juanito Pelaez are wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that she will have no future if she marries him. Macaraig - One of Isagani's classmates at the University of Santo Tomas. He is a rich student and serves as the leader of the student yearning to build the Academia de Castellano. Father Florentino - Isagani's god father, and a secular priest; was engaged to be married but chose to be a priest after being pressured by his mother, the story hinting at ambivalence of his decision as he chooses an assignment to a remote place living in solitude near the sea.Florenteno also harbors great hatred for the corrupt Spanish friars. He offered shelter to Don Tiburcio de Espada latter was hiding from his wife, Donya Victorina. Huli - Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest da Kabesang Tales. To claim her father from the bandits, she had to under the supervision of Hermana Penchang. Eventually, she was rend committed suicide after Father Camorra attempted to rape her. to work Juanito Pelaez- A favorite student of the professors. They belong to the Spanish ancestry. After failing in his grades, he became Paulita's new boy and they eventually wed. Doña Matutinay- Victorina delos Reyes de Espadaña, known in Noli Me Ta as Tiburcio de Espadaña's cruel wife. She is the aunt of Paulita Gomez and Juanito Pelaez over Isagani. She is searching for her husband, who has and is in hiding. Although of Indio heritage, she considers herself as one of Peninsular. Father Camorra - The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San Diego's adjacerd who has longtime desires for young women. He nearly raped Juli causing latter to commit suicide. Ben-Zayb The pseudonym of Abraham Ibañez, a journalist who believes he the "only" one thinking in the Philippines. Ben-Zayb is an anagram of Ybanez, alternate spelling of his name. Placido Penitente - A student of the University of Santo Tomas who was ver intelligent and wise but did not want, if not only by his mother's plea, to pursu his studies. He also controls his temper against Padre Millon, his physics teacher During his High School days, he was an honor student hailing from Batangas Hermana Penchang - Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She offers Juli to be he maid so the latter can obtain money to free Kabesang Tales. Disbelieving of Je and her close friends, she considers herself as an ally of the friars. Tiburcio de Espadaña - Don Tiburcio is Victorina de Espadaña's lame husband He is currently in hiding at Father Florentino's. Father Irene - Captain Tiago's spiritual adviser. Although reluctant, he helped the students to establish the Academia de Castellano after being convinced by giving him a chestnut. The only witness to Captain Tiago's death, he forged the last will and testament of the latter so Basilio will obtain nothing from the inheritance. 9  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines Quiroga - A Chinese businessman who dreamed of being a consul for his country in the Philippines. He hid Simoun's weapons inside his house. Don Timoteo Pelaez - Juanito's father. He is a rich businessman and arranges a wedding for his son and Paulita. He and Simoun became business partners Tandang Selo - Father of Kabesaniz Tales and grandfather of Tano and Juli He raised the sick and young Basilio after he left their house died in Noli me tangere. He died in an encounter on the mountains with his son Tales, when he was killed by a battalion that included his own grandson, tano. Father Fernández- The priest friend of Isagani. He promised to and the other priests will give in to the students' demands he was killed by Isegard that he Sandoval-The vice-leader of Macaraig's gang, A Spanish classmate of Isagar, he coerces his classmates to lead alongside him the opening of the Spanish language academy. Hermana Bali- Another wealthy gambler in Tiani. She became fuli's figure and counselor; helped to release Kabesang Tales from mother-the hands of bandits Father Millon- A Dominican friar who serves as the Physics professor of the University of Santo Tomas. He always becomes vindictive with Placido and always taunts him during class. Millon is based on/inspired by an ill-mannered Dominican friar who was Rizal's anatomy professor in Santo Tomas. Tadeo-Macaraig's classmate. He, along with the other three members of their gang, supposedly posted the posters that "thanked" Don Custodio and Father Irene for the opening of the Academia de Castellano. Leeds - An American who holds stage plays starring severed heads; he is good friends with Simoun. Tano - Kabesang Tales's elder son after his older sister, Lucia died in childhood. He took up the pseudonym "Carolina" after returning from exile in the Caroline Islands, and became a civil guard. He was among the battalion killed his grandfather, Selo, who was part of a group of an attacking rebels. Pepay - Don Custodio's supposed "girlfriend". A dancer, she is always agitated of her "boyfriend's" plans. She seems to be a close friend of Macaraig. Gobernador General - The highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, this unnamed character pretends that what he is doing is for the good of the Indios, the local citizens of the country, but in reality, he prioritizes the needs of his fellow Spaniards living in the country. Father Hernando de la Sibyla - A Dominican friar introduced in Noli Me Tangere, now the vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas. Pecson - classmate who had no idea on the happenings occurring around him. He suggested that they held the mock celebration at the pancitería. Father Bernardo Salvi - Former parish priest of San Diego in Noli Me Tangere, now the director and chaplain of the Santa Clara convent. 10  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines Captain Tiago- Santiago delos santos, Captain Tiago is Maria Clara’s stepfather and foster father to basilio. His Health disintegrates gradually because of his frequent smoking of opium, which Father Irene unscrupulously encourage despite Basilio's attempts to wean his guardian off the addiction. Eventually. died because Father Irene scared him about the revolt of the Filipinos. Major Theme of Fili El Filibusterismo is a sequel to the Noli. It has little humor, less idealism, and less romance than the Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary, more tragic than the Noli. As in the Noli the characters in El Filibusterismo were drawn by Rizal from real life. For instance, Padre Florentino was Father Leoncio Lopez, Rizal's friend and priest of Calamba, Isagani, the poet was Vicente Ilustre, Batangueño friend of Rizal in Madrid and Paulita Gomez, the girl who loved Isagani but married b Juanito Palaez, was Leonor Rivera. Comparison of Noli and Fili 1. The Noli is a romantic novel. It has freshness, color, humor, lightness, and wit 2. The Fili is a political novel. It contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow. In short, Noli is a "book of the heart" while Fili is a "book of the head". 3. Originally, Rizal intended to make the Fili longer than the Noli but it became were drastically cut lack of printing funds. Fili consists only of 38 chapters as against the Noli's 64 chapters. 4. Marcelo H. del Pilar and Rizal himself considered the Noli as superior to the Fili as a novel. 5. Retana, Rizal's first biographer believed that that the Noli is superior to Fili whereas Blumentritt, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Dr. Rafael Palma claimed that the Fili is superior to Noli. In fact, Jaena wrote Rizal in October 2, 1891 to write another novel which would give a definite solution to the country's problem. Noli and Fili are purely academic. From the point of view of history, both novels are good as they are purely academic in nature. Both novels depict the actual and real conditions of the Philippines and the sufferings of the Filipinos during the Spanish rule. Both novels are instrumentals in awakening the spirit of Filipino nationalism. Both Novels also paved the way for the Philippine revolution that brought about the downfall of the Spanish rule in the Philippines. Rizal's Dedication of the Fill to GOMBURZA Here is the full text of Rizal's dedication: To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in the Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872 "The church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the Government, by surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows causes the belief that there was some error, 11  HERCOR COLLEGE COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (CCS) Main Campus, Lawaan, Roxas City, 5800 Capiz, Philippines committed in atal moments; and all the Philippines, by worshipping your memory and calling you martyrs, in no sense recognizes your culpability. In so far, therefore, as your complicity in the Cavite Mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or may not have been patriots, and as you may or may not cherished sentiments for justice and for liberty, I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which Lundertake to combat. And while we await expectantly upon Spain someday to restore your good name and cease to be answerable for your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over one who without clear proofs attacks your memory stains his hands in your blood." 12