The Nervous System: Brain Anatomy Review PDF
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Humber College
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This document is a review of the nervous system with a focus on the brain's structure and function. It covers the cerebrum, cerebellum, and other key regions of the brain, including their roles in various functions. Included are diagrams and detailed explanations regarding brain anatomy.
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PSW 1022 1 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Part 2 – A Review of the Brain Chapter 25, 32 Recommended: Chapter 33 PSW 1022 PSW 1022 2 The Brain Today we will look at the structure and function of different parts of the...
PSW 1022 1 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Part 2 – A Review of the Brain Chapter 25, 32 Recommended: Chapter 33 PSW 1022 PSW 1022 2 The Brain Today we will look at the structure and function of different parts of the brain. PSW 1022 3 Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is divided into the right and left hemisphere by the longitudinal fissure and divided from the cerebellum by the transverse fissure. External brain anatomy and lobes. PSW 1022 4 Cerebrum The surface of the cerebrum is not smooth but broken by ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) collectively known as convolutions. These convolutions serve a very important purpose by increasing the surface area of the brain, so you can pack more brain in a smaller space. External brain anatomy and lobes. PSW 1022 5 Cerebrum: The Four Lobes It is divided into the right and left, and there are four major areas, called lobes. The lobes are named for the skull bones that cover them and occur in pairs, one in each hemisphere. 1. Frontal Lobe 2. Occipital Lobe 3. Parietal Lobe 4. Temporal Lobe External brain anatomy and lobes. PSW 1022 6 Cerebrum: Purpose of the Four Lobes Each lobe is typically associated with specific functions: 1. Frontal Lobe: is responsible for motor activities, behaviour and emotions, thinking (conscious thought). contains the area responsible for “executive function”, making sound decisions based on reason and judgment. PSW 1022 7 Cerebrum: Purpose of the Four Lobes 2. Parietal Lobes: are involved with body sense perception and language comprehension. 3. Occipital Lobes: are responsible for vision. 4. Temporal Lobes: responsible for hearing, speech and language and integration of emotions. PSW 1022 8 Specific Regions of Cerebrum The frontal lobe also contains Broca’s area, which controls motor output for speech. Wernicke's area is traditionally associated with the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus, which is located in the temporal lobe Wernicke's area is primarily involved in language comprehension and understanding rather than sensory aspects of language In most people, Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are in the left hemisphere. PSW 1022 9 Movement and Sensory Precentral gyrus is anterior to the central sulcus and is responsible for motor activity (movement). Postcentral gyrus is posterior to the central sulcus and is responsible for sensory integration (sensation). Movement and sensory area PSW 1022 10 Cerebral Cortex Much of the information coming into your brain is contralateral meaning that the right side of your body is controlled by the left side of your cerebral cortex and the left side of your body is controlled by the right side of your cerebral cortex. PSW 1022 11 The Cerebellum The cerebellum is involved in sensory and motor coordination and balance. The cerebellum fine tunes voluntary skeletal muscle activity and helps in the maintenance of balance. From its external appearance it is easy to see why the cerebellum is called the “little brain”. PSW 1022 12 The Brain Stem The midbrain is a pathway to relay visual and auditory impulses and other information to the cerebrum. The pons plays a role in respiration. Medulla oblongata is responsible for control of heartbeat, respiration, and blood vessel diameter The brain stem PSW 1022 13 Diencephalon Inferior to the cerebrum is a section of the brain that is not visible from the exterior, called the diencephalon. The diencephalon plays a role in controlling hormone levels, hunger and thirst, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles and sending information around the brain. The four main parts of the diencephalon are: 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pineal body 4. Pituitary gland PSW 1022 14 Corpus Callossum Thick, white band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum and allows them to communicate and coordinate their activities. A collection of white matter surrounding the lateral ventricles, connecting the left and right hemispheres. PSW 1022 15 Anatomy Review of the Brain Sagittal sectional view of the brain. PSW 1022 16 References Wilk, M.J., Sorrentino, S. & Remmert, L.N.. (2022). Sorrentino's Canadian textbook for the Support Worker (5th Cdn ed.). Elsevier: Toronto Chapter 25 Chapter 32
