Test 1 Reviewer.docx

Review for Test 1 The test will include lectures1, 2, 3, and 4 (posted in Week 2 to 5) - **Characteristics of living things- CH 1** - **Biochemistry (organic molecules)-CH-3** - **Cell structure (self-study unit)-Ch-4** - **Plasma Membrane / transport CH-5** Please study lecture notes,...

Review for Test 1 The test will include lectures1, 2, 3, and 4 (posted in Week 2 to 5) - **Characteristics of living things- CH 1** - **Biochemistry (organic molecules)-CH-3** - **Cell structure (self-study unit)-Ch-4** - **Plasma Membrane / transport CH-5** Please study lecture notes, self-directed study units, read Chapter 1, 3, 4, and 5 from your textbook. Try to answer following questions **Lecture 1 Chapter 1** 1. A response is an organism's reaction to **STIMULUS** 2. All animals are: a. Eukaryotes b. Prokaryotes c. Multicellular d. **Both a and c are correct** 3. Organisms that acquired energy from other organisms are **HETEROTROPHS** 4. In multicellular organisms, organs are composed of different **TISSUES** and organized into **ORGAN SYSTEMS** 5. A biologist groups some newly discovered fish into a class. She then subdivides the class into smaller and more specific groups called **ORDERS** 6. What substance carries hereditary information in cells? **DNA** What substance carries energy to maintain cellular life? **ATP** 7. Which taxonomic category: **Summary of Taxonomic Hierarchy:** - **Domain** \> **Kingdom** \> **Phylum** \> **Class** \> **Order** \> **Family** \> **Genus** \> **Species** 8. The maintenance of conditions (like temperature and water content) inside a living organism is called **HOMEOSTASIS** 9. Changes in the DNA of an organism are called **MUTATIONS**. What effect might these changes have on the organism? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10. The theory that species (not individuals) change over time is called **EVOLUTION** 11. Organisms whose cells have a membrane bound nucleus are called **EUKARYOTES** 12. In the binomial name, *Tryanosoma brucei*, the first term refers to the **GENUS** and the second terms refers to the **SPECIES** Lecture 2. Organic molecules Chapter 3 ====================================== 1. Polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose) are long chain polymers of: a. Fructose b. **Glucose** c. Amylose d. Sucrose 2. Which of the following organic molecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio? e. Polypeptides f. Triglycerides g. Fatty acid h. **Monosaccharides** 3. Fructose is a: i. Lipid j. Polysaccharide k. **Component of sucrose** l. Disaccharide 4. Disaccharides are: m. **Two monosaccharide units linked by the lose of water** n. Units consisting of two amino acids o. Units consisting of two fatty acids p. Units consisting of two polysaccharides 5. The hydrolysis of carbohydrates results in the production of: q. Glycerol r. Amino acids s. Fatty acids t. **Simple sugars** 6. Animal carbohydrates are stored in the form of: u. Glucose v. Starch w. **Glycogen** x. Cellulose 7. Fats and oils are constructed from y. **Glycerol and fatty acids** z. Glycerol and amino acids a. Carboxyl and amino groups b. Carboxyl and omino groups 8. The term lipid is applied to: c. **Fats and steroids** d. Fats and proteins e. Steroids and proteins f. Carbohydrates and steroids 9. In organisms, lipids perform a variety of important functions. Which of the following is not a function of lipids? g. They serve as energy storage molecules and a component of cell membranes. h. **They catalyze the biochemical reactions of synthesis and hydrolysis.** i. They provide protection for internal organs in mammals. j. They are used in the synthesis of certain hormones. 10. Proteins are polymers of: k. Enzymes l. Fatty acids m. **Amino acids** n. Nucleic acids 11. Proteins are important chemicals in all organisms because they are involved in almost everything cells do. Which of the following is not a function of proteins? o. They form part of the structural components of all cell organelles. p. **They form the genetic code with DNA and RNA.** q. They aid in nearly all biochemical reactions by participating as enzymes. r. They regulate and coordinate many cellular and bodily functions 12. A distinguishing feature of amino acids is that they always contain s. Hydrogen t. Oxygen u. Carbon v. **Nitrogen** 13. The denaturation of a protein is: w. Its breakdown to amino acids. x. **Caused by heat or heavy metal ions.** y. Its use as an enzyme. z. Always permanent. 14. If a cell manufactures a protein, this protein might be used as: a. An enzyme b. A hormone c. A structural material d. **Any of these choices** 15. Water is most essential to your body because of its functions as a: e. Solute f. **Solvent** g. Mineral h. Catalyst Know the general structure of nucleotide (main components), RNA, DNA, ATP **Lecture 3. Self-study unit** **Cell Chapter 4** 1\. Know \"typical\" plant and animal (eukaryotic) cell, and describe their important similarities and differences. **Similarities**: Both have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and a nucleus. **Differences**: - **Plant Cells**: Have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), and large central vacuoles. - **Animal Cells**: Have smaller, more numerous vacuoles, and do not contain chloroplasts or a cell wall. 2\. Which organelles are common to both plant and animal cells, and which are unique to each? **Common Organelles**: Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and plasma membrane. **Unique to Plant Cells**: Chloroplasts, cell wall, and large central vacuole. **Unique to Animal Cells**: Lysosomes and centrioles. 4\. Describe the nucleus, including the nuclear envelope, chromatin, chromosomes, DNA, and nucleolus. *5.* What are the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts? 6\. What is the function of ribosomes? Where in the cell are they typically found? Are they limited to eukaryotic *cells?* *7.* Describe the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) and Golgi complex 8\. How are lysosomes formed? What is their function? 9\. What is the function of cytoskeleton, mitochondria, chloroplast, and nucleus? 10\. What is a function of vacuole, vesicle, plastid? **Lecture 3 Membrane/transport Chapter 5** 1\. Plasma membrane. What are the two principal types of molecules in plasma membranes? 2\. What are the four principal func­tions of plasma membranes? 3.. What are the three categories of proteins commonly found in plasma membranes, and what is the function of each? 4.. Define *diffusion, osmosis* and compare that process to osmosis. 5\. Define *hypotonic, hypertonic,* and isotonic. What would be the fate of an animal cell immersed in each of the three types of solution? 5\. Describe the following types of transport processes: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and exocytosis. 6\. Cell connections (junctions) types and characteristics