Test 1 Questions (1) PDF

[Scientific method: Hypothesis testing, figures, statistics] Step \#1 of the scientific method is: Generate a hypothesis to explain this observation. Distinguish among the question, hypothesis, and prediction. Make a graph to show the prediction that this hypothesis makes. Is this an observatio...

[Scientific method: Hypothesis testing, figures, statistics] Step \#1 of the scientific method is: Generate a hypothesis to explain this observation. Distinguish among the question, hypothesis, and prediction. Make a graph to show the prediction that this hypothesis makes. Is this an observational study or an experiment? Design an observational study to test this hypothesis. Which variable is the independent variable/dependent variable? Explain one reason why this study is biologically interesting. Does this sentence belong at the beginning, middle, or end of the Introduction? Which variables are confounded? What problem does that cause for the interpretation of the results? State the main result in this figure. What type of figure is appropriate for this dataset? What type of statistical analysis is appropriate for this dataset? Write a methods statement that says which statistical test you did and that makes clear which variable was the independent variable and which variable is the dependent variable. Write a results statement that makes clear which variable was the independent variable, which variable was the dependent variable, and the direction of the effect. What is missing from this figure caption? What is the null hypothesis for this statistical test? Based on these statistical results, do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Write a results statement with the results of this statistical test, in the correct format. Why do we need replication? What is blocking in experimental design? What problem does blocking solve? You want to test this hypothesis. Describe a blocked design to do so. What is Type 1 error? If you measure a large number of things about a small number of people, you are almost guaranteed to get a statistically significant result. Why? Define P. What does "P value" mean?[\ ] [Earthworms] Label the parts of the earthworm. How do the three ecological groups of earthworms differ? Explain why earthworm identity and diversity might be more important than earthworm biomass. Give 3 specific reasons why different species of plants respond differently to earthworm invasion. Why are there no native earthworms in northern Minnesota? Earthworm life cycle [Terms from Hale et al.] Secondary compounds Mycorrhizae Biomass Invasive species vs. exotic species [Practice questions] In Ecology class (BIO 313), several students conducted an independent project examining squirrel behavior. They hypothesized that urban squirrels would be less afraid of humans than squirrels living in natural forest areas, and to test this, they compared "flight initiation distance" (FID) between urban and forest squirrels. "Flight initiation distance" is measured by a human observer approaching the squirrel; it is the distance between the human and the squirrel when the squirrel flees. The students approached 30 urban squirrels and 30 forest squirrels and measured their flight initiation distances. Based on the students' hypothesis, make a prediction of the outcome of this project. Make a graph to show your prediction. Is this an observational study or an experiment? Which variable is the independent variable/dependent variable? Are they categorical or continuous? Suggest a possible confounding variable in this study and explain what problem it would cause. Explain how blocking could solve this problem. What type of figure is appropriate for this dataset? What type of statistical analysis is appropriate for this dataset? Write a methods statement that says which statistical test you did and that makes clear which variable was the independent variable and which variable is the dependent variable (without using the words independent and dependent). Say the students tested the difference between the FID's of the urban and forest squirrels and got t = 6.1, df = 58, P = 0.023. The mean FID for urban squirrels was 8.2 m and the mean FID for the forest squirrels was 15.1 m. What is the null hypothesis for this statistical test? Based on these statistical results, do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Write a results statement with the results of this statistical test, in the correct format. What does the P value of 0.023 mean? Include the definition of P value in your answer. A big hypothesis in ecology is that areas with greater plant species richness (the number of different species of plants in an area) will have greater net primary production (NPP; the amount of biomass produced by plants in an area per year). Design an observational study to test this hypothesis. Make sure your design includes replication. Design an experiment to test this hypothesis. Make sure your design includes replication.