Term 3 South African War PDF

Term 3 The South African war Introduction  The discovery of Gold in 1886 transformed SA  People from all over world move here  Mineral revolution lead to Industrial Revolution  Concepts developed in Apartheid were formed on mines= pass system, job reservation ...

Term 3 The South African war Introduction  The discovery of Gold in 1886 transformed SA  People from all over world move here  Mineral revolution lead to Industrial Revolution  Concepts developed in Apartheid were formed on mines= pass system, job reservation  Gold also led to the SA war with Britain  South Africa was taken over by Britain and in 1910 the Union of SA was created Background to SA war: mining capitalism  Development of mining  Until 1870 the economy of SA based on agriculture= subsistence and also export wool and wine  Mineral revolution changed this  1870s trekkers in South African Republic (transvaal) discovered gold but small deposits  In 1886 huge amounts found in Witwatersrand (Gauteng). Became worlds largest producer of Gold, more than quarter of worlds gold  The Witwatersrand became the most important region in Sa  Johannesburg was being built on farmland, by 1899, 120 thousand people living in Joburg  This growth had a huge impact on RSA Johannesburg in 1886 Johannesburg in 1906 Johannesburg in 2014 The need for capital and development of mining companies  At first they try mining gold by themselves, close to the surface  But gold in RAND was very deep, very expensive to extract the gold  Machines needed to dig deep shafts, fit pumps and water pipes down  Machines needed to separate gold ore from the rock  Large companies formed to raise the capital for expensive deep level mining  1887 stock exchange established in Joburg, encouraged people to invest by buying shares in them.  People borrowed money to invest, also sold shares on London stock exchange  Also sold shares to raise money for other projects such as building railways to link the Rand to the coast  Deep level gold mining on the Witwatersrand 1886 Gold and Britains position as the worlds leading financial power  At the time Britain leading financial power in world  Pound regarded as most stable economy in world, one reason for this was Britain owned lots of gold  1890 banking crisis in London, they decided t buy more gold to protect themselves  Most gold came from SA, Britain Banking became dependent on SA mines and gold Emergence of classes on the mines  People from all over moved to the mines  Shops and banks opened to supply them  Mineral revolution leas to Industrial Revolution in SA  The area of the Rand developed into the home of a Capitalist industrial society  3 main classes developed  1. capitalist: they owned the capital (money) that paid for the mines (randloards)  Own other industries, some rich from the diamonds in Kimberly (Cecil John Rhodes)  2. the middle class: they not own large amounts of capital but who had skills/ qualifications  Doctors, teachers etc  3. workers: no capital so they worked for wages  work for factory owners, work for mines  Many were unskilled  Complete Activity 1: page 165 How migrant labour system was developed  Gold expensive to mine as very deep  Ore was poor quality, lots of rock and only small deposits of gold  Randlords need to make profits from investments, they could not charge more for gold because the price was fixed  High wages were paid to attract skilled workers to SA  Only way make profit was pay unskilled workers very little  Migrant labour used: sign a contract and work for several months away from home  They lived in cheap compounds  Mining companies work together to keep wages low  Pass laws intro, meant need a pass stating where they were going to work  Cant move from mine to mine looking for higher wages  Problem was migrant workers could not live in towns, became basis of homelands= basis of Apartheid Conditions in compounds Working class divided according to race  Both white and black unskilled workers yet only blacks live in compounds/ carry pass  Some blacks learnt skills and earned lower wages than whites for the same tasks  Mines rather pay blacks for cheaper to perform same tasks  Whites felt insecure and formed trade unions, some went on strike  Demanded job reservations Response of African societies to  Several reasons why africans go work on the mines  1. went to earn money, to buy cattle, also to get prestige  2. others went because they were forced to pay tax.  3. cattle disease spread, 80 % of cattle died and men forced to go work due to starvation  Complete Activity 2: page 168 The SA war 1899- 1902  The build up to the war:  at first Britain not interested in controlling interior of SA, signed agreement with trekkers recognising boer independence  1867 British take over Kimberly and make it part of Cape Colony to prevent Boers from gaining wealth  British Capital was funding the mines in the South African Republic (Paul Kruger)  Thousand of skilled workers came from Britain but they were seen as outsiders (buitelanders)= not vote/ no say in policies Political and economic struggle of the goldfields  Mines pay high taxes to SAR gov. Gov support them by enforcing the pass system  Buitelanders not happy with the SAR Gov  1. pay high tax but had no right to vote  2. high customs duty on imported goods  3. government allowed monopoly on selling of dynamite, kept cost of mining high  4. gov. Dept. Were slow and inefficient  5. gov. Policy favour boers  British gov. Also concerned about competition from other countries= Germany and Portugal have colonies in Southern Africa  They concerned Kruger would form alliance with Germany  Scared Portugal build a railway from the Rand to Delagoa Bay  1896 the Uitlanders under Rhodes tried to overthrow Kruger  Rhodes order troops led by Jameson to invade Transvaal, however the Jameson Raid was a failure  Jameson arrested and Rhodes forced to resign as prime minister of Cape  Britain build up propaganda against Kruger and send more troops to Cape and Natal  Boers knew war was coming so they rather start before more troops come  Orange Free State and SAR declared war on Britain First phase of the war  When war started it looked as if the powerful british army would destroy the Boers  Boers only had 35 000 troops, mainly volunteer force, on hoarse back fighting in commandos  Britain started with 25 000 troops and brought over 450 000 from as far as Australia  First few months of war the Boers were successful  Invaded Natal and defeated British troops  They surrounded 3 towns where the British were stationed= Ladysmith/ Kimberly/ Mafeking  When the british sent more troops they were defeated= 3000 troops died and they call it black week  Battle of Spioenkop happened soon after and the British also lost this battle  They sent more troops and lifted sieges, and defeated a large boer army at Paardeberg= 4000 boers taken prisoner  After this they capture capitals of Boer republics (Pretoria/ Bloemfontein)  Britain thought they had won the war= but they mistaken  Complete Activity 1 pg 174 Activity 1  2a. There had been an attempt to overthrow Krugers government with the Jameson Raid. This Raid was organised by Cecil John Rhodes, he had the backing from officials in Britain (Chamberlin). Britain also used negative propaganda about Kruger, sent more troops to the Cape and smuggles guns to the Uitlanders.  2b. They are on the British side and written in a British magazine. SA War Second phase of war: Guerrilla warefare= start 10e6  The Boers continue to resist using Guerrilla tactics  Moved in small groups attacking railway lines/ bridges etc  Brits unprepared for this type of war, they did not know the country side that well/ not enough soldiers to hunt boers down  Built 8000 blockhouses to protect railways/ also divide the land using barbed wire  Boers kept attacking Scorched earth policy  Kitchner intro this policy  Knew commandos use boer farmhouses as hiding place to get food  Order troops to burn down farmhouses and kill crops  Not want commandos to get shelter= 30000 farms burnt/ hundreds of thousands of sheep etc  Women and children on the farms left with no food.r SA War Block House Lee- Medford rifles Buller Koos de la Ray / Martini - Henry Third phase: Concentration camps  British set up concentration camps for the boer women and children  Camps: overcrowded/ not enough food/ unhealthy/ spreading of disease  By end of war 135 000 people in these camps  29 000 people died of disease/ cold/ hunger  22 000 of the 29 000 who died were children  Many people in Britain were shocked at Kitchners treatment of the boers  Emily Hobhouse, came to SA to force the British to improve the conditions  The war left a lasting bitterness among the boers  Some boers were sent to prison camps overseas The role and experience of women  This war was once recorded as a white mans war= research proves that this is wrong= both black and white women involved  In Apartheid this was known as Anglo (English) Boer war but this has changed to the South African war to be more inclusive  Boer women played an important role in running the farms when men fighting  They moved to concentration camps  African women helped with being spies/ messengers/ domestic servants  Many black women forced into concentration camps  Some women were bittereinders and wanted to carry on fighting= scorched earth policy made them even more determined  Some women served as nurses and clerks to help them men in hospital  Complete activity 2 page 177 Activity 2  1. to be barbaric means to show no mercy and to be cruel and ruthless. They believe that Kitchner was ruthless. I will use the sources to prove this.  Source D shows, that British soldiers (wearing uniforms) are kicking a pregnant boer woman. There is another lady trying to protect the children. It seems as if the British soldiers are smiling. This is cruel and barbaric treatment  Source E, shows a starving Boer child. He was starving because Kitchner ordered the British troops to place them in concentration camps. This is cruel as these women and children were civilians.  Source F proves his brutality as his own countrymen were critical of these concentration camps. They state he “drove women and children off private property... Without shelter or food”. They were proving that Kitchner used cruel methods to win the war  2. it could be seen as bad as killed civilians and they were not involved in the war. Innocent children died in their tens of thousands. Pregnant women were being abused as seen in source d, they abusing children and a pregnant women  Kitchner had no options but to burn the farms and create concentration camps. The Boer commandos were getting food from the farms and the only way to defeat them was to take their supplies away. He had no choice but to take the children to concentration camps.  3. the soldiers in Source B would support Kitchner. He was their leader and they could not disobey his commands. They needed to burn the farms in order to ensure that the British would win the war.  The Soldiers in Source C were boers, they would have been negatively affected. Their wives and children would suffer, some of them would have become bitter towards the British while others would have given up. Essay question  In an essay of 2 pages clearly identify and explain the different phases of the south African war.  Remember: introduction= answer the question  Body= use evidence  Conclusion= wrap up your argument introduction  There were 3 phases in the South African war. The first phase was sieges and battles, the second phase was guerrilla tactics and scorched earth policy. The final phase was the concentration camps. I will expand on all these phases in the essay below.  The first phase of the war was sieges and battles. The British seemed to be a more powerful army as they outnumbered the Boers. They had 450 000 troops vs the Boers 34 000 troops. Some British troops were even shipped in from other British colonies.  The boers were more successful in the first phase. They invaded Natal and the Northen Cape and defeated the British. They surrounded and besieged 3 towns: Ladysmith, kimberly and Mafikeng. 3000 British troops were killed trying to lift these sieges. Another battle where the British suffered many casualties was the battle of Spioenkop. The British were forced to send more troops and they lifted the sieges. They captured Bloemfontein and Pretoria these were the Boer capitals, Britain thought they had won the war but this was not the case.  The second phase of the war was Guerilla and scorched earth tactics. The Boers were determined to resist using Guerilla tactics. The British were unprepared for this type of warfare. They did not know the land and did not have enough soldiers to hunt the boers down. The British built 8000 blockhouses to protect railways and bridges. The boers were trying to destroy this infrastructure to prevent the British from mobilising troops quickly.  Lord Kitchner the British army general introduced the scorched earth policy. They burnt down boer farmhouses and killed livestock. They wanted to ensure that boer commandos could not get food supplies, shelter and fresh horses. 30 000 farms were burnt. Women and children were left destitute.  The third phase of the war was the concentration camps. The British set this up for the Boer women and children. The camps were badly run, with limited food and the spreading of disease. 136 000 boers were moved into these camps. 22 000 of the 29 000 that died were children. These concentration camps left bitterness amongst the Afrikaners. conclusion  I have clearly defined and discussed the 3 phases of the South African war. The British ultimately won this war but they faced a huge challenge from a small Boer commando force The role and experiences of black South Africans in the war  Start of war, both British and Boers claimed they not want to use black troops in what they called a white mans war  But: both sides use them as spies/ personal servants/ gun bearers  When Boers invaded Natal they forced black farm workers to work for them  Between 10 and 30 thousand armed blacks fought on the British side  Some helped fight in Mafeking and others helped protect block houses against guerrilla attack  100 thousand black South Africans used as scouts/ drivers/ message carrier/ burn Boer farms for the British  In Natal an Indian Ambulance Corps created to carry injured British soldiers  Mohandas Ghandi helped this Corps  Some black South Africans benefited as paid a good wage/ some regain land that was previously taken by the boers  But many badly affected= battles destroy their crops, boers take 115 tousand placed in concentration camps as they believed to have helped the British.  1902 Boer generals admitted that black opposition was helping to defeat their commandos  Many blacks helped the British as they believed their lives would better after the war but this was not the case.  Activity 3 page 180  Activity 3: answers  1. Source H shows that black men became soldiers. Source I shows that black men become scouts and became valuable to the british as they excellent riders and knew the land. They also carried rifles. Source J shows that coloured people also involved in war, they needed weapons to defend themselves against the boers. They captured and faced brutal treatment from boers  2. three sources dont reflect full range of black experiences. Many more sources needed. Some blacks fought on side of Boers but none of their views are evident. It can be one sided.  3. source K, 100 000 blacks involved in the war, as scouts, spies and drivers. Also describes the role of the Baralong in defending Mafeking for the British. Blacks faced hardship in the camps.  Source L, shows how Africans removed from rural areas and put into camps. 115 000 Africans in 66 camps while this compares to 136 000 Afrikaners in 50 camps. Records of deaths in black camps are incomplete but over 14 000 deaths recorded.  D. Primary source give particular details from specific moments. Give sense of attitudes, style of the time. Secondary source gives analysis of broad trends and make comparisons.  2. yes, they thought the british were different and their contribution helped the british win the war. Many hoped that if the British won the war then they would get political rights. Instead the British let the boers decide on the future of SA. research  Bring cell phones/ ipad to class  Research any of the following topics  1. black heroes of the war  2. concentration camps.  3. life of the average British soldier  4. black experiences of the war  5. Boer generals and their tactics  6. main battles of the war. End of the war: peace negotiations  By 1902 boer commandos found it difficult to carry on fighting  They short of supplies/ horses/ no food or shelter  War also costing Britain lots of money=they meet to discuss peace terms  31 May 1902 British and Boers meet and sign a peace treaty called= Peace Treaty of Vereeniging  British promise to give money to help boers rebuild farms  Agree the boers elect their own government, also agree that blacks could not vote  They left the boers to decide if blacks could have the right to vote  British now control the Gold mines The Union of SA (p 182)  With whole of SA now under British control, they set out preparing the way for political union of the 4 separate British colonies  The union was based on white political control at expense of Black SA citizens  1903 SA Native Affairs commission appointed, unified policy on the “natives”  1905 they suggest the system of voting allowed in the Cape not allowed in other colonies= also separate areas for blacks and whites all over SA. British rule after the war  Lord Milner appointed by the British government to put policies into practice  1st goal get mines working again  Some black workers not rejoin the mines as got their land back after the war  Indentured workers brought from China = white workers strike in fear of losing their jobs.  Mines limit contract of Chinese workers to 3 years  Tax increased for black workers so they would return back to work= leads to Bambatha rebellion in 1906  1904 first chinese workers arrive within 3 years over 23 000 employed  They could not own or lease land, or grow crops  To please white workers, the government reserved certain skilled jobs for whites.  Britain wanted to reconcile with Afrikaners as they needed a economically sound SA  In1907 elections held in Transvaal and Orange Free State, only white men could vote.  In order to keep the support of the Afrikaners and to make the mines profitable , Britain agree to continue racial discrimination as before the war. The move to union: the consolidation of white rule  Each of the 4 colonies had their own system of customs duties  Caused problem, British proposed the colonies should unite to form a single country to be known as the union of SA  Afrikaners supported this as they wanted to win political power over the whole country= all prime minister from 1910-1994 were Afrikaners  Settlers in Natal feared the Bambatha rebellion and wanted to be part of larger nation  Leaders in Cape realised they would benefit if they linked with the wealth from the Rand. continue  Representatives from each colony met and made compromises  SA would have 3 capitals  A. The Administrative capital would be Pretoria  B. Legislative capital, Cape Town with parliament making the laws  C. Judicial capital, Bloemfontein house the Supreme court of Appeals  This division still continues today.  Continue... SA would have 2 official languages : English and Dutch ( no African language)  Only white males could vote, and in the Cape black men who owned land could vote.  Complete Activity 1 page 184  1.  2. Black reaction to the union  Many black South Africans supported Britain in the SA war, hoping conditions for blacks will improve. They believed the Cape franchise system would spread to the whole of SA  Many black South Africans protested against the union  3 African newspaper editors: Rubusana/ Jabavu and Dube called together a meeting, called the South African Native Convention ,in Bloemfontein 1909  They demanded vote for all men/ also want end racial discrimination  1909 a delegation including Rubusana/ Jabavu/ Dube went to Britain to ask the British government to change its minds  Ghandi also took a delegation to London and they were also rejected.(1909)  On 31 May1910 the four colonies united as the Union of SA and part of the British empire. The hopes of black South Africans after the war had been betrayed. Instead the government remained in white hands until 1994. Union Building 1909 Delegation Foreign office in London Gandhi  Complete Activity 2 page 186  2. the distribution proves that white people made up 1 276 242 of the 5 973 394 people in the country. The agreements to create a union did not include 80% of the populations thoughts. It shows the British did not take the needs of the people into consideration. Their decisions were based on economic reasons continue  3. black people fought the war on the side of the British in the belief that their interests would be taken into account after the war/ black people made up majority of the population/ non of the african chiefdoms were recognised/african leaders never consulted  4a. Source C and D- it was seen as joining Afrikaans and English speakers into one country. Source C- shows the European architecture in the building. Source D- shows the combination of the languages, it also shows the celebration of the union. continue  B. It shows the union as being something positive, but what they dont show is that the majority of the population was left out of this decision. Most people did not have a vote on the future of SA  C. If they only used photos we think the union was only positive. It is one sided. The native land act of 1913  Whites had political control but wanted to maintain economic control  They formed the native land act in 1913= restricted areas where Africans could own or lease land  They only own land in native reserves which formed 7% of the land but increased to 13%  Blacks not allowed to buy land in SA  All commercial farm land lay in the 93% which was set aside for white ownership The economic impact of the land act of 1913  Before the act many African farmers successful sharecroppers on white owned farms  They farmed the land, sold crop for profit and gave a portion back to farm owner  Labour act stop sharecropping now` they had work as labourers on white owned farms or move to reserves  Reserves over crowded also no work, so many leave to work as labourers on the farms, mines and towns  Begin to sell livestock to survive, the only way left to survive was to sell their own labour.  Read source c page 189  Beaumont commission investigated in 1916 and reported to the gov that reserves too small but the commission was ignored.  Complete activity 1 page 189 Reaction to land act  1912 South African Native National Congress (later called ANC) was formed  Leaders of SANNC met member of Gov to bring change  They appealed to minister Botha but were ignored  SANNC asked a lawyer, Richard Msimang to draw up a list of people forced off their land- details of their livestock, possessions  He found that people only given 10 days notice to leave land they had lived on for generations  Lost home/schools/churches with no compensation continue  Thousands leave for Bechualand which was british colony  1914 SANNC appeal directly to British Gov- they could over rule SA rules  They travelled to London met Colonial Secretary but he refused get involved  One of delegates was sol Plaatje Role of Sol Plaatje  Born 1876= worked as court interpreter and journalist  During siege of Mafikeng he kept a journal= showed treatment of Tswana people under the British  Founding member of SANNC, first general secretary  After passing of land act, he travelled by bicycle around the kimberly and Joburg to see effects of the act  He travelled to USA and Britain teaching on poor living conditions of Africans. Foundations of the Apartheid system  Land act foundation of Apartheid  1. est principle of apartheid= separation  2. set our boundaries of native reserves= future home lands  3. reserves became pools of labour for white people  4. create idea that SA was white mans country  5. Africans could no longer support themselves  6. led to poverty that we see today Activity 2 page 191  1. Suggest why the SANNC believed the British would intervene on their behalf  2. refer to the picture:  What impact did the land act have on share croppers? provide a reasons  3. From reading the source, suggest why Sol Plaatjes book is considered to be such an important source of information about the land act?  4. why is the passing of the land act seen as a turning point in SA history? answers  1. SANNC believed the British would see the injustice of the land act. Many still believed the British would help them as they assisted them in the war. Britain had the power to intervene.  2. it had a negative impact: the farmers were fined if black people left cattle on the farm to go get new work. It stopped natives from occupation of land but also impossible for them to own cattle.  3. he was present (primary source)/ he travelled on his bicycle between Kimberly and Joburg writing about the challenges of the land act/ he was educated and travelled the world and he based his research on analysis.  4. it becomes the basis of Apartheid and segregation. It shows that the Gov was looking after the interests of the white farmers. It created cheap labour. It became the basis for the development of the Homelands policy in the 1960’s.