Circulatory System-Term 2-Education PDF

 INTRODUCTION OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body...

 INTRODUCTION OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce. It is an amazing highway that travels through your entire body connecting all your body cells.  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Components Heart Blood Vessels Heart Blood ○ Arteries / Arterioles ○ Veins / Venules ○ Capillaries Vein Artery  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM FACTS ABOUT HEART Is a muscle Moves 2,000 gallons of blood each day Beats between 60 to 100 times per minute  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Which gases are transported to and from the body’s cells by the blood flowing in the circulatory system? Oxygen is the carbon gas needed for dioxide oxygen respiration and is transported to the body’s cells.  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system carries two types of blood Arrangement of the circulatory system means that these two types of blood do not mix. OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD Blood travelling to Blood travelling the body cells away from the High oxygen content body cells Low carbon dioxide Low oxygen content content High carbon dioxide content HEART THE PUMP ORGAN HEART SIDES THE HEART The heart is the organ at the centre of the circulatory system. It pumps blood around the body. THE HEART Size of a fist; less than a pound In thorax; flanked by lungs; rests on diaphragm Top: base Bottom: apex  THE HEART ◻ The inside of the heart is divided into two sections so that the two types of blood (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) are kept apart. Right side Left side of the Heart of the heart Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich Blood HEART COVERING  HEART COVERING Pericardium ○ Covers the heart and large blood vessels attached to the heart ○ Protective sac of connective tissue ○ Surrounds the heart ○ Filled with fluid  HEART COVERING Visceral pericardium ○ Innermost layer ○ Directly on the heart Parietal pericardium ○ Layer on top of the visceral pericardium HEART WALLS  HEART WALLS Epicardium ○ Outermost layer ○ Fat to cushion heart Myocardium ○ Middle layer ○ Primarily cardiac muscle Endocardium ○ Innermost layer ○ Thin and smooth ○ Stretches as the heart pumps  HEART WALLS Myocardium The muscle of the heart Strong and thick Composed of spontaneously contracting cardiac muscle fibers Can conduct electricity like nerves. It’s blood supply comes from the coronary arteries. HEART CHAMBERS ATRIUM - VENTRICLE  HEART CHAMBERS The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a septum, or wall. The septum prevents the mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood. On each side of the septum are two chambers. The upper chamber (receives blood) is the atrium. The lower chamber (pumps blood out of heart) is the ventricle.  HEART CHAMBERS Atria (s. atrium) ○ Upper chambers ○ Left and right ○ Separated by interatrial septum  HEART CHAMBERS Ventricles ○ Lower chambers ○ Left and right ○ Separated by interventricular septum  HEART CHAMBERS The chambers of the heart have different functions: BLOOD TO THE BLOOD TO THE LUNGS BODY BLOOD FROM THE BLOOD FROM THE BODY LUNGS The Atria collect The ventricles blood that enters pump blood out of the heart. the heart.  RIGHT ATRIUM Right Receives Atrium deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle.  RIGHT VENTRICLE Right Receives Ventricle deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery.  LEFT ATRIUM Is larger than the right Left Atrium atrium, it receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, and pumps it into the left ventricle.  LEFT VENTRICLE ◻ Is larger than the Left right ventricle, it Ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and pumps it into the aorta.  HEART VALVES ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES - SEMILUNAR VALVES  HEART VALVES Septum - divides left from right heart Valves - keep blood flowing in one direction ○ Four valves: 2 AV valves, 2 semilunar valves  ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES AV valves: between atria and ventricles ○ Bicuspid (mitral) valve: on the left ○ Tricuspid valve: on the right When valves are open blood drains from atria to the ventricle When ventricles contract, valve flaps are forced shut, blocking blood from reentering atria  SEMILUNAR VALVES Located in arteries leaving ventricles ○ Pulmonic valve: at base of pulmonary artery ○ Aortic valve: at base of aorta When ventricles contract, valves are forced open & let blood flow When ventricle relaxes, backflow of blood fills flaps of valve & forces them to shut  HEART VESSELS VENA CAVA - PULMONARY ARTERY -PULOMONARY VEIN - AORTA  VENA CAVA SUPERIOR VENA CAVA Superior Vena Cava Is a large but short vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the hearts right atrium.  VENA CAVA INFERIOR VENA CAVA Inferior Vena Cava Is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the heart.  PULMONARY ARTERY Receives deoxygenated Pulmonary blood from the right Artery ventricle and moves it into the lungs to pick up oxygen. Fact: arteries carry blood away from the heart.  PULMONARY VEIN Carry oxygenated blood Pulmonary from the lungs to the left Vein atrium of the heart. Fact: They are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood.  AORTA Is the largest artery in the Aorta human body, it receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart and moves it to all parts of the body. BLOOD VESSELS ARTERY - VEIN - CAPILLARY  BLOOD VESSEL As blood moves through the circulatory system it moves through 3 types of blood vessels: Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. Capillaries: Link arterioles to veins. Veins: Carry blood towards the heart. ARTERY  ARTERY Large vessels Carry blood from heart to tissues of body. Carry oxygen rich blood, with the exception of pulmonary arteries. Thick walls-need to withstand pressure produced when heart pushes blood into them.  ARTERY The largest artery is located in heart which is the Aorta. Smaller size of artery is called arterioles. VEINS  VEINS Once blood has passed through the capillary systems it must be returned to the heart. Done by veins Walls contains connective tissue and smooth muscle. Largest veins contain one way valves that keep blood flowing toward heart.  VEINS Many found near skeletal muscles. When muscles contract, blood is forced through veins. The largest artery is located in heart which is the Vena Cava. Smaller size of artery is called venules. CAPILLARY  CAPILLARY Smallest blood vessels Walls are only one cell thick and very narrow. Important for bringing nutrients and oxygen to tissues and absorbing CO2 and other waste products.  BLOOD THE NUTRIENT CARRIER  BLOOD Composed of plasma and blood cells Types of Cells are: ○ Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) ○ White Blood Cells (leukocytes) ○ Platelets (thrombocytes) Plasma ○ Straw colored ○ 90% water ○ 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, wastes, and proteins. RED BLOOD CELLS  RED BLOOD CELLS Also called as Erythrocytes Most numerous type (blood types A,B,AB,O) Transport oxygen to the tissues Contain a red-coloured compound called haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. Disk shaped Made in red bone marrow Circulate for 120 days WHITE BLOOD CELLS  WHITE BLOOD CELLS Also called Leukocytes. They are bigger than red blood cells and have large nuclei. Act as the body’s defence system. Guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria Number of WBC’s increases when body is fighting Some white blood cells surround and consume harmful microbes.  WHITE BLOOD CELLS Some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight infection. Lymphocytes produce antibodies which fight pathogens and remember them  WHITE BLOOD CELLS Monocytes - They have a longer lifespan than many white blood cells and help to break down bacteria. Lymphocytes - They create antibodies to fight against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders (T-Cells & B-Cells). Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils) PLATELETS  PLATELETS Formed in red bone marrow. Produce thrombokinase – a chemical needed for blood clotting. Platelets help to repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally. When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound. PLASMA  PLASMA The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of: 90% water inorganic salts glucose antibodies urea and other waste products plasma proteins.  PLASMA Plasma proteins 3 Types: Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen. ○ Albumins and Globulins - transport substances such as fatty acids, hormones and vitamins. ○ Fibrinogen - Responsible for blood’s ability to clot BLOOD CIRCULATION HOW BLOOD FLOW INSIDE THE BODY  3 TYPES OF BLOOD CIRCULATION CORONARY PULMONARY CIRCULATION CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION  AORTIC LEFT MITRAL AORTA VALVE VALVE LEFT ATRIUM VENTRICLE ARTERIES ARTERIOLES PULMONARY BODY GAS CAPILLARIES EXCHANGE VEINS ORGAN SYSTEM HAPPENS VEINS VENULES OXYGENATED BLOOD UPPER BODY LOWER BODY LUNGS SUPERIOR VENA CAVA INFERIOR VENA CAVA BLOOD CIRCULATION DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TRICUSPID RIGHT PULMONIC PULMONARY RIGHT ATRIUM VALVE VENTRICLE VALVE ARTERY CORONARY CIRCULATION CORONARY CIRCULATION Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated. CORONARY CIRCULATION From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart. The coronary arteries are the only vessels that branch from the ascending aorta. The brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries branch from the aortic arch. PULMONARY CIRCULATION  PULMONARY CIRCULATION The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart. The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation.  PULMONARY CIRCULATION Pulmonary Circulation begins on the right ventricle and ends on the left atrium. In the pulmonary circuit, blood takes up oxygen in the lungs. The deoxygenated blood shoots down from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The heart then pumps it out of the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries to begin pulmonary circulation. The blood moves to the lungs, exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen, and returns to the left atrium. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION  SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body.  SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION Systemic Circulation starts at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium.  AORTIC LEFT MITRAL AORTA VALVE VALVE LEFT ATRIUM VENTRICLE ARTERIES ARTERIOLES PULMONARY BODY GAS CAPILLARIES EXCHANGE VEINS ORGAN SYSTEM HAPPENS VEINS VENULES OXYGENATED BLOOD UPPER BODY LOWER BODY LUNGS SUPERIOR VENA CAVA INFERIOR VENA CAVA BLOOD CIRCULATION DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TRICUSPID RIGHT PULMONIC PULMONARY RIGHT ATRIUM VALVE VENTRICLE VALVE ARTERY BLOOD PRESSURE  BLOOD PRESSURE The heart produces pressure The force of blood on the wall of the arteries is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure decreases as the heart relaxes, but the rest of the circulatory system is still under pressure.  BLOOD PRESSURE When blood pressure is taken, the cuff is wrapped around the upper portion of the arm and pumped with air until blood flow in the artery is blocked. As the pressure in the cuff is relaxed, 2 numbers are recorded. ○ Systolic pressure- the first number taken, is the force felt in the arteries when the ventricles contract. ○ Diastolic pressure- the second number taken, is the force of the blood on the arteries when the ventricles relax.  DISEASES IN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  DISEASES IN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Vessel Heart Blood Atherosclerosis Rheumatic Anemia Coronary Artery Heart Disease Leukemia Disease Congenital Hemophilia Varicose veins Heart Disease BLOOD VESSEL PROBLEMS  ATHEROSCLEROSIS Narrowing of vessel lumen due to plaque/fat formation inside the walls of the arteries Causes: diet high in fat, cholesterol, salt; inactive lifestyle; smoking Risks: high BP, enlarged heart, embolus blocking circulation; stroke  CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE When atherosclerosis affects the arteries that supply the heart muscle Causes: cholesterol buildup smoking and stress hereditary obesity lack of exercise high blood pressure  CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Symptoms: shortness of breath after simple exertion, angina (chest pain) fatigue Risk: Myocardial Infarction cardiac arrest death  CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Treatment: Medication Angioplasty (balloon surgery) – balloon is inserted and inflated in blocked vessel to compress fatty mass against the artery wall maintaining a healthy diet doing regular exercises quitting smoking  CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Treatment: Stent – wire mesh inserted into the artery to expand its lumen Coronary Artery Bypass – arteries are removed from leg and grafted into the heart to restore circulation  VARICOSE VEINS Are swollen and twisted veins usually seen in the legs Causes: hereditary increased pressure on the legs due to obesity, pregnancy, or long hours of standing  VARICOSE VEINS Symptoms: mild swelling of the ankles and feet large visible veins through the skin painful, itchy feeling in the legs discolored skin around the varicose veins  VARICOSE VEINS Treatment & Prevention: having a healthy lifestyle undergoing nonsurgical procedures avoiding standing continuously for long periods of time not crossing the legs when sitting doing physical activities for proper blood flow HEART PROBLEMS  RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE Is a complication of rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria. This disease damages the heart valves. Causes: untreated strep throat, a streptococcal bacterial infection in the throat  RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE Symptoms: shortness of breath fatigue irregular heartbeats (palpitations) chest pains fainting Prevention & Treatment: Taking antibiotics or medication undergoing surgery (to replace damaged valves)  CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE This is due to a heart defect present at birth. Causes: genetic abnormalities unhealthy pregnancy maternal viral infection like German measles during the first three months of pregnancy Symptoms: shortness of breath fatigue poor blood circulation  CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Prevention and Treatment undergoing surgery or taking medications giving extra maternal care to pregnant women maintaining a healthy lifestyle BLOOD PROBLEMS  ANEMIA Is the results when the body lacks enough RBCs. Causes: too much bleeding or blood loss lack of iron in the body hereditary  ANEMIA Symptoms: fatigue shortness of breath palpitations pale and coldness of skin low blood pressure  ANEMIA Treatment and Prevention eating of food rich in iron such as green leafy vegetables, meat, and seafood having a healthy diet and a regular medical check-up  LEUKEMIA Is the results when the body produces too many WBCs. Causes: hereditary exposure to relatively high dose of radiation exposure to carcinogenic substances or those that can cause cancer  LEUKEMIA Causes: prolonged fever bruising abdominal pain weight loss fatigue abnormal bleeding swelling of the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver  LEUKEMIA Treatment and Prevention: undergoing chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, and/or surgery of the spleen  HEMOPHILIA Is an inherited disease that prevents blood from clotting properly. Causes: hereditary Symptoms: prolonged bleeding pain, swelling, and bleeding of the joints blood in urine and stool  HEMOPHILIA Treatement: therapy whenever bleeding happens avoiding injuries, accidents, and excessive tension on the joints NEXT TOPIC: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM