Television PDF

 The TV pictures on your set in 2004 are probably using the same technology that was used in 1943 – the analog method.  A beam of electrons scans an image and creates an electrical signal.  At the receiving end, the signal is converted back into a beam of electrons that bombards a fl...

 The TV pictures on your set in 2004 are probably using the same technology that was used in 1943 – the analog method.  A beam of electrons scans an image and creates an electrical signal.  At the receiving end, the signal is converted back into a beam of electrons that bombards a fluorescent screen, creating image.  With Digital Television (DTV), the image is still scanned, but the signal is a binary one, assigning bits of code to each pixel on a TV screen that recreates the original image  Digital pictures are clearer  Sound quality is better  Wide-screen format › Instead of 3:4 ratio of regular TV screens, DTVs will be more rectangular and look more like movie screens.  Universal medium  Dominant medium for news and entertainment  Expensive business  Audience fragment  Commercial television system consists of all those local stations whose income is derived from selling time on their facilities to advertisers.  Non-commercial television consists of those stations whose income is derived from sources other than sale of advertising time.  Production  Distribution  Exhibition  Local production  Syndicated programming  Network programs  Local production consists of those programs that are produced in the local station’s own studio or on location with the use of the station’s equipment. › Common local productions are the station’s daily newscasts.  Programs that have already played on the networks are also distributed by syndication companies.  If the station is affiliated with a network, much of its programming is solved.  3 Elements in the distribution segment › Broadcast networks › Cable networks › Syndication companies  The network distributes programs to its affiliates by transmitting them by satellite. The station then transmits them to its viewers as they received, or it videotapes them and presents them at a later time.  Cable networks beam their programs via microwaves to satellites where they are, in turn, downlinked to cable systems. The local system then distributes the programming to its subscribers.  These organizations lease taped or filmed programs to local television stations in each local market. Sometimes, the syndication company also produces the program, but more often it distributes programs produced by other firms  Some TV stations are licensed to broadcast in the very-high-frequency (VHF) band of the electromagnetic spectrum; these stations occupy channels 2 through 13 on the TV set  Other stations broadcast in the ultra- high-frequency (UHF) part of the spectrum; these stations are found on channels 14 through 69.  ABS-CBN (ABS-CBN Corp.)  ETC 6 (Southern Broadcasting Network/Solar Television Network)  GMA7 (GMA Network, Inc.)  CNN Philippines 9 (Radio Philippines Network/9 Media Corporation)  PTV 11 (People’s Television Network)  IBC 13 (Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation)  TV5 Channel 21 (TV5 Network, Inc.)  ABS-CBN Sports+Action 23 (ABS-CBN Corp.)  3ABN/Hope Channel PHL 25 (Gateway UHF Broadcasting)  GMA News TV 27 (GMA Network, Inc.)  AksyonTV 29 (Nation Broadcasting Corporation/TV5 Network, Inc.)  BEAM 31 (Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media)  2nd Avenue/RJTV 33 (Rajah Broadcasting Network/Solar Television Network)  Prime Channel 37 (Prime Broadcasting Network)  UNTV 39 (Progressive Broadcasting Corporation)  Net 25 Channel 41 (Eagle Broadcasting Corporation)  TV Natin 43 (Manila Broadcasting Company)  GNN Channel 45 (Global News Network)  CCTN 47 (Cebu Catholic Television Network)  SMNI 49 (ACQ-Kingdom Broadcasting Network  Department and Staff › Sales department › Engineering › Production/Programming › News › Administration  Sales department – is responsible for selling time to local and national advertisers, scheduling ads, and billing clients.  Engineering – maintains technical equipment.  Production/Programming – puts together local produced programming; also acquires programming from outside sources and responsible for scheduling  News – is in charge of producing the station’s regularly scheduled news programs.  Administration – consists of clerical, accounting, and personnel segments that help in the day-to-day running the station.  Network level › Sales › Entertainment › Owned and operated stations › Affiliate relations › News › Sports › Standards › Operations  Sales – handling sale of network commercials and works with advertising agencies.  Entertainment – working with producers to develop new programs for the network.  Owned and Operated Stations – administering those stations owned by the networks.  Affiliate relations – supervising all contracts with station affiliated with the network.  News – responsible for all network news and public affairs program.  Sports – responsible for all sports programming.  Standards – checking all network programs to make sure they do not violate the of the network’s own guidelines for appropriate content.  Operations – handling the technical aspects of actually sending programs to affiliates.  Almost every station has a studio that contains a set for one or two anchorpeople, a weather forecaster, a sportscaster and entertainment anchor.  The station’s news director assign stories to reporters and camera crews, who travel to the scene of a story and videotape a report.  Back at the station, newscast producer and news director are planning what stories to air and allotting time to each.  In the meantime, the camera crews and reporter return; the reporters write copy and editors prepare videotape segments.  When the final script is finished, it is given to a director, who is responsible for pulling everything together and putting the newscast on the air.  Newsgathering  Encoding and editing at newsroom  Voice-over  Selection of video support  Production of graphics  Video editing  Production of story lineup  Distribution of lineup, sequence of stories to director, technical people on the floor  News reading by news anchor, airing of edited videos  AV (audio-video)  VTR SOT (videotape recorder sound-on- tape)  VTR SIL (videotape recorder silent)  News item  Stand-ups  AV are for stories with video and with a voice over of the reporter.  VTR SOT is a story with video support and read by the news anchor with sound-on- tape or sound bite of news sources.  VTR SIL is a story read by the news anchor with video support without sound bites from the news sources.  If the story is big enough but has no video support, it is presented as a news item.  A stand-up is when the reporter appears on-camera in the field and delivers a line or two. A stand-up can appear anywhere – either at the beginning or end or somewhere in the middle.  A news item with an AV package is good for one minute and 30 seconds, while a VTR SIL or VTR SOT could run for 15 to 20 seconds.  Except for the headline and pressing stories, network implements a 1:30 (one minute and thirty) running time for each story.  It has two commercial gaps and three “bodies” (contents of the newscast) for news.  In addition to the news, the local station might also produce one or two interview programs.  Some stations produce a “magazine” program consisting of segments videotaped on location by portable equipment and later edited into final form.  Stations are responsible for filling the hours when the biggest audience is watching (called prime time), the networks must pay special attention to cultivating new shows.  Everything starts with an idea.  Network executives receives hundreds of ideas every year; some from independent producers, some from network employees, and a good ideas from many amateurs hoping for a break.  From the mass ideas, the networks select perhaps 50 to 75, usually submitted by established producers or companies, for further attention.  After examining plot outlines and background sketches of the leading characters for these 50 to 75 potential series, the networks trim the list once again.  For those ideas that survive, the network request a sample script and a list of possible stories that could be turned into scripts.  If the idea still looks promising, the network and producer enter into contract for a pilot, the first episode of a series.  In a typical year, perhaps 25 pilots are ordered by each network. If the pilot show gains a respectable audience, the network may order five or six episodes produced and may place the program on its schedule.  From the hundreds of ideas that are sent to the network, only a few ever make it to prime time.  Early Morning (6-9am)  Morning (9-12nn)  Afternoon (12-4pm)  Early Fringe (4-6pm)  Prime Time (6-11pm/7-10pm)  Late Fringe (11-11:35pm/10-10:35pm)  Late Night (11:35pm-2am/10:35pm-2am)  Overnight (2-6am)  The television industry has been profitable since 1950, and its total income has increased every year since 1971.  The changing structure of the television industry, however, has had a significant economic impact on both local and stations and the networks.  Where did the billions in revenue come from? › It came from the sale of commercial time by networks, and local stations to advertisers.  A station, or network makes available a specified number of minutes per hour that will be offered for sale to advertisers.  There are three different types of advertisers who buy time on TV: › National advertisers › National spot advertisers, and › Local advertisers  National advertisers are those that sell general-consumption items: automobiles, deodorant, hair spray, and so on. › These advertisers try to reach the biggest possible audience for their messages and usually purchase commercial time on broadcast network programs.  In contrast, other advertisers have products that are used mainly in one region or locale.  There are many local businesses that buy advertising time from TV station. They purchase time on one or more TV stations located in a single market. Thank you!