Introduction to Design and Fundamental Sketching (PDF)

Introduction to Design and Fundamental Sketching 1st Semester, AY 2024-2025  GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY AND SHOP POLICIES  The purpose of this procedure is to support work practices for protecting personnel from potential accidents in the laboratory. General Laboratory Safety- refers t...

Introduction to Design and Fundamental Sketching 1st Semester, AY 2024-2025  GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY AND SHOP POLICIES  The purpose of this procedure is to support work practices for protecting personnel from potential accidents in the laboratory. General Laboratory Safety- refers to the collection of rules, protocols, and safety measures used in a laboratory setting to avoid mishaps, harm, or exposure to dangerous substances. GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES Keep aisles and exit passages clear at all times. Wear appropriate clothing and safety glasses when utilizing specialized tools or equipment. Immediately report any incidents, damages, or malfunctions of equipment to instructor. Report any potential safety risks to the instructor at once. Utilize a dust mask when working with sanding or cutting tools.  Never leave tools, materials, or equipment unattended. Always access safe power sources when using electrical equipment and devices. Securely store materials and equipment when not in use. Properly store dangerous and hazardous materials in appropriate containers and clearly label them. Before leaving, inspect the area for hazardous items or situations.  Proper clean-up must be done after use All tools must be returned to their proper place after use All students must have their own protective gear Any problem with any equipment should be reported immediately SHOP POLICIES Shop policies, usually referred to as laboratory safety policies, are a set of guidelines that specify the responsible and safe processes to be followed in a laboratory or workplace. Some Policies in technical drawing: All tools in the technical drawing shop should only be used in an appropriate manner. All shop users should wear protective gear, such as safety glasses and gloves, while in the shop. No one should work in the shop without a valid and current certification or training.  No food or drinks should be consumed in the technical drawing shop area as it may present a safety hazard. No pets or animals are allowed in the technical drawing shop. All tools should be used in a precise and consistent manner and should be immediately put away when not in use. Any damaged tools should be reported immediately. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES SAFETY- state or condition of being safe, freedom from danger, risk, or injury. ACCIDENT- any suddenly occuring, unintentional event which casues injury or proper damage. FIRST AID- immediate, temporary care given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness until the services of a physician can be obtained. HAZARD- A Potential source of danger.  Topics covered… OGraphic Language OTypes of Drawing OPencil Techniques ODrawing Pencils ODrawing Instruments OFundamentals of Drawing GRAPHIC LANGUAGE- -the idea of communication of thoughts from one another by means of pictures. -a universal language used even without oral communication. -a language without which efficient communication between engineers, designers, or product developers is impossible. DRAWING -is considered one of the most popular activities. - “International Language of Industry” - graphical representation of real things, idea, or a propose design for construction later. TYPES OF DRAWING  ARTISTIC DRAWING - A drawing used to express aesthetic, philosophic, or other abstract ideas; - Drawings made by hand without the aid of any of the drawing instruments or straightedges.  TECHNICAL DRAWING - Drawings used to represent design of objects to be built or constructed. - A special type of drawing that is called orthographic drawing.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 1. Horizontal Lines- lines drawn from left to right , drawn parallel to the lower edges of the drawing paper.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 2. Vertical Lines- lines drawn downward.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 3. Inclined Lines- lines drawn downward but in slanting position.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 4. Short Lines- drawn with finger movements.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 5. Long Lines- are drawn with arm movements , maybe drawn in segments.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 6. Perpendicular Lines- are lines which make an angle of 90 degrees with each other.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 7. Parallel Lines- are lines which never meet even if they are extended to any desired length.  PENCIL TECHNIQUES 8. Curved Lines- regular or irregular. Regular circle , arc, or an ellipse. Irregular curved lines have no definite directions. DRAWING PENCILS 1.Hard Pencil- -atype of pencil used where extreme accuracy is required as on graphical representation on charts and diagrams, line works on engineering drwaings. 2. Medium Pencil- -a type of pencil used for general purposes work in technical writing, technical sketching, lettering ,arrowheads and other freehand work on mechanical drawings. 3. Soft Pencils- -pencilgrades used for art work of various kinds and full-size details in architectural drawings.  EXERCISE NO. 01 SHARPENING THE DRAWING PENCIL Materials: Drawing Pencil (Mongol 2) Cutter /sharpener Old News Paper or Magazine Sand paper/ nail file Tissue paper Procedure: 1. Cut or remove the wood part of the pencil gradually using a cutter or special drafting sharpener starting about 38 mm (1 ½”). 2. Expose the lead of the pencil about 10 mm (3/8”). 3. Shape the tip of the pencil to a sharp conical point using sand paper pad. 4. Wipe the tip with clean tissue paper to remove the loose particles of graphite. 5. Burnish the tip of the pencil on a piece of paper to obtain a smooth slightly round point.  EXERCISE NO. 02 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES Materials: Drawing Pencil (Mongol 2) Cutter /sharpener Old News Paper or Magazine Sand paper/ nail file Cross-section paper Procedure: 1.Draw five (5) vertical lines, freehand, alternate with five (5) horizontal lines, freehand.  EXERCISE NO. 03 INCLINED LINE EXERCISE Materials: Drawing Pencil (Mongol 2) Cutter /sharpener Old News Paper or Magazine Sand paper/ nail file Cross-section paper Procedure: 1.Draw five (5) inclined lines, towards the right, freehand, alternate with five (5) inclined lines towards the left, freehand.  EXERCISE NO. 04 CURVED LINE EXERCISE Materials: Drawing Pencil (Mongol 2) Cutter /sharpener Old News Paper or Magazine Sand paper/ nail file Cross-section paper Procedure: 1.Draw curved lines in clockwise and counterclockwise strokes. 2.Make each line slowly, relax when drawing each stroke. DRAWING INSTRUMENTS DRAWING TABLE -a special type of table with an adjustable top that can be tilted to a desired position or angle. DRAWING BOARD -optional equipment where drawing paper of tracing paper is fastened. T-SQUARE -drawing tool used to draw horizontal lines and as guide of the triangles in drawing vertical and inclined lines. TRIANGLES - 30°x 60° triangle is used to draw vertical , 30°, and 60°lines; while the 45°x 90°is used in drawing vertical, 45°lines, provided that one of it’s side is positioned against the blade of the T- square. COMPASS - a tool used to draw circle and arcs in pencil. - If the arc or circle is to be linked the pencil point is removed or replaced with an adaptor. ERASING SHIELD - a tool which aids in erasing unwanted marks on the drawing protecting the important lines around it. DRAWING PENCIL - Used to draw straight and curve lines, either freehand or mechanical. DRAWING PENS -a special type of pens that can be refilled with ink especially made for it. The pen is used for lettering and to ink the lines in drawing presentation. SANDPAPER PAD -a tool used to sharpen the tip of the drawing pencil. DRAFTMAN’S TAPE -used in attaching the paper on the drawing table/ board. RUBBER ERASER -tool which is used in erasing the unwanted marks on the drawing presentation. FRENCH CURVE -tool used as a guide in drawing mechanically drawing curve lines, either in pencil or inked lines. TRIANGULAR SCALE -tool used scaling. (enlarging or reducing) drawings. NSTRUMENTAL DRAWING OBJECTIVES: 1.ACCURACY 2.SPEED 3.LEGIBILITY 4.NEATNESS ALPHABET OF LINES  ALPHABET OF LINES- A set of conventional symbols used on mechanical drawing presentation. 1.Border Line –the thickest of all lines used to frame a drawing. 2.Visible Lines- thick full line used to represent all visible edges of the object. 3.Construction Lines- the lightest of all lines which shows preliminary drawing. 4.Invisible/ Hidden Line- medium short dash lines approximately 1/8” in length and spaced 1/32”between lines and is used to represent the hidden or unseen VISIBLE LINES CONSTRUCTION LINES INVISIBLE LINE 5. Dimension Line- a thick dark line which indicates the direction and extent of the length or distance being presented. 6. Extension Line- a thin dark and solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which a dimension refers. 7.Center Line- a thin line with long and short dashes that is drawn alternately used to indicate axis of symmetrical objects. DIMENSION LINE EXTENSION LINE CENTER LINE 8. Leader Line – thin straight line leading from all dimension value or an explanatory note on the feature on the drawing to which the notes apply. 9.Cutting Plane Line- a thick full line which consists of alternate long and short dashes ,used to represent or show path of the plane which cuts the object that makes a section. 10.Reference Line- a thin curve with arrowheads similar to the leader line to give value or explanatory notes. LEADER LINE CUTTING PLANE 11.Ditto or Repeat Line- a medium weight line which consists of two dashes drawn repeatedly. The two dashes are 1/8” long with 1/32”space between the short dashes. This is used to indicate repeated part of the object drawn. 12. Short Break Line- a visible broken line drawn freehand. It is used to show that the object has been out. 13.Long Break Line- a thin line which breaks. Use to show that the object has been cut. 14.Cross hatching Line- a thin line that is drawn 45 degrees with 1/6” between the lines which is used to indicate that a material has been cut through where some section of a view has been removed. SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINES  PLATE NO. 01 GOTHIC LETTERS Materials: Drawing Pencil (Mongol 2) Cutter /sharpener Old News Paper or Magazine Sand paper/ nail file Oslo paper Ruler  PLATE NO. 02 GOTHIC ITALIC LETTERS Materials: Drawing Pencil (Mongol 2) Cutter /sharpener Old News Paper or Magazine Sand paper/ nail file Oslo paper Ruler LETTERING A. ORIGIN OF LETTERS Authorities believed that the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics were the distant ancestors of what is now called the alphabet. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. B. DEVELOPMENT OF LETTERS Phoenician, developed into 22 letters and was later called cuneiform, a system of writing using symbols. The Greeks, later adapted the Phoenician alphabets and called it boustrophedon. Romans, modified it into more readable type of writing which became the basis of present-day letters, the Roman Alphabet. Roman Alphabet- all capital ,consists of 22 characters. V- was used for both V and U. J- was the modification of the letter I. Old Roman and Modern Roman are alike except the thickness of the serifs. C. LETTER STYLES Before the invention of printing by Gutenberg in the 15th century, all letters were made by hand, and the design were modified and decorated according to the individual’s taste. 1. GOTHIC OR SANS-SERIF -all letters having elementary strokes of even width common in posters, billboards signage and car cards. 2.ROMAN LETTERS -all letters having elementary strokes accented with light and heavy stems classified as Old Roman Letters and Modern Roman Letters. 3.ITALIC LETTERS -all slanting letters , maybe designed as Gothic Italic or Roman Italic. 4. TEXT LETTERS -letters accented with fillets and serifs. 5.SCRIPT LETTERS -commonly used in invitation cards.