TCW REVIEWER FINALS PDF

LESSON 1 with aggression 17 years later. MEDIA COMMUNICATION o Elly Konijn (2007): Teens...

LESSON 1 with aggression 17 years later. MEDIA COMMUNICATION o Elly Konijn (2007): Teens model behaviors of violent Social Media TV/video game characters during identity formation. Definition: Online services enabling people to create/publish content and connect via the Internet. Impact: Changes how we consume THE LIMITS OF MEDIA POWER information, market goods, and connect with others. Social Power Types (French & Raven, Categories: 1959; Raven, 1974): 1. Messaging & Communication: Blogging, 1. Reward Power: Giving rewards for podcasting, micro-blogging. compliance. 2. Communities & Social 2. Coercive Power: Delivering Groups: Social and special- punishments for non-compliance. interest networks. 3. Referent Power: Influence through 3. Photo & Video Sharing: identification or role models. Platforms for uploading and 4. Legitimate Power: Authority managing images. derived from position or role. 4. Social Bookmarking & 5. Expert Power: Authority from Tagging: Tools for specialized knowledge. identifying and sharing 6. Informational Power: Based on online content. access to information, but diminishes 5. Collaboration & once shared. Cooperation: Content- editable sites like wikis. 6. Opinion & Reviews: User- generated reviews (e.g., Technological Limits Yelp). 7. Virtual Worlds: Interactive Digital Divide: Unequal access to environments (e.g., Second technology based on socio-economic Life). levels. Knowledge Gap: Resulting disparity in the ability to process and interpret information. Television and Violence E-Readiness: Competence in handling and understanding Impact: TV violence is linked to technological tools. aggressive and antisocial behavior in children and teens. Studies: o Jeffrey Johnson (2002): TV time in adolescence correlates Social Limits Social Media’s Role: Intended Effects of Mass Media o Inexpensive, broad communication reach. Commercial Advertising: o Useful for marketing and Persuading audiences to purchase audience engagement but goods or services. insufficient alone for deep Political Campaigns: Shaping connections. political opinions. Need for Personal Touch: Public Service Announcements o Engage through one-on-one (PSAs): Promoting social health and institutional activities. issues (e.g., smoking cessation). o Foster relationships to gain Ideological Indoctrination: Using donors, volunteers, and long- media for government-driven term support. ideology (e.g., Nazi Germany). Ritual Events: Using events like the World Cup or Super Bowl as cultural rituals for mass participation. LESSON 2 MASS MEDIA & MASS COMMUNICATION Measuring the Effects of Mass Media Mass Media Definition: A form of Early Studies: Muckraking social communication involving journalism in the 1920s-30s sparked mass communication, which concerns over media’s influence on disseminates messages widely and politics. rapidly to large, diverse audiences. 1950s Focus: TV's influence led to Purpose: Influence audiences the establishment of communication through various forms of content studies departments. (e.g., television, radio, internet). 1970s Theorists (e.g., McLuhan & Five Stages of Mass Rein): Warned about media’s Communication (DeFleur & potential effects, which remain Dennis): relevant today, especially concerning 1. Communicators create false messaging and social media messages for individuals. impact on elections. 2. Messages are rapidly Current Research: Examining both disseminated via mechanical media's impact and how people media. engage with it. 3. A large, diverse audience receives the messages. 4. The audience interprets the messages. 5. The audience is influenced or changed. The Move to Mass Self- information, fostering a more Communication informed electorate. Negative Effects: Media Traditional Mass Media (Push manipulation through propaganda, Technology): Producers create influencing voters' decisions, often content and push it to consumers, using cognitive biases. who have limited interaction. Media Techniques: Mass Self-Communication (Pull 1. Agenda-Setting: Media Technology): Consumers can now coverage can make issues select and create content (e.g., blog seem more or less important posts, YouTube mashups). Content is than they are. still produced by professionals but 2. Priming: Voters evaluate distributed via personal choices. politicians based on media Impact: Communication is now coverage of specific issues. personal, as users can pick and 3. Framing: The way issues are choose media according to their portrayed in media, including needs. selective inclusion or omission of facts, can shape public perception. Computer-Mediated Communication LESSON3 (CMC) Media Ethics Early Studies: Focused on Media ethics, like professional teleconferencing and the impact of ethics, is divided into three areas: lacking nonverbal cues. 1. Metaethics: Concerned with Today: The growth of Web 2.0 the validity of ethical theories (social media, participatory web) has and the nature of good and shifted the dynamics of evil in media. communication. Content can be 2. Normative Ethics: Focuses distributed widely, and everyone on the best practices for with internet access can be a content professionals and the moral creator. standards that should be Prosumers: Term for users who are promoted in media. both consumers and producers of 3. Descriptive Ethics: Uses content, e.g., commenting on blogs social science methods to or engaging on social media. analyze how ethical decision- Expression Effect: The increase in making works in media interactions between consumers and industries (journalism, producers on social media platforms. advertising, PR, entertainment). Politics and the Media Positive Effects: Voters can independently access political Ethical Principles in Media  Ethics: Moral principles that define o Influenced by Joseph F. actions in the media industry, Fletcher’s work, advocating covering issues like morality, for flexibility in moral exploitation, offensive content, and decision-making based on the representation. context. Ethical Decision-Making: Media o Rejects both rigid moral professionals must consider these absolutism and relativism, principles when planning and favoring a practical, case-by- producing content. case approach. Ethical Philosophies Religion and Mass Media Deontology (Duty-based Ethics): Media’s Role in Religion: The o Focuses on actions media significantly influences how themselves rather than religious content is perceived and outcomes. experienced by various audiences, o Adherence to moral rules or especially in Christian traditions. duties is the basis of moral o Audience-Centered: Studies behavior. explore how different o Moral choices are determined religious groups (Catholics, by an agreed code of ethics, Evangelicals, Mormons, etc.) often informed by religion. use and respond to mass Teleological Ethics (Goal-based media. Ethics): o Sociology of Religion: The o Focuses on the consequences relationship between religion of actions. and media is explored o Includes: through theoretical and ▪ Utilitarianism: empirical research. Maximizing benefits o Case Studies: Examines how for the greatest religion interacts with media number. news, entertainment, and ▪ Virtue Ethics: societal expectations. Focused on the Traditional vs. Mass Media: character traits or o Historically, the media was virtues developed closely tied to political, through actions. clerical, and corporate Situation Ethics: powers. o Decisions are based on the o With the mass media era, the specific context of a situation, press developed broader, less considering all partisan content, shifting the circumstances. role of media in presenting o Focuses on maximizing love religion. and reducing harm. MODULE 8 meaning “universal” or “whole.” LESSON 1 Protestantism: Focuses on the belief that Defining Religion sacraments, instituted by Jesus, confer God's grace. Religion is often viewed as a social institution with a unified system of beliefs Orthodoxy: Shares many beliefs with other and practices centered on what is considered Christian churches, including the divinity of sacred. Despite the common understanding, Jesus Christ and his crucifixion and scholars do not fully agree on a single resurrection. definition. However, there are two main approaches to defining religion: 2. Islam: o Islam is the second-largest 1. Sociological/Functional Approach: religion, with 1.8 billion This perspective sees religion as a followers. system of beliefs and practices that o There are two main branches bind people together into a of Islam: community. 2. Phenomenological/Philosophical Sunni Islam: The largest denomination in Approach: Focuses on the Islam, which holds 6 core beliefs: experience of religious phenomena and the nature of belief. Belief in the oneness of God (Allah). Belief in angels. Emile Durkheim’s Definition: Durkheim Belief in the Quran as God’s defined religion as "a unified system of revealed book to Muhammad. beliefs and practices relative to sacred Belief in the Gospel revealed to things," where sacred things are set apart God’s messengers. and forbidden. These beliefs and practices Belief in the last days. unite individuals into a single moral Belief in destiny and the Psalms community, or "church," of believers. revealed to David. Shia Islam: Shia Muslims believe only God can appoint the successor to his prophet, in World’s Largest Religions contrast to the Sunni view. 1. Christianity: Sufism: Islamic mysticism, which can be o Christianity is the world’s part of both Sunni and Shia Islam, focusing largest religion with on spiritual sincerity and fighting one’s ego. approximately 2.4 billion followers. 3. Hinduism: o It has several denominations, o Hinduism, the largest religion including: in India, is the third-largest in ▪ Catholicism: The the world, with 1.1 billion word comes from the followers. Greek katholikos  o Key beliefs in Hinduism Religion Globalization include: ▪ Dharma: Ethical economic influence duties and moral globally. order. ▪ Artha: Prosperity and material success. How Globalization Assists Religion ▪ Karma: The law of cause and effect based Globalization and religion have a dynamic, on actions and reciprocal relationship: intentions. Global Reach: Globalization helps Lesson 2: Globalization vs. Religion religions spread their teachings more Religion Globalization effectively across the world. Religions that embrace the idea of a Concerned with the Focuses on material universal message or community, sacred (spiritual and wealth and economic such as Christianity or Islam, have divine matters). factors. been able to expand beyond their Follows divine Follows human-made traditional geographical regions, commandments laws (e.g., national or reaching a wider global audience. Cross-Border Communication: (spiritual laws). international laws). Enhanced communication through Religion believes in the Human action is seen the internet, satellite television, and possibility of as the key to global finance systems has allowed communication between achieving material followers of the same religion (like humans and the divine. satisfaction. the Muslim Umma or the Christian Church) to connect in ways that were Defined by deities such never possible before. This has Globalists are less as "God," "Allah," or strengthened a sense of global concerned with "Yahweh," which judge religious community. concepts like heaven human actions as good Identity and Pride: Religion has or hell. or bad. become a key element of identity for many people around the world, as Religious individuals are globalization has made people more Globalists prioritize less concerned with aware of global religious skills, wealth, and wealth and material movements. This connection to faith economic success. possessions. has given people a sense of Religious individuals Globalists focus on belonging, pride, and a shared strive to live a virtuous, spreading goods and purpose. Political Influence: Religion has sin-free life. services globally. historically been shaped by political Religions are concerned Globalists wish to shifts. For example, King Henry with spreading holy VIII’s break from the Roman expand the reach of ideas across the world. goods, services, and Catholic Church to establish the Church of England was motivated by both political and religious factors.  Globalization has similarly allowed Marriage Rates: Data on the political and religious institutions to frequency of marriages within a interact more closely. population. Transnational Religious Communities: Thanks to Birth and Death Rates: Information globalization, there is now a greater on the number of births and deaths ability for people of the same faith to over time. interact and form communities Health Indicators: Such as the without geographical boundaries. As noted by Jan Aart Scholte, prevalence of diseases or life globalization has helped form the expectancy. "transworld" connections for Sources of Demographic Data religious communities like Muslims and Christians, enabling them to Several sources are used to gather engage in shared practices and ideas demographic data. These sources provide across nations. the information necessary for population studies, government planning, and policy- making. MODULE 9 Source 1: Population Census LESSON 1 The population census is one of the most Demography: The Study of Population crucial sources of demographic data. It Dynamics involves an official count of a country’s population, including details like age, sex, Demography is the study of statistics such as employment, education, etc. Key features of births, deaths, income, disease incidence, the census include: and other factors that illustrate the changing structure of human populations. It provides Frequency: The census is typically insights into the trends and patterns that conducted at regular intervals, often influence societal changes over time. every 10 years. Demographic Data Preparation: Prior to the census, the Census Commission prepares Demographic data refers to socio-economic schedules, lists of households, and information expressed statistically. It trains enumerators. includes factors such as: Collection Process: Enumerators Employment: Data on the workforce collect data by visiting households and job sectors. door-to-door, or in some countries, Education: Levels of education by sending schedules by post. attained in a population. Analysis: The data collected is then Income: The earning levels and examined and analyzed statistically. economic conditions of individuals. Source 2: Registration Systems These systems involve the formal recording such as health surveys, income of vital statistics and are required by law in studies, or education assessments. most countries. They track important life LESSON 2 events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces. Key components include: Malthusian Theory of Population 1. Vital Registration: This includes the The Malthusian Theory of Population, recording of vital events like birth proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus in the certificates, death certificates, and late 18th century, focuses on the relationship marriage certificates. between population growth and food supply. According to Malthus, population grows 2. Population Registers: These exponentially (geometrically), while food maintain records of all residents supply grows at a slower, arithmetic rate. within a country, including both This imbalance between population growth nationals and foreigners. and food production leads to periodic crises 3. Social Security Records: These of food shortages. maintain records for schemes such as Key Elements of the Malthusian Theory unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, maternity allowances, etc. 1. Population and Food Supply: 4. International Publications: Exponential Population Growth: Malthus Organizations like the United argued that population grows in a Nations and the World Health geometrical progression, meaning it doubles Organization publish data related to at regular intervals (for example, every 25 health and demographics, including years). the UN Demographic Yearbook and WHO Epidemiological and Arithmetic Food Supply Growth: In Vital Records. contrast, food supply grows at an arithmetic progression, meaning it increases by a fixed Source 3: Sample Surveys amount over time (e.g., an increase of one unit per year). Sample surveys collect data from a fraction of the population, rather than conducting a This mismatch leads to a situation where census of the entire population. These food production will eventually be surveys are useful for estimating unable to keep up with the growing demographic characteristics when a full population, leading to food shortages. census would be too costly or time- consuming. Key points: 2. Checks on Population: o Malthus identified two types Sampling: Only a representative sample of individuals is surveyed, of checks that control making this a cost-effective population growth: positive alternative to a full census. checks and preventive checks. Usefulness: These surveys are often used for specific research purposes, Positive Checks: o These measures aim to slow down population growth and o Positive checks are natural prevent the need for drastic, and external factors that catastrophic events (like increase the death rate and positive checks). bring the population back into balance with the food LESSON 3 supply. These include: Urbanization: Executive Summary Famines: Food shortages that result in Urbanization drives economic growth and widespread hunger and death. poverty reduction, with over 80% of global Natural Calamities: Events like economic activity concentrated in cities. It earthquakes and floods that lead to mass creates job opportunities, services, and mortality. innovation. However, if unmanaged, urbanization can lead to congestion, slums, Epidemics: Outbreaks of diseases that pollution, inequality, and crime. Successful reduce population size. urbanization requires strong institutions, Wars: Conflicts that lead to large-scale social inclusion, resilience, and destruction and loss of life. environmental sustainability, supported by national and local governments. o These events decrease the population by causing higher Urbanization in the Philippines death rates, thereby reducing The Philippines is rapidly urbanizing, with the strain on food resources. its urban population growing by 50 million Preventive Checks: over the past 50 years. By 2050, 65% of the population (102 million) will live in cities. o Preventive checks are human- Urbanization has contributed to economic made measures that control growth and poverty reduction, but the population growth before it country has not fully realized the potential of leads to shortages. These urbanization compared to other nations. include: Challenges Late Marriage: Encouraging people to marry later in life reduces the number of 1. Geography: The Philippines’ childbearing years, which can slow archipelagic nature creates population growth. connectivity issues. Self-Control: Encouraging people to limit 2. Industrialization: The country family size through voluntary measures, skipped industrialization, affecting such as birth control or abstinence. urban-driven growth. Simple Living: A lifestyle that may include 3. Manufacturing: A weak lower birth rates, helping to reduce manufacturing sector has led to low- population pressure. quality jobs.  4. Natural Hazards: Frequent flooding outward expansion of the city’s and seismic risks exacerbate urban boundaries. management issues. 2. Internal Growth (Compact City): Key Constraints This involves the internalization of population and a more intensive 1. Fragmented Governance: pattern of growth. Inconsistent urban development and metropolitan management. Cities often experience both processes, with growth happening both within their 2. Weak Land Administration: Poor boundaries and outward, resulting in land management hinders urban different urban forms. development. Problems in Cities Opportunities and Recommendations Cities face a range of challenges that can Successful projects like Bonifacio Global affect their inhabitants' quality of life: City and Iloilo Business Park highlight the potential of urbanization. A bold reform 1. Crime: Higher population density agenda is needed to address governance, increases the risk of violent crime, land management, and infrastructure issues, and anonymity in large cities may with collaboration between government, the encourage criminal behavior. private sector, and civil society. 2. Air Pollution: Traffic congestion and high vehicle numbers contribute significantly to air pollution, leading MODULE 10 to health issues like respiratory LESSON 1 problems. The Rise of Cities 3. Fiscal Issues: Cities struggle to fund basic services such as policing, In early societies, advancements in education, and infrastructure agriculture and a stable food supply led to maintenance, especially for low- permanent settlements. Surplus food allowed income or vulnerable populations. for population growth, and people were able to specialize in trades like metalworking and 4. Crowding: Overcrowding can lead weaving. This specialization led to the to increased stress, mental health formation of a social hierarchy, and issues, and higher rates of eventually, systems of governance, record- aggression. keeping, and writing emerged. 5. Housing: Substandard housing Urban Development Patterns conditions, such as malfunctioning systems and infestations, are Urban development can be categorized into common in urban areas. two main patterns: 6. Homelessness: Many people in cities 1. Horizontal Expansion (Urban live in unsafe or temporary housing Dispersion): This refers to the conditions, such as streets,  abandoned buildings, or cheap 5. Advanced Transportation System: motels. These cities have extensive transportation networks, including 7. Traffic and Transportation: With highways and mass transit systems many people needing to travel in offering various modes like buses, dense urban areas, traffic congestion light rail, and regional rail. is a persistent issue. 6. Cultural Diversity: In Western 8. Mental Health: Urban living has cities, global cities are known for been linked to worse mental health vibrant immigrant communities outcomes compared to rural areas (Chinatown, Little Italy). In other due to stress and environmental parts of the world, cities like factors. Singapore or Shanghai attract 9. Public Education: Urban schools multinational businesses and often face challenges like expatriate populations. underfunding, poor infrastructure, 7. Economic Powerhouses: Global and a lack of educational materials. cities host influential financial LESSON 2 institutions, law firms, and corporate headquarters, such as the New York General Characteristics of Global Cities Stock Exchange or London Stock Global cities are defined by several key Exchange. characteristics that distinguish them as 8. Communication Infrastructure: A central hubs in the global network: robust digital infrastructure, such as 1. International Recognition: Global fiber optics, Wi-Fi networks, and cities are easily identified without cellular services, is crucial for global needing a political qualifier, like business operations. "Paris" (not "Paris, France"). 9. Cultural Institutions: They are 2. Global Influence: These cities play home to world-class museums, a significant role in international universities, and cultural landmarks. events and world affairs. For 10. Cultural Scene: Global cities boast instance, New York City hosts the vibrant arts and entertainment UN headquarters. scenes, including prestigious film 3. Large Population: They are festivals, theaters (e.g., Broadway, typically home to a large population, West End), and symphony often the center of a metropolitan orchestras. area with millions of people. 11. Media Influence: Powerful media 4. Major International Airports: A outlets, such as the BBC or The New global city often has a prominent York Times, with a global reach, are international airport, like London based in these cities. Heathrow, that serves as a key hub for global air traffic.  12. Sports: Global cities have major catchment areas and agricultural sports facilities, prominent home lands while increasing demand for teams, and the capacity to host energy. international sporting events like the 5. Transformation of Nature: Olympics or World Cup Urban development often leads to the replacement of natural landscapes with man-made environments, such LESSON 3 as concrete, asphalt, and buildings. Human Ecology and Environmental This alters local climates and Concerns in Global Cities disrupts natural cycles, like water and energy flows. 1. Sense of Community: Urban areas are often highly 6. Water Issues: individualistic, with residents The urban impact on the focused on their own lives and less hydrological cycle is significant, as concerned with community ties. This cities use vast amounts of water for lack of community feeling contrasts consumption and industry, often with smaller, more communal returning it to the cycle in a settings. contaminated state. 2. Environmental Threats: Key Roles of Global Cities Rapid urbanization, combined with 1. Economic Powerhouses: extreme weather events related to Global cities drive the global climate change, worsens economy, hosting major environmental challenges in cities. corporations, financial institutions, Cities face threats such as flooding, law firms, and exchanges that shape tropical cyclones (especially coastal business and commerce worldwide. cities), heat waves, and epidemics, all of which strain infrastructure. 2. Connectivity: With extensive infrastructure and 3. Inequality: major airports, global cities are There is growing inequality in cities, central hubs for international travel with the urban super-rich increasing and communication, making them while many others, especially the highly accessible. poor, struggle to access basic resources. Inequities in resilience to 3. Knowledge Hubs: environmental risks also exacerbate Top educational institutions in global the challenges. cities play a key role in generating and sharing knowledge, fostering 4. Resource Demand: innovation and development. Cities require significant resources— water, food, and energy—to function. Urban sprawl reduces natural resources like water MODULE 11 Food Security LESSON 1 Food security exists when all people have reliable access to sufficient, safe, and Food Sustainability nutritious food to meet dietary needs and Food sustainability involves a broad range lead an active, healthy life. Key components of factors, including how food is produced, of food security include: distributed, and consumed. It goes beyond 1. Food Access: The ability of food miles and encompasses resource usage, individuals to obtain sufficient food. environmental impact, agricultural practices, health, and social and economic 2. Food Distribution: The effective consequences. Key elements include: delivery and equitable distribution of food across populations. Sustainable Farming Practices: Organic, low-carbon food production 3. Stability of the Food Supply: that avoids artificial fertilizers, Consistent availability of food pesticides, and GMOs. It promotes without major disruptions. biodiversity, soil fertility, and the 4. Utilization of Food: Proper use of long-term viability of food food for nutrition, health, and production. energy. Low Environmental Impact: Food Insecurity is when a household has Minimizing resource use, energy uncertain access to enough food, often consumption, and harmful practices resulting in malnutrition or hunger. This can that contribute to climate change, lead to long-term health issues and, if particularly during transportation and extreme, famine. storage. Global Food Insecurity: While food Animal Welfare: Ensuring livestock insecurity is more challenging to are treated humanely, with proper measure globally, the FAO estimated care, grazing opportunities, and in 1999 that over 1.2 billion people freedom of movement rather than were chronically food insecure, with being confined. Asia being the most affected. Public Health Protection: Factors Behind Food Insecurity Promoting food safety by avoiding hazardous chemicals, antibiotics, and 1. Poverty: The primary cause of food growth hormones, ensuring the food insecurity, exacerbated by socio- consumed is healthy. economic and political issues. Good Employment Practices and 2. Food Distribution Issues: Food is Community Support: Providing fair often available globally, but political wages, safe working conditions, and and logistical barriers prevent proper supporting local economies to distribution, causing famines. strengthen communities.  3. Political-Agricultural Practices: Impact on Academic Performance: Decisions to export food or focus on Older children experiencing food commodity crops (like corn) rather insecurity often struggle with than food crops can lead to food academic performance, social skills, shortages in exporting countries. and higher Body Mass Index (BMI), which indicates overweight and 4. Environmental Factors: Droughts obesity. and other natural disasters can disrupt food supply, while climate Chronic Underweight and Stunted change poses long-term risks to food Growth: On a global scale, chronic production and access. food insecurity, especially in developing regions, results in 5. Economic and Political Reasons: undernourishment, stunted growth, Global food price increases, demand and long-term developmental issues for biofuels, and the rise of the for children. middle class in countries like China increase food demand, often Proposals to Address Food Insecurity exacerbating food insecurity. Several solutions aim to alleviate food LESSON 2 insecurity, with a focus on addressing root causes and implementing sustainable Results of Food Insecurity practices: Food insecurity can lead to a range of 1. Sustainable Agriculture: The first negative physical, social, and psychological Green Revolution in the 1960s and effects on individuals, particularly children '70s increased global yields but often and adults over time. Some of these impacts at the expense of small farmers, who include: were forced off their land. The Obesity: Paradoxically, food second Green Revolution, focused on insecurity is linked to obesity, genetically modified organisms particularly in women and girls. This (GMOs), may further harm small could be due to periods of food farmers as large corporations control scarcity that lead to overeating to the patents for seeds. Experts argue compensate for missed calories, or that sustainable agriculture, which the consumption of high-calorie, reduces reliance on expensive nutrient-poor foods like fast food and industrial inputs and fossil fuels, can junk food, which are often cheaper be more effective in the long term for and more accessible than healthier ensuring food security. options. 2. Improving Agricultural Poor Health in Infants and Biodiversity: Sustainable Toddlers: Food insecurity is agricultural practices that enhance correlated with higher hospitalization biodiversity can protect against food rates and poor health outcomes for insecurity. Industrial agriculture, young children. which relies on monocropping  (growing one type of crop on large development. The food sovereignty plots of land), is vulnerable to pests movement critiques the global focus and diseases, leading to crop failure. on food security without considering In contrast, diverse farming practices local food production, which can promote soil health, increase harm small-scale farmers, local resilience, and provide better yields economies, and cultures by over time. increasing reliance on cheap, imported food. Promoting local 3. Policy Changes: In the U.S., production and consumption is seen supporting local, sustainable food as key to long-term, sustainable food production through policy changes security. can improve food security. Initiatives such as increasing incentives for MODULE 12 local farmers, promoting farmers' LESSON 1 markets, expanding food stamp benefits, and encouraging Global Citizenship community gardening, urban farming, and home gardening can Global citizenship refers to the idea that help improve access to healthy, individuals are part of a global community, nutritious food. These strategies not interconnected with others around the world, only increase food security but also and that we all have a role to play in enhance public health by promoting addressing global issues. It emphasizes the the consumption of fresh fruits and responsibility of individuals to contribute vegetables. positively to society, respect diversity, and engage with others to create a more just, Food Justice and Food Sovereignty sustainable, and equitable world. Food Justice: This concept Characteristics of a Global Citizen emphasizes that food is a basic human right. It advocates for the fair A global citizen: distribution of food and the risks and 1. Is aware of the wider world: benefits associated with how food is Understands global issues and their grown and produced. Food justice interconnectedness, and recognizes focuses on equitable access to food, their role in shaping the world. especially for vulnerable and marginalized populations. 2. Respects and values diversity: Embraces cultural, social, and Food Sovereignty: Defined by the ideological differences. global agricultural movement La Via Campesina, food sovereignty is the 3. Has an understanding of how the right of people to define their own world works: Is informed about food and agricultural systems. It global systems, politics, and advocates for the protection and economics, and how they impact regulation of domestic agricultural local and global communities. production to achieve sustainable  4. Is outraged by social injustice: steps toward addressing global Takes a stand against inequality and challenges. works towards fairness and justice. 3. Encourages Sustainable 5. Participates in the community: Development: Highlights the need to Actively engages in community protect the environment and consider work, from local to global levels, future generations in decision- contributing to meaningful change. making. 6. Is willing to act for a more Impact of Education on Global Issues equitable and sustainable world: Human Rights: Educated women Takes responsibility for their actions are less likely to marry early, and their impact on society and the reducing child brides. Education for environment. girls can cut the rate of child The Role of Education in Global marriages by half in regions like sub- Citizenship Saharan Africa and South Asia. Access to education is fundamental, but it Democracy: Education is closely must go beyond academic knowledge to also linked to democratic engagement. foster core values, attitudes, and skills that People with primary and secondary prepare individuals to live together education are more likely to support harmoniously. Education should encourage democracy and political respect for human rights, social justice, participation. diversity, gender equality, and Tolerance: Educated individuals are environmental sustainability. more likely to accept people of Global Citizenship Education (GCED) different religions or languages. This goes beyond traditional school curricula to is especially evident in regions like equip learners with the tools needed to Latin America and the Arab states. address global challenges like poverty, Sustainable Development: People inequality, conflicts, human rights with higher education are more likely violations, and environmental degradation. It to be concerned about environmental teaches values like tolerance, peace, and issues, with those in developed respect for diversity, while also empowering countries showing more concern for students to take action in their communities sustainability. and beyond. LESSON 2 Key Principles of GCED Barriers to Global Citizenship Education 1. Promotes Tolerance and Respect (GCED) for Diversity: Encourages an understanding of shared humanity Global Citizenship Education (GCED) faces and the value of differences. several barriers that hinder its widespread implementation. These challenges are often 2. Empowers Learners to Act: GCED enables students to take practical deeply rooted in social, cultural, economic, 5. Religious Barriers: political, and religious contexts: o Religious beliefs may shape 1. Social Barriers: educational content in ways that don't align with the o There may be resistance to principles of global change in how education is citizenship, particularly when viewed and delivered. the curriculum emphasizes Traditional emphasis on religious teachings over academic achievement can secular, globally-oriented overshadow the need for issues. educating students about global issues and social Barriers in Education responsibility. Several systemic issues in the education 2. Cultural Barriers: system contribute to these challenges: o Cultural values and traditions 1. Legacy of the Current Education may conflict with the concept System: of global citizenship, o Many education systems are especially in societies where built on outdated structures national identity and local that prioritize academic customs take precedence over achievement over values- international cooperation or based learning and critical diversity. thinking. 3. Economic Barriers: 2. Outmoded Curricula and o Limited resources, especially Learning Materials: in poorer regions, may o Existing curricula often fail prevent the integration of to address global issues or GCED into schools. Financial teach students about their role constraints can also lead to a in a global community. focus on basic education needs rather than global 3. Lack of Teacher Capacity: issues. o Many teachers lack the 4. Political Barriers: training and resources necessary to teach global o Governments may be citizenship effectively. reluctant to adopt GCED due Teacher professional to political ideologies or fears development is crucial for of losing control over equipping educators to national curricula and values. facilitate GCED. This is especially true in countries with strict policies 4. Inadequate Focus on Values: about education.  o There is insufficient emphasis Advantages of GCED on fostering values like 1. Decreased Prices for Online justice, equality, and Education: sustainability in many education systems. GCED o The growing availability of requires a shift toward affordable online education teaching these core values enables more people, alongside academic subjects. especially in underserved areas, to access GCED. 5. Lack of Leadership on Global Citizenship: 2. Blended Learning and Flipped Classrooms: o Without leadership at the policy level, GCED often o The rise of blended learning struggles to gain traction in and flipped classrooms educational institutions. provides flexible learning opportunities that can What Needs to Change in Education? facilitate GCED. 1. Education Content: 3. Overcoming Geographical Limits: o Schools must adapt curricula o GCED helps overcome to prepare learners for global geographical limitations by citizenship by focusing on enabling access to global real-life issues, solutions, and perspectives and ideas actions. This requires a shift regardless of location. toward a more comprehensive, 4. Global Knowledge Sharing: interdisciplinary approach. o With access to the internet, 2. Teacher Knowledge and Ability: knowledge is spread worldwide, making it easier o Teachers need proper training for people to become and support to integrate informed global citizens. GCED into their teaching. Empowering educators is key Disadvantages of GCED to delivering quality GCED. 1. Time Wasted on Social Media: 3. Learning Environment: o Many youths may misuse the o Schools should foster an internet for social media, environment that reflects the detracting from meaningful values of global citizenship. learning and engagement This includes promoting with global issues. inclusivity, diversity, and respect in both the classroom 2. Lack of Influence for Smaller and extracurricular activities. Countries:  o Smaller countries may find it policymakers, and activists to drive difficult to influence global forward the goals of GCED. governance or ensure their What Can GCED Help Us Achieve? values are respected in global discussions. Global Citizenship Education can help us: 3. Limited Support for Struggling 1. Live Together in Peace: GCED Learners: fosters respect for human rights and a sense of shared humanity. o Some individuals may not receive the necessary 2. Engage in Global Challenges: guidance or support as they GCED motivates individuals to navigate the challenges of actively engage with and address GCED. global issues, such as poverty, inequality, and environmental 4. Overlap in Online Courses: destruction. o There may be redundancy in 3. Create a Just and Sustainable online courses, with many World: By building awareness and inexpensive courses covering promoting action, GCED contributes the same content, leading to to a more peaceful, tolerant, and inefficiency. sustainable world. What is UNESCO Doing? How Can You Contribute? Bringing Experts Together: 1. Think: Learn about global issues UNESCO works to share and consider what actions you can information and experiences among take. experts and professionals in the field of GCED. 2. Share: Discuss these issues with others to raise awareness and Mainstreaming GCED: UNESCO encourage collective action. promotes the integration of GCED in educational systems globally, 3. Act: Change your practices and advocating for policy changes that habits to help create a more just, support its inclusion. peaceful, and sustainable world. Promoting Transformative Teaching: UNESCO supports teaching methods that encourage critical thinking and engagement with both local and global communities. Supporting a Network of Stakeholders: UNESCO helps to build a network of educators,