TCW-Module-5-Contemporary-Global-Governance PDF

Table of Contents Learning Outcomes....................................................................................................................................... 1 Pre-Diagnostic Assessment........................................................................................................

Table of Contents Learning Outcomes....................................................................................................................................... 1 Pre-Diagnostic Assessment........................................................................................................................... 2 Global Governance........................................................................................................................................ 2 Challenges of Global Governance................................................................................................................. 3 Nationalism and Protectionism................................................................................................................. 3 Power Imbalances..................................................................................................................................... 3 Global Inequality....................................................................................................................................... 3 Climate Change and Environmental Degradation..................................................................................... 4 Cybersecurity and Technology Governance.............................................................................................. 4 Pandemic Response and Global Health Governance................................................................................. 4 Migration and Refugee Issue..................................................................................................................... 5 The United Nations....................................................................................................................................... 5 Functions of the United Nations................................................................................................................ 6 Main Parts of the UN................................................................................................................................. 6 Challenges the UN Faces........................................................................................................................... 7 International Criminal Court (ICC)................................................................................................................ 7 Crimes ICC Deal With................................................................................................................................. 8 How Does the ICC Work?.......................................................................................................................... 8 Important Things to Know About the ICC.................................................................................................. 9 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Post-Diagnostic Assessment....................................................................................................................... 11 Activity 1: Define Global Governance..................................................................................................... 12 Activity 2: Fill in the Blanks Type Quiz.................................................................................................... 13 Assignment: United Nations Agency in the Philippines.......................................................................... 14 References.................................................................................................................................................. 15 The Contemporary World – Module 5 i Learning Outcomes Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations (UN) Describe the challenges of global governance in the 21st century Explain the relevance of the state in the midst of globalization The Contemporary World – Module 2- Section 4 1 Pre-Diagnostic Assessment Instructions: Write agree if you think the statement is correct; otherwise write disagree. ____________ 1. Global governance is one method of resolving issues beyond the jurisdiction of the national level. ____________ 2. The Philippines can solve its national problems alone because it has a competent, uncorrupted president. ____________ 3. The United Nations is an international organization created with political schemes. ____________ 4. United Nation is bound to help any member-state in need. ____________ 5. The function of International Criminal Court is to prosecute only those responsible for genocide, and not for apartheid or racial segregation. Global Governance The world is getting more connected, and the challenges we face are bigger and more complex. Issues like environmental damage or global health crises cannot be solved by one country alone, so we need international cooperation. This is true in the case of the global crises like the Covid-19 which affected every county, making it important for countries to share resources and strategies to stop it. Global governance means countries and international groups coming together to address problems that affect multiple countries, not just one. For example, climate change impacts the whole planet, so countries must work together, like in the Paris Agreement, where many nations agreed to reduce pollution and protect the environment. Global governance is about creating systems and agreements that help everyone. It involves both formal treaties and informal cooperation to handle issues that cross national borders. With the establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO) which help countries respond to the global health emergencies like the recent Ebola outbreak in Africa. Global governance provides a platform for countries to discuss and work together on issues that no single country can fix alone. The United Nations serves as a space where all countries can discuss global issues like poverty, war, or environmental protection and find collective solutions. Global governance doesn’t mean creating one world government; instead, it’s about making sure existing governments work more effectively together. Example: In trade, organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) help countries settle disputes and make trade rules, without controlling any one country’s government. Global governance is becoming more open, where every country, no matter how small, has a chance to be heard. Example: In the United Nations, each country, big or small, has one vote, which means even small nations like Fiji can speak up about climate change and have a say in decisions. The Contemporary World – Module 5 2 Small and developing countries, especially those at risk from global issues like climate change, can use global governance to make their voices heard. Example: Pacific island nations, which are threatened by rising sea levels, can raise their concerns in global meetings and push for stronger climate action Challenges of Global Governance In today’s world, many problems can’t be solved by one country alone—they require global cooperation. But there are many challenges that make this difficult. Some of the key challenges include: Nationalism and Protectionism Nationalism is when people and governments focus mainly on their own country’s interests, often at the expense of international cooperation, while protectionism is when a country puts up barriers (like tariffs or trade restrictions) to protect its own economy from foreign competition. In recent years, some countries have experienced a rise in nationalist sentiments, and policymakers in these countries have implemented protectionist measures to safeguard their own industries, jobs, and cultural identity. However, such policies can also lead to tensions in international relations and hinder global cooperation. Example: Brexit (the UK leaving the European Union) is an example of nationalism. Many people in the UK felt that their country should make its own decisions without being bound by EU rules. US-China trade war: The U.S. imposed tariffs (taxes on imports) on Chinese goods to protect American industries, and China retaliated, which led to economic tensions. When countries prioritize their own interests over global cooperation, it becomes harder to address global issues like climate change or trade imbalances. Cooperation is essential for tackling problems that affect everyone. Power Imbalances Some countries are much more powerful, politically and economically, than others. These powerful countries often dominate decision-making in international organizations. Countries with less power, like smaller or developing nations, often feel that their voices aren’t heard or that global rules favor the big powers. This creates frustration and limits true global cooperation. The United Nations Security Council has five permanent members (the US, UK, Russia, China, and France) with veto power. This means they can block any decision they don’t agree with, giving them more control over international matters. Global Inequality Global inequality refers to the huge gap between wealthy countries (and people) and poorer countries (and people). Some countries have vast resources and technology, while others struggle with poverty, lack of infrastructure, and education The Contemporary World – Module 5 3 While many wealthy countries have been able to vaccinate most of their populations against COVID-19, poorer countries struggled to access vaccines, leaving their populations vulnerable. If global governance doesn’t address inequality, it leaves poorer countries behind. These countries are then more vulnerable to crises like climate change, health epidemics, and economic downturns, making it harder to build a fairer, more cooperative world. Climate Change and Environmental Degradation Climate change is the warming of the planet due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, which increases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Environmental degradation refers to the destruction of natural environments (like deforestation or pollution). Climate change is a global issue that affects everyone—rising sea levels, extreme weather, and loss of biodiversity. But it’s difficult to get all countries to work together, especially when reducing emissions might hurt their economies in the short term. Example: Countries agreed to reduce carbon emissions in the Paris Agreement (2015), but not every country is meeting its goals. Some, like the U.S. under the Trump administration, withdrew from the agreement for a time, making global efforts less effective. Cybersecurity and Technology Governance Cybersecurity refers to protecting computers, networks, and data from unauthorized access or attacks. Technology governance is about creating global rules on how technology should be used and managed, especially the internet and emerging technologies like AI (Artificial Intelligence).. Cyber threats don’t respect borders—they can come from anywhere in the world. But there are no strong global rules or enforcement mechanisms to deal with them. This makes it hard for countries to cooperate in securing their digital infrastructure or regulating powerful technologies like AI. In recent years, there have been cyberattacks on governments, businesses, and even elections, like Russia’s alleged interference in the 2016 U.S. election using online hacking and misinformation campaigns. Pandemic Response and Global Health Governance Pandemics are global disease outbreaks that require countries to work together to contain and stop them. Global governance refers to the efforts to manage pandemics through international cooperation. Pandemics spread fast and don’t respect borders. If countries don’t cooperate, it makes it harder to stop the disease, leading to more deaths and economic damage. A strong, coordinated global response is essential for future pandemics, but this requires better systems of governance. The COVID-19 pandemic showed how unprepared the world was. Countries were slow to share information, coordinate responses, or distribute vaccines equitably. While organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) tried to help, different governments had their own approaches, often leading to delays in controlling the virus. The Contemporary World – Module 5 4. Migration and Refugee Issue Migration refers to people moving from one country to another, often for economic reasons or to escape conflict. Refugees are people forced to flee their home countries due to war, persecution, or natural disasters. Migration and refugee issues put a strain on countries, especially those already facing economic challenges. It’s difficult for the global community to agree on how to fairly distribute responsibility for refugees, and countries often argue over how to handle borders and asylum policies. This lack of coordination worsens the situation for the migrants and refugees themselves. he Syrian Civil War (starting in 2011) caused millions of Syrians to flee their homes, creating one of the biggest refugee crises in modern times. Countries like Turkey, Germany, and Lebanon took in millions of refugees, but many other countries were reluctant to share the burden. Global governance faces many challenges because countries often have competing interests, and global issues like pandemics, cyberattacks, and climate change require cooperation that is hard to achieve. These challenges—ranging from nationalism and inequality to cybersecurity and migration—make it difficult for international organizations like the UN to effectively manage global problems. However, tackling these issues remains crucial for building a more stable and fairer world. The United Nations “With this Charter, the world can begin to look forward to the time when all worthy human beings may be permitted to live decently as free people” --US President Truman, 1945 The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created after World War II in 1945 to help countries work together to solve big problems. It was set up to prevent future wars, promote peace, and improve lives around the world. Think of it as a place where countries come together to discuss and work on global issues like war, poverty, human rights, health, and the environment. Why Was the UN Created? After World War II, the world realized that international conflicts caused massive destruction and loss of life. So, leaders from many countries wanted a way to avoid future wars by promoting peace and cooperation between nations. The UN was created as a solution to help nations settle their differences through talking, rather than fighting. There are 193 countries in the UN today. This means almost every country in the world is a member. Each country, no matter how big or small, has a seat and a voice at the table. The Contemporary World – Module 5 5 Functions of the United Nations The purposes of the United Nations are defined in Article 1 of the UN Charter, these are: Maintaining Peace and Security: The UN works to prevent conflicts between countries, and if there is a conflict, it tries to help countries resolve it peacefully. If needed, the UN sends peacekeeping missions—these are groups of soldiers from different countries who go to conflict areas to keep the peace and protect civilians. Example: The UN has sent peacekeepers to places like South Sudan to prevent violence after the country’s civil war. Promoting Human Rights: The UN promotes human rights around the world, making sure people are treated fairly and have the freedom to speak, work, and live without discrimination. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is one of its most important documents, outlining basic rights everyone should have. Example: The UN criticizes countries that violate human rights, like in cases of genocide or torture. Helping in Health, Education, and Development: The UN helps poorer countries by providing aid, education, and healthcare. It helps build schools, provide vaccines, and fight diseases. Organizations like UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) work to protect and improve the lives of children. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the UN’s World Health Organization (WHO) played a major role in coordinating global efforts to stop the virus and distribute vaccines. Fighting Climate Change and Protecting the Environment: The UN leads global efforts to combat climate change and protect the environment. Example: The Paris Agreement (2015) is a global pact where countries agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming. Helping Refugees and People in Crisis: When people are forced to flee their homes due to war or natural disasters, the UN helps them by providing food, shelter, and safety. Example: The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) helps refugees fleeing conflict in places like Syria or Afghanistan. Main Parts of the UN The UN is made up of several key parts that work on different issues: 1. General Assembly: This is like a big meeting where all 193 countries come together to discuss and vote on important global issues. Every country has one vote, no matter how big or small it is. 2. Security Council: This part of the UN is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, but only 5 permanent members (the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom) have veto power—meaning they can block any important decision they don’t agree with. The other 10 members rotate every two years. Example: The Security Council can approve peacekeeping missions or sanctions (like economic penalties) against countries causing trouble. The Contemporary World – Module 5 6  3. International Court of Justice (ICJ): This is the main court of the UN that settles disputes between countries. Example: If two countries argue over their borders, they can bring the case to the ICJ to settle it. 4. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): This part deals with global economic, social, and environmental issues, like poverty, education, and public health. It coordinates the work of many UN agencies. 5. UN Secretariat: The UN Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. It’s led by the Secretary- General, who is like the UN’s top spokesperson. The current Secretary-General (as of 2024) is António Guterres. 6. UN Peacekeeping: This part organizes missions where soldiers from different countries are sent to conflict zones to keep the peace and protect civilians. Peacekeepers don’t fight in wars, but they try to help prevent fighting and make sure peace agreements are followed. Challenges the UN Faces While the UN has done a lot of good, it also faces several challenges: 1. Power Imbalances: The veto power held by the five permanent members of the Security Council (US, Russia, China, UK, and France) sometimes stops the UN from acting. Example: If one of these countries doesn’t agree with a resolution, like intervening in a conflict, they can block it, even if other countries want to take action. 2. Limited Resources: The UN doesn’t have its own army or a lot of money. It depends on its member countries for resources. Sometimes, countries don’t pay their dues on time, which makes it hard for the UN to do its work effectively. 3. Global Disagreements: Countries often disagree on how to solve major issues. For example, countries have different views on how to handle climate change or manage conflicts, which makes global cooperation difficult at times. International Criminal Court (ICC) The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a court that was created to hold individuals accountable for the most serious crimes that affect the international community. These are not just regular crimes but the kind of crimes that harm large numbers of people, or even entire nations, such as war crimes or genocide. The ICC is based in The Hague, Netherlands, and it was established in 2002 by a treaty called the Rome Statute. The ICC prosecutes individuals, not countries or governments, for crimes that are considered too serious to be left to just one country’s legal system The ICC was set up because some crimes are so horrible and so widespread that the global community decided there needs to be a permanent court to bring justice. Before the ICC, there were temporary courts set up after major events, like the Nuremberg Trials after World War II, but the world needed a standing court that could always be available when such crimes occurred. The Contemporary World – Module 5 7 Crimes ICC Deal With The ICC focuses on four main types of crimes that are considered the most serious. These crimes are often committed by political or military leaders during conflicts or oppressive regimes. 1. Genocide Genocide is the intentional act to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. It’s not just about killing people, but doing so with the aim of wiping out an entire group of people. During the Rwandan Genocide in 1994, nearly 800,000 people (mostly Tutsis) were killed in a matter of months by the Hutu majority. The ICC can prosecute those responsible for organizing or carrying out such acts. 2. Crimes Against Humanity These are serious violations that are committed as part of a large-scale attack against civilians. This includes things like murder, enslavement, torture, rape, and forced displacement. In Syria, during the civil war, there have been accusations of widespread attacks on civilian populations, including the use of chemical weapons. Such acts can be prosecuted as crimes against humanity. 3. War Crimes War crimes are serious violations of the rules of war. These include killing civilians or prisoners, torturing enemies, using child soldiers, or attacking hospitals and schools during conflicts. The use of child soldiers in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo or attacks on civilian areas in the ongoing Ukraine conflict could be considered war crimes. 4. Crime of Aggression This is when a country’s leaders start a war or invade another country without a valid reason. It’s about planning, preparing, or carrying out an act of aggression, like an unprovoked invasion. If a country invades another without self-defense or UN approval, the leaders responsible can be charged with the crime of aggression. One historical example would be the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, which started World War II. How Does the ICC Work? 1. The ICC investigates when there’s enough evidence that a serious international crime has been committed. Investigations can be started in three main ways: The Contemporary World – Module 5 8  1. A country asks the ICC to investigate a situation. 2. The UN Security Council refers a case to the ICC. 3. The ICC's Prosecutor can start an investigation on their own if they believe a crime has been committed. 2. Once someone is accused of one of these crimes, the ICC holds a trial. If the court finds them guilty, they can be sentenced to prison. 3. The ICC only prosecutes individuals, not entire governments or organizations. This means it goes after political leaders, military commanders, and other individuals responsible for ordering or committing serious crimes. Important Things to Know About the ICC 1. It’s a Court of Last Resort: The ICC only steps in when a country’s own courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute the crimes. So, if a country’s justice system can handle the case, the ICC will not interfere. But if the local system is corrupt, biased, or refuses to prosecute, the ICC can take action. 2. Not All Countries are Members: Not every country is part of the ICC. 123 countries are members, but some powerful countries like the United States, China, Russia, and India have not joined. This means that the ICC’s ability to prosecute individuals from these countries is limited unless the UN Security Council steps in. 3. No Death Penalty: The ICC does not impose the death penalty. If someone is found guilty, they can be sentenced to up to life in prison, but they won’t be executed. 4. The ICC Can’t Arrest People Directly: The ICC relies on countries to arrest suspects and hand them over for trial. This sometimes makes it difficult because if a suspect stays in a country that won’t cooperate with the ICC, they can avoid being arrested. Example: Former Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir was charged with genocide for his role in the Darfur conflict, but he managed to avoid arrest for many years because Sudan refused to hand him over. Conclusion Global governance faces many challenges because countries often have competing interests, and global issues like pandemics, cyberattacks, and climate change require cooperation that is hard to achieve. These challenges—ranging from nationalism and inequality to cybersecurity and migration—make it difficult for international organizations like the UN to effectively manage global problems. However, tackling these issues remains crucial for building a more stable and fairer world. The UN is a global organization that brings almost all countries together to work on global issues like peace, health, human rights, and climate change. It has many parts, each focusing on different tasks, and while it has made important achievements, it still faces challenges in coordinating global efforts due to power struggles and limited resources The Contemporary World – Module 5 9 The ICC is a global court that prosecutes individuals for the world’s worst crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. It holds leaders and powerful figures accountable for causing massive harm, especially in war or oppressive regimes. The court is based in The Hague, Netherlands, and works when national courts fail to deliver justice. However, not all countries are members, and the ICC sometimes struggles to arrest and prosecute suspects, especially if powerful countries refuse to cooperate. The Contemporary World – Module 5 10 Post-Diagnostic Assessment Module 2 – Section 4 Post-Diagnostic Assessment Assessment Type: Activities The Contemporary World – Module 5 11 Activity 1: Define Global Governance Activity 1 – Define Global Governance Group: Date: Section: Score: Instructions: Create a concept map of global governance. Make a group of five people. Think of any ideas that are connected to any global governance concepts by phrases or sentences to be used in their self- definitions. Criteria: 10 points – factual, complete, accurate, concise, comprehensive, and efficient relay of ideas. 5 points – proper technical use of the Acrostic Strategy 5 points (each member) – the level of participation to the group discussion and knowledge construction. To be identified by the group members themselves. Example: ? Global ? ? Governance ? The Contemporary World – Module 5 12 Activity 2: Fill in the Blanks Type Quiz Activity 2 – Fill-In the Blanks Name No.: Date: Section: Score: Instructions: Fill in the blank. 1. _______________________ has the power to prosecute individual charged of willfully crimes. ICC 2. _______________________ is a crime which include military attack which cannot be justified by any military advantage. War crimes 3. _______________________ is the deliberate killing of a large group of people particularly of ethnic group or nation. Genocides 4. Crime of _______________________ is the use of state military forces against territorial sovereignty. Aggression 5. Functions of United Nation includes _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________ 6. International Crime Court is based in _______________________. The Hague 7. Main headquarters of United Nations Organization is in _______________________. New York City 8. Number of countries who have signed the charter of United Nations on June 26, 1945 was _______________________. 50 9. The _______________________ is a crime which include torture and apartheid. Against humanity 10. The principles of the UN are to _______________________, _______________________, and _______________________ for all persons. 11. The Commission of Global Security, Justice and Governance identified three major challenges and opportunities for global governance: _______________________, _______________________, and _______________________. 12. The United Nations officially came to existence on _______________________. October 24, 1945 13. UN is also endeavoring to _______________________, _______________________, and _______________________ for the people of all of its member states. 14. United Nations maintains its own military. Yes or No. _______________________. The Contemporary World – Module 5 13 Assignment: United Nations Agency in the Philippines Assignment: United Nations Agency in the Philippines Name: Date: Section: Score: Instructions: Research on any agency or branch office of the United Nations in your locality. In essay form, write a short description of its background, its objectives, and the challenges that it has encountered in the Philippines. The Contemporary World – Module 5 14 References Benedict, K. (2001). Global Governance. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 6232-6237). Benedict, K.: Elsevier Ltd. Britney, A. (2020, August 27). History and Principle of the United Nations. Retrieved from ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/the-united-nations-p2-1435441 Ghai, K. K. (n.d.). United Nations: Objectives and Roles of United Nations. Retrieved from YourArticleLibrary: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/uno/united-nations-objectives-and- roles-of-united-nations Krumins, V. (2016, April 28). Powers and Jurisdiction of ICC. Retrieved from Quora: https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-powers-and-jurisdiction-of-the-International-Criminal- Court UNO. (n.d.). What We Do: United Nations Organization. Retrieved from United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/ Answer: 10. Principle of UN 1. International Crime Court save future generations from war, 2. War Crimes reaffirm human rights, and 3. Genocides establish equal rights for all persons. 4. Aggression 11. Global Governance Issue 5. Functions of UN Fragile and Conflict-Affected Maintain International Peace and Environments Security Climate Change, and Protect Human Rights Hyperconnected Global Economy Deliver Humanitarian Aid 12. October 24, 1945 Promote Sustainable Development 13. Aim of UN Uphold International Law promote justice, 6. The Hague freedom, and 7. New York City social progress for the people of all 8. 50 of its member states. 9. Crime against Humanity 14. No The Contemporary World – Module 5 15