TCW Leson 3.1 Global Interstate PDF

__ O __ __ __ __ M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ T __ __ __ __ O__ __ R__ __ G__ __ __ __ T__ __ R__ __ __ __ Y  The Global Interstate System: The Making of the World NATIONAL UNIVERSITY  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Enumerate the attributes of modern state system. Identif...

__ O __ __ __ __ M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ T __ __ __ __ O__ __ R__ __ G__ __ __ __ T__ __ R__ __ __ __ Y  The Global Interstate System: The Making of the World NATIONAL UNIVERSITY  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Enumerate the attributes of modern state system. Identify and distinguish the elements of state. Evaluate the theories of state origins.  Attributes of the Modern Global System (1)self-governing countries or states (2) interaction between and among states primarily through diplomacy (3) the presence of International Organizations to facilitate interactions (4) International organizations not only as facilitator of interactions but a dynamic independent actor in the global system  What is state? State is a community of person, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, completely free from external control and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual independence (Aruego,1979).  What is state? State according to Dannug and Campanilla (2003), refers to a community of persons permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent from external control, and possessing an organized government to which a great body of inhabitants renders habitual obedience.  International actors of global governance STATE People organized for law within a definite territory, possessing both internal and external sovereignty. A political unit in charge of the conduct of its own affairs. NOTE: Federated States (ex. US States, Flanders and Wallonia) are not included, since they don't have external sovereignty. For an entity to be called a state, it must have the following elements:  For an entity to be called a state, it must have the following elements: There must be people residing within the state, which should be sufficiently numerous to be governed and to be self-sufficient. There must be people to govern, serve, and defend.  For an entity to be called a state, it must have the following elements: Government - A political organization through which the will or law of the state is expressed and administered.  Regardless of the forms of government, you can find the common functions of any government. Rule-making is the function of the government to make laws, policies, ordinances or even constitutions. delegated to the legislative body or organ of the state it could be congress, parliament, or a political party/ruling party/communist party. These rules are really necessary to tell us what is legal and what is not.  Regardless of the forms of government, you can find the common functions of any government. Rule execution it means the enforcement of the law mostly this function is delegated to the executive department or organ of the government especially to the most visible officials to any country i.e. President, Prime Minister, Monarch, Minister-President, Premier and others  Regardless of the forms of government, you can find the common functions of any government. Rule adjudication it means the application and interpretation of rules. Mostly this is delegated to the judiciary, particularly Supreme Court, in case of the Philippines and other democratic countries.  For an entity to be called a state, it must have the following elements: A definite territory on which the people can reside. A territory of a state is composed of land, water and air.  For an entity to be called a state, it must have the following elements: Sovereignty - The inherent power of the state to impose its will on its people , free from outside control (but limited by international law). 2 aspects: Internal – unhindered power of the state to rule its people External – freedom from foreign rule or control  Article II Section 1 1987 Philippine Constitution "the Philippines is a democratic and republican states. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them."  Qualities of a Sovereign State Space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries People who live there on an ongoing basis. Regulations governing foreign and domestic trade The ability to issue legal tender that is recognized across boundaries (or enter into monetary unions)  Qualities of a Sovereign State An internationally recognized government which provides public services and police power and has the right to make treaties, wage war, and take other actions on behalf of its people Sovereignty, meaning that no other state should have power over the country's territory. Except in voluntary compacts of free association  Sovereign State There are presently 195 sovereign states in the world (197 by some counts); 193 are members of the United Nations (the United Nations has the State of Palestine and the Holy See/Vatican City as Observers). Newest sovereign state: South Sudan Two other entities, Taiwan/Republic of China and Kosovo, are recognized by some but not all members of the United Nations. PR China claims Taiwan (One-China Policy) and Taiwan/Republic of China claims Mainland China Serbia claims Kosovo as an Autonomous Province Throughout history, government changes but the state remains. This same principle is best quoted in the movie Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral when Pantaleon Garcia explained “Pag bumagsak si Aguinaldo, may bagong titindig. Pero ito... hindi ito mapapalitan.” Garcia is explaining the leaders of a government (Aguinaldo as the leader of revolutionary government in this context) could be replaced, but our country or the whole state will continue and can never be replaced.  Difference between state and nation? State is a political concept whereas nation is an ethnic concept  Difference between state and nation? Nation in cultural context is a cultural and a linguistic grouping of people who feel they belong together. It is based on sense of belongingness founded on commonality or shared history, culture and languages. – Ex. Jewish nation is tied together by shared history, Hebrew, and Judaism Difference between state and nation?  Difference between state and nation? State as a legal concept founded on common authority and loyalty to the government and the whole polity regardless of distinct and diverse culture they had.  Difference between state and nation? Historical example of a state with multiple nations: Soviet Union The 15 Union Republics and the Autonomous Republics were separate nations Difference between Union and Autonomous Republics: Union Republics were free to leave the USSR (1977 USSR constitution) – Autonomous SSRs became Autonomous Republics of their associated former Union Republics  Difference between state and nation? Historical example of a state with multiple nations: Yugoslavia Yugoslavia was a federation of South Slavic Republics – and two autonomous provinces (Vojvodina and Kosovo & Metohija) – Major Languages: Serbo- Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian Yugoslavia would break up from 1991 (Slovenia declares independence) to 2006 (Serbia and Montenegro separate) – Kosovo would declare independence from Serbia in 2008  Nation-State UK is an example of the initiative to integrate different nations into a Nation-State project. The United Kingdom is composed of three main kingdoms – England, Scotland, Northern Ireland (formerly all of Ireland), and the Principality of Wales. Each of these kingdoms (or in modern context nations) have their own unique cultures.  Nation-State: Evolution of the UK It all started when James VI of Scotland inherited the thrones of England and Ireland as James I – The Kingdom of Ireland was tied to England since Henry VIII's reign However, the first merger of England, Scotland, and Ireland happened under the Commonwealth of England (1649- 1660) 1707 Act of Union: merged England and Scotland to form Great Britain – Scotland kept its judiciary and certain privileges inside the union 1800 Act of Union: merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland – Most of Ireland split to form the Irish Free State (now Ireland)  Nation-State By symbolically representing each nation and creating and collective identity – a sense of belongings and similarities emerge and differences set aside. However, Wales is only represented within England  Origin of the State Evolutionary Theory Force Theory Paternalistic Theory Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory  Origin of the State Paternalistic Theory Theory of the expansion of the family from simple family to extended families; it expands through intermarriages into a clan, then into tribe then into nation and eventually into a state.  Evolutionary Theory of State This Evolutionary theory is also known as sociological or the correct theory of the origin of the state. The Evolutionary Theory is regarded as the true and correct theory regarding the origin of the state. This theory helps in understanding the forces and factors, which created the state and historical stage through which it passed. Factors of Evolutionary Theory of State Following are the forces and factors evolutionary theory of state: 1. Kinship 2. Magic and Religion 3. Property and the rise of Economic Classes 4. War and Force 5. Political Consciousness  Kinship The state is based on the principle of command and obedience. In the earliest stages we find such a relationship in the family based on blood and birth. In this respect the matriarchal and patriarchal societies became the basis of the origin of the state.  Magic and Religion In ancient times people were not civilized and advanced. So they did not understand the forces of nature. At that stage man was at the mercy of nature. Some people tribes had the knowledge of these forces. So they acquired superiority over others and became their leaders. Slowly and gradually religion became a powerful instrument for keeping control over the people. Property and the rise of Economic Classes In the beginning people roomed from place to place in search of pasture and water. They did not know what agriculture was and how crops were cultivated. It is said where there is no property there can be no government. This means that the government and the state came into existence with the beginning of the private property and the division of the society with classes.  War and Force In the beginning force was used to capture animals, wealth and land of the neighbouring tribes. War changed the tribes into political entity. Since war became a permanent feature of tribal life, leadership also became permanent. Political Consciousness This means the thought of knowledge as to why political organization is needed. In the beginning there was the need for defense and protection of life, liberty and property, regulation of social relations etc. Political consciousness began in ancient times. It is a very slow process. It took a very long time for man to ask about the political authority.  Force Theory The state came into existence as a result of the forced subjection of the weak to the strong. Two arguments in force theory (1)One group of thinkers used this theory to justify the state on the ground that the state is power, that might makes right and that the essence of the state is a sovereign will. (2)Second group, to attack the state because of its injustice and urge individual freedom and limited state action  Force Theory In middle ages theologians argued that, the state was based upon force and injustice and decried the origin of earthly sovereignty in order to subordinate temporal to spiritual power. Force Theory Individualist & anarchist believe that the State is an evil because of their desire for individual freedom. Force Theory Socialist believe that, the state resulted from the aggression and exploitation of laborers by capitalist and attack, not the idea of the state itself.  Origin of the State Divine Right Theory For the monarchial kingdoms they propagated the belief that they were the chosen and anointed by god to lead and rule their people and no one has the right to question their authority unless they were also questioning the authority and power of god this lead to a despotic rule among monarchical government  Origin of the State Social Contract Theory (Thomas Hobbes) according to him once the society is in a state of nature meaning there is no government or without higher authority, humans are in the law of the jungle. Where men are equal and their life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short".  Origin of the State Social Contract Theory (Thomas Hobbes) Humans enter in what we call as “SOCIAL CONTRACT,” in which humans become part of a human social group, which he/she agrees to give up some of his privileges and freedom to a central authority. Hobbes called this the Leviathan, or an overarching ruler that exercise sovereignty over its people with the purpose of maintaining peace and order.  Social Contract Theory (Thomas Hobbes) We exchange our rights, freedom and liberty for our protection and security.  Diplomacy defined as "the relations of one state with another through well-trained representatives known as diplomats and ambassadors usually to promote and possibly arrive on common interests on social, political and economic respects."  Diplomacy Diplomatic relations of different states has two forms, bilateralism or multilateralism. Bilateralism means a diplomatic relations which includes two states.  Diplomacy Multilateralism is a diplomatic relations which involves three or more states usually facilitated by an international organization e.g. United Nations (UN), European Union (EU) or Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is the way in which states gather and discuss the most pressing issues in the world. What kinds of states do we need to handle today’s most pressing problems? How does globalization change the overall balance of power among states and citizens?