Brief History of Globalization PDF

# Brief History of Globalization ## Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Define the term 'globalization'; 2. Illustrate the concept of globalization; 3. Cite the essence of globalization; 4. Relate the effects of globalization in the economy; 5. Identify the un...

# Brief History of Globalization ## Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Define the term 'globalization'; 2. Illustrate the concept of globalization; 3. Cite the essence of globalization; 4. Relate the effects of globalization in the economy; 5. Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization; **"Globalization is a complex web of social process that intensify and expand worldwide economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges and connections".-Dr. Cairo** ## A Brief History of Globalization ### The Silk Road [Image: A map of the Silk Road, with important cities and geographical features labelled. The map is on a beige background, with the text 'The Silk Road' in a grey box underneath.] - Silk roads (1st century BC-5th century AD) - luxury products from China started to appear on the other edge of the Eurasian continent - in Rome - Trade had stopped being local or regional affair and started to become global. - Spice routes (7th-15th centuries) - the new religion spread in all directions from its Arabian heartland in the 7th century - By the early 9th century, Muslim traders already dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade; afterwards, they could be found as far east as Indonesia, which over time became a Muslim-majority country, and as far west as Moorish Spain. - In the 15th century, spices came to Europe via the Middle East land and sea routes, and spices were in huge demand both for food dishes and for use in medicines. ### Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries) - It was in this era, from the end of the 15th century onwards, that European explorers connected East and West - and accidentally discovered the Americas. - Aided by the discoveries of the so-called "Scientific Revolution" in the fields of astronomy, mechanics, physics and shipping, the Portuguese, Spanish and later the Dutch and the English first "discovered", then subjugated, and finally integrated new lands in their economies - Potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and chocolate were introduced in Europe, and the price of spices fell steeply. - Trade certainly started to become global, and it had even been the main reason for starting the Age of Discovery. ### First wave of globalization (19th century-1914) - This started to change with the first wave of globalization, which roughly occurred over the century ending in 1914. - By the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate the world both geographically, through the establishment of the British Empire, and technologically, with innovations like the steam engine, the industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First Industrial Revolution. - The “British" Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of global trade. On the one hand, steamships and trains could transport goods over thousands of miles, both within countries and across countries. On the other hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make products that were in demand all over the world, like iron, textiles and manufactured goods. - Britain was the country that benefited most from this globalization, as it had the most capital and technology, others did too, by exporting other goods. ### The world wars - In 1914, the outbreak of World War I brought an end to just about everything the burgeoning high society of the West had gotten so used to, including globalization. - Millions of soldiers died in battle, millions of civilians died as collateral damage, war replaced trade, destruction replaced construction, and countries closed their borders yet again. - In the years between the world wars, the financial markets, which were still connected in a global web, caused a further breakdown of the global economy and its links. ### Second and third wave of globalization - The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global economy. - Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United States of America, and aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution, like the car and the plane, global trade started to rise once again. - In the early decades after World War II, institutions like the European Union, and other free trade vehicles championed by the US were responsible for much of the increase in international trade. ### Globalization 4.0 - In a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the US and China, the new frontier of globalization is the cyber world. - The digital economy, in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now becoming a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing. It is further enabled by artificial intelligence, but threatened by cross-border hacking and cyberattacks. # Globalization: Its Definition - The term globalization is derived from the word 'globalize' which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems. - Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investments and aided by information technology. (Levin Institute, 2016). - Also, globalization defined as a process that, based on international strategies, aims to expand business operations on a worldwide level, and was participated by the facilitation of global communication due to technological advancements, and socioeconomic, political and environmental developments. (Pologeorgis, 2017) # Types of Globalization [Image: A diagram showing different types of globalization. The word 'GLOBALIZATION' is in the middle and all other types are in circles around the word 'GLOBALIZATION'.] - **Economic Globalization** - refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies (Shangquan, 2000) - **Examples:** Philippines' major exports and imports products. - coconut oil export to Indonesia and India, United States and Europe. - The nation's Department of Trade and Industry has identified electronic products as one of the Philippine's key export commodities. - Mango export to Japan, South Korea, Singapore. Dried mango to Hongk Hong and Canada - Cacao seeds from Davao, export to Singapore, London and U.S. - **IMPORTS:** - The main trade partners of the Philippines include China, Japan, the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong. - refined petroleum import from the Russians and Saudi Arabian - Rice from Vietnam and Thailand - **Military Globalization** - According to David Held, military globalization is "the process which embodies the growing extensity and intensity of military relations among the political units of the world system. Understood as such, it reflects both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and relations, as well as the impact of key military technological innovations (from steamships to satellites), which overtime, have, reconstituted the world into a single geostrategic space." - While for Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, military globalization entails 'long-distance networks of interdependence in which force, and the threat or promise of force, are employed. - **Cultural Globalization** - refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a consequence, means nations adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture to a unique, globalized supra-culture; - is the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such way as to extend and intensify social relations. - through globalization, cultures of a specific country can be shared or spread within the countries. The downside of this is some cultures that are exclusive on a certain country our slowly vanishing. - **Examples:** - cultures from different countries, from Spain, China and America. (Religion from Spain; noodles dishes from China) - Based on the article of David Volodzko, he stated that "Putonghua and English are pushing many minority languages to the brink of extinction". (some dying languages) - **Ecological Globalizations.** - Based on an article published by ecological Society of America (2008), entitle ''Ecological Globalization", it is said that, because of increasing globalization, people often inadvertently introduce non-native plants, animals and diseases into new locations. - **Examples:** - Natural resources - big environmental consequences as they contribute to the depletion of natural resources, deforestation and the destruction of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity. - **Globalization and Politics** - The globalization of political refers to the absence of the absolute sovereignty of a state's political borders over a certain area as well as increased interaction between the systems of government and increased external intervention and interaction on the basis of democracy, non-governmental organizations, human rights, and freedoms. - **Examples:** - issues such as the rights of women and children. - Drug trafficking - not crimes are globalized but also diseases. - **Technological globalization** - The advancement of technology we can now already communicate with others despite the distance separates us. Through our technology today, the process of globalization is now taking place much faster. - the phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected thanks to the power of the digital world via platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype or Youtube. - **Examples:** - The social media, "facebook", is one of the tools of globalization. Because through facebook, we can communicate to the people of other countries and give feedbacks on many issues all around the world. - immoral usage of internet. - **Geographical globalizations** - In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic, social, cultural, technological, institutional) that contribute to the relationship between societies and individuals around the world. It is a progressive process by which exchanges and flows between different parts of the world are intensified. - is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying made so easy and affordable, apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely any restrictions - In general, globalization is the concept, which promotes the idea of uniting all the countries in the world. ## References: Martinez, R. M., Jr., et al. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc. Ang, J.M. (2018). The Contemporary World: A text manual for the 21st century Filipino student. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Silk-Road-trade-route