Task 05.csv

QuestionType,QuestionText,AnswerA,AnswerB,AnswerC,AnswerD,CorrectAnswer,CorrectAnswerText,CorrectAnswerInfo “multiple_choice,”“In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the main challenge to previous theories presented in the paper?”“,”“Showing that activation of a specific population of neurons is necessary...

QuestionType,QuestionText,AnswerA,AnswerB,AnswerC,AnswerD,CorrectAnswer,CorrectAnswerText,CorrectAnswerInfo “multiple_choice,”“In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the main challenge to previous theories presented in the paper?”“,”“Showing that activation of a specific population of neurons is necessary but not sufficient for memory recall”“,”“Challenging the idea that memory recall is a passive process”“,”“Demonstrating that memory engrams are unique to specific memory systems and contexts”“,”“Revealing that fear memory recall is always context-independent”“,B,”“Challenging the idea that memory recall is a passive process”“,”“The main challenge to previous theories presented in the paper is the revelation that memory recall is not a passive process, contrary to previous beliefs.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Han et al., 2009), What was the methodology used in the study?”“,”“Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy to specifically ablate neurons with increased CREB”“,”“Non-specific ablation of neurons using diphtheria-toxin”“,”“Transgenic mice to selectively ablate neurons with increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB)”“,”“Viral vectors to achieve selective ablation of neurons in the lateral amygdala”“,A,”“Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy to specifically ablate neurons with increased CREB”“,”“The study used an inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy to specifically ablate neurons with increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) after learning.”"" “multiple_choice,”“Which peptide did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study compare the effects of ZIP to, in order to understand its specificity?”“,”“Myristoylated pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide”“,”“PKMz autoinhibitory peptide”“,”“Broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor staurosporine”“,”“Selective tetrodotoxin inhibitor”“,C,”“Broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor staurosporine”“,”“The study compared the effects of ZIP to staurosporine, a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor that affects multiple kinases, including c/nPKC isoforms but not PKMz.”"" “multiple_choice,”“What was the key component used to induce apoptosis in the iDTR mice as part of the experimental groups?”“,”“CREB-cre vector”“,”“Cntrl-cre vector”“,”“PKMz inhibition”“,”“Saline injection”“,A,”“CREB-cre vector”“,”“The study observed substantial cell death only in LA neurons of iDTR mice microinjected with CREB-cre or Cntrl-cre vectors and administered DT, making the CREB-cre vector the key component for inducing apoptosis.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Han et al., 2009), What is the molecular signature used to identify neurons specifically activated by fear memory testing?”“,”“Dopamine levels”“,”“Serotonin levels”“,”“Arc RNA”“,”“Glutamate levels”“,C,”“Arc RNA”“,”“To identify neurons specifically activated by memory expression, the researchers examined Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) RNA, which serves as a molecular signature of a recently active neuron.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Liu et al., 2012), What did the researchers use to label a population of DG neurons activated during fear learning?”“,”“Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)”“,”“Glutamate receptor antagonists”“,”“Zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP)”“,”“Viral constructs for LTP reversal”“,A,”“Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)”“,”“The researchers used Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to label a population of DG neurons activated during fear learning.”"" “multiple_choice,”“What did the study by Han et al. (2009) reveal about the neural basis of fear memory?”“,”“It identified non-specific neural mechanisms underlying fear memory”“,”“It found no association between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression”“,”“It revealed a causal link between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression”“,”“It demonstrated that all neurons are involved in fear memory”“,C,”“It revealed a causal link between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression”“,”“‘Selective Erasure of a Fear Memory’ revealed a causal link between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression, providing insights into the neural basis of fear memory.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Han et al., 2009), What did the authors aim to achieve by using an inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy in the study?”“,”“Activation of adjacent neurons”“,”“Specific ablation of neurons with increased CREB after learning”“,”“Generalized ablation of neurons in the lateral amygdala”“,”“Promotion of fear memory expression”“,B,”“Specific ablation of neurons with increased CREB after learning”“,”“The authors aimed to achieve specific ablation of neurons with increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) after learning, and they found that this selective deletion blocked the expression of the fear memory.”"" “multiple_choice,”“Which region of the brain did the researchers target in the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?”“,Cerebellum,”“Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus”“,Amygdala,”“Prefrontal cortex”“,B,”“Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus”“,”“The researchers targeted the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, a region critical for the formation of contextual fear memories.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Liu et al., 2012), What was one of the key challenges to previous theories regarding fear memory recall?”“,”“Revealing that context-specificity has no impact on fear memory recall”“,”“Demonstrating that ZIP injections can reverse LTP maintenance in vivo”“,”“Showing that activation of a specific population of neurons is not necessary for memory recall”“,”“Challenging the idea that fear memory recall is always context-independent”“,C,”“Showing that activation of a specific population of neurons is not necessary for memory recall”“,”“The study addressed the question of sufficiency in memory recall and demonstrated that optogenetic reactivation of hippocampal neurons activated during fear conditioning is sufficient to induce freezing behaviour, indicating light-induced fear memory recall” “multiple_choice,”“What did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study examine to determine whether the observed loss of long-term memory was specific to PKMz inhibition?”“,”“The comparison with staurosporine’s effects”“,”“The effects of ZIP on synaptic responses”“,”“The impact of ZIP on short-term memory retention”“,”“The persistence of ZIP’s effects on information storage”“,B,”“The effects of ZIP on synaptic responses”“,”“The study examined whether the observed loss of long-term memory by ZIP (PKMz inhibitor) was specific to PKMz inhibition.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Han et al., 2009), What was the main strategy used by the authors to selectively ablate neurons with increased CREB after learning?”“,”“Optogenetic reactivation”“,”“Selective gene editing”“,”“Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy”“,”“Viral vector delivery”“,C,”“Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy”“,”“The authors used an inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy to specifically ablate neurons with increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) after learning.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the key focus of the paper?”“,”“Investigating the sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons for fear memory recall”“,”“Studying the impact of ZIP injections on hippocampal memory function”“,”“Analyzing the role of dentate gyrus cells in visual memory processing”“,”“Exploring the effect of contextual changes on memory consolidation”“,A,”“Investigating the sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons for fear memory recall”“,”“The paper primarily focuses on investigating the sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons for fear memory recall, using optogenetic techniques.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the key implication of the paper for manipulating memory engrams through optogenetic techniques?”“,”“Memory engrams cannot be manipulated through optogenetic techniques”“,”“The sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons can be achieved through optogenetic stimulation”“,”“Memory engrams can be manipulated without impacting existing memories”“,”“Optogenetic techniques have no impact on memory engrams”“,B,”“The sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons can be achieved through optogenetic stimulation”“,”“The paper implies that the sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons for fear memory recall can be achieved through optogenetic stimulation, offering potential for manipulating memory engrams.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the experimental approach used in the study useful for, according to the paper?”“,”“Investigating the effect of ZIP injections on LTP maintenance in vivo”“,”“Understanding the role of PKMz inactivation in memory reconsolidation”“,”“Mapping cellular populations bearing memory engrams in different systems and contexts”“,”“Studying the impact of context-specific fear memory recall in mice”“,C,”“Mapping cellular populations bearing memory engrams in different systems and contexts”“,”“The experimental approach used in the study offers a general method of mapping cellular populations bearing memory engrams, applicable to other memory systems and contexts.”"" “multiple_choice,”“In (Han et al., 2009), What did the study reveal about the relationship between cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) and fear memory?”“,”“Decreased CREB activity was associated with fear memory formation”“,”“Increased CREB led to selective ablation of fear memory neurons”“,”“CREB had non-specific effects on neuronal activity”“,”“CREB had no impact on fear memory expression”“,B,”“Increased CREB led to selective ablation of fear memory neurons”“,”“The study found that increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) after learning led to the selective ablation of fear memory neurons.”"" “multiple_choice,”“What was the main purpose of the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?”“,”“To demonstrate the role of PKMz in sustaining spatial memory”“,”“To measure the increase in time between animal placement and initial entry into the shock zone”“,”“To investigate the impact of ZIP on LTP induction”“,”“To reverse the maintenance of LTP in vivo”“,D,”“To reverse the maintenance of LTP in vivo”“,”“The study aimed to reverse the maintenance of LTP in vivo and assess its impact on spatial memory.”""