تاريخ الصيدلة PDF

Summary

This document provides a historical overview of the development of pharmacy and medicine from ancient times through the modern era. It explores the different approaches to healing in various civilizations, focusing on historical context and methods.

Full Transcript

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺑﴼ ﺗﻬﺪﺃ ﻭﺗﺸﻔﻰ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑآﻻﻡ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎﺡ‪.‬...

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺑﴼ ﺗﻬﺪﺃ ﻭﺗﺸﻔﻰ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑآﻻﻡ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎﺡ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻏﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻏﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻏﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺨﻠﺐ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺨﻠﺐ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻳﺬ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪﻥ ﺑﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩ‪.‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﴼ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻳﺤﻀﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﻔﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺿﻰ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺑﺎﺫﻳﻦ‪.‬ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1618‬‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1639‬‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1820‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﴼ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﻪ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ آﺛﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻰ ﺷﻦ ﺗﻮﻧﺞ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺆﺴﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﻠﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 365‬ﺩﻭﺍًﺀ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﴼ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬ﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﻗﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺧﺒﺮﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺏﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺩﻭﻳﻦ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1600‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ 5‬ﺃﻣﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﴼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻳﺔ ‪48‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺘﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺑﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺒﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 3000‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ 20‬ﻣﺘﺮﴼ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪30‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﴼ ﻭﺑﻬﺎ ‪ 877‬ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‪ 400‬ﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﴼ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺑﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ 1825‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺄﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﻃﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺭﺳﻤﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﺻﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ؟‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻤﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻨﻴﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﻣﻮﻣﻴﺎﺀ" ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺷﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺮﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻴﻨﺠﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻤﻎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺻﻤﻎ ﺷﺠﺮﻯ ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺮ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﴼ )ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ – ﺷﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ – ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﺀ – ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻜﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫– ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ – ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ – ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺮ – ﻧﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺯ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﻦ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻮﺕ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ)ﺧﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺮ( ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻨﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﻇﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻓﺆﻮﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺯﻣﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺯﻣﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻼﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻹﺷﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺛﻤﻨﴼ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ آﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺨﺮﺟﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺸﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﺴﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﻭﺷﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﻠﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻧﻘﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﻭﺵ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺨﻴﻄﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺤﻨﻄﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻣﴼ ﻭﻳﻠﻔﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﻔﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﺪﻫﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻤﻎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺓﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻦ ﺑﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺝ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻘﻨﺔ ﺷﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻞ‪.‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺑﻘﺮﺍﻁ ‪،‬ﺃﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ )‪ 337 – 460‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﻭﺛﻴﻮﻓﺮﺍﺳﺘﻮﺱ ‪،‬ﺃﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ)‪ 317 – 387‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﻭﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫)‪ 384‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﻭﺩﻳﺴﻜﻮﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ 323‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪.‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺭﻣﺰﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻒ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺰﴼ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻭﻣﺎﻙ )‪ 70 – 20‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﻳﺴﻘﻮﺭﻳﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﴼ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ 500‬ﻋﻘﺎﺭﴼ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﴼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﺱ‪،‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ)‪– 130‬‬ ‫‪ 201‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﻭﻟﻪ‪ 98‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﴼ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻ ﺧﺼﺒﴼ ﻟﻼﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪.‬ﻭﻗﻄﻌﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﻃﴼ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﴼ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻯ ﺑﺎﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺑﺰﻫﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺴﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﺔ ﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺄﺓ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﻙ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺮﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺫﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺼﻢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﺟﺮﻯ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 221‬ﻫـ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﺴﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻠﺘﺰﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﻨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻓﺤﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ آﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮآﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ﻡﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ )ﻭﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﺎًﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻛﴼ(‪ ،‬ﻕ‪) 9:‬ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻯٍﺀ‬ ‫ﺣﻰ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ‪) 30:‬ﺃﺭﻛﺾ ﺑﺮﺟﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺘﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺷﺮﺍﺏ(‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.42 :‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻉﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‬ ‫)ﻭﺃﻭﺣﻰ ﺭﺑﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﻯ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﻭﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﺷﻮﻥ ﺛﻢ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳﻠﻜﻰ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺭﺑﻚ ﺫﻟﻼ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻔﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻵﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪ 68 :‬ﻭ‪.69‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫)ﻭﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻨﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻫﻦ ﻭﺻﺒﻎ ﻟﻶﻛﻠﻴﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻤﻨﻮﻥ‪.20 :‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﴼ )ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻦ‪.1:‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫)ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻌﺒﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﻘﻴﻜﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺙ ﻭﺩﻡ ﻟﺒﻨﴼ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﴼ ﺳﺎﺋﻐﴼ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺎﺭﺑﻴﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪66 :‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺙﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻨﺎﺏ‪) :‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻨﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﴼ ﻭﺭﺯﻗﺎ ﺣﺴﻨﴼ ﺇﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻵﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻘﻠﻮﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪.67 :‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 1-‬ﺭﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻗﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺳﻤﻌﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺭﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺳﻤﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻯٍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺘﻜﻢ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﻔﻰ ﺷﺮﻃﺔ ﻣﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺷﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﺴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺬﻋﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺛﺒﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺜﺎﺀ‬ ‫) ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﺣﺎﺭ ﺭﻃﺐ ﻳﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺜﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﺭﻃﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﺶ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻗﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻇﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺯﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ؛ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻐﻤﺔ؛ ﻟﻤﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ؛ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻰ؛ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺛﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺓﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻌﻴﺪ؛ ﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﻊ؛ ﻟﺼﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﺲ؛ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﺮ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻠﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺒﻠﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﺮ؛ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -10‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ؛ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ آﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻰ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺸﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺑﺎﺫﻳﻦ)ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻣﺎﻛﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ؛ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-8‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-9‬ﻉﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﻨﺎًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺰﺩﻫﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻯ ﻓﻠﻴﻤﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺴﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1929‬ﺛﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪ ﻓﻰ ﻃﻮﺱ)ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ( ﻭﺳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﴼ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻮﻩ ﻋﻄﺎﺭﴼ‪.‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻀﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻠﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺯﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻯ ﺑﺈﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 250‬ﻫـ ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻠﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ"ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ" ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻯ" ﻭﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻠﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﺒﺔ"‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ )ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﺴﺘﻮﻣﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺍﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺆﻠﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻋﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺋﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺆﻠﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﺃﺧﺬﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﴼ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺮﺳﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫أ ‪-‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻃﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ب ‪-‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﻀﺓﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺮﻥ )ﺑﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﺒﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫)ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ(‪،‬ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ )ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ(‪.‬‬

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