Talaro's Foundations in Microbiology Chapter 5 PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 5 A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Talaro’s Foundations in Microbiology Twelfth Edition Barry Chess © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written co...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 5 A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Talaro’s Foundations in Microbiology Twelfth Edition Barry Chess © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  The History of Eukaryotes Metabolic processes localized within organelles Endosymbiotic Theory – Eukaryotic cell evolved when larger prokaryotic cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells Multicellular eukaryotes – individual cells lost ability to survive independently (a and b): Andrew H. Knoll © McGraw Hill LLC. 2  Evolution of Eukaryotic Organisms (Endosymbiotic Theory) Access the text alternative for these images © McGraw Hill LLC. 3  Eukaryotic Microbes TABLE 5.1 Eukaryotic Organisms Studied in Microbiology Unicellular, a Few May Be Unicellular, Multicellular Except Colonial Colonial, or Multicellular Reproductive Stages Protozoa Fungi, Algae Helminths (parasitic worms) Arthropods (animals vectors of diseases) © McGraw Hill LLC. 4  The Eukaryotic Cell Access the text alternative for these images © McGraw Hill LLC. 5  Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell 1 Eukaryotic cell External structures Boundary of cell Organelles and other components within the cell membrane External structures Glycocalyx Capsules Slimes Boundary of cell Cell wall Cell/cytoplasmic membrane © McGraw Hill LLC. 6  Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell 2 Organelles and other components within the cell membrane Cytoplasmic matrix Nucleus Organelles Locomotor organelles Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromosomes © McGraw Hill LLC. 7  Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell 3 Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Mitochondria Mitochondria Chloroplasts Locomotor organelles Flagella Cilia Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments © McGraw Hill LLC. 8  External Structures: Locomotor Appendages 1 Flagella Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement Covered by an extension of the cell membrane 10× thicker than prokaryotic flagella © McGraw Hill LLC. 9  External Structures: Locomotor Appendages 2 (a and b): Courtesy of Richard Allen Access the text alternative for these images © McGraw Hill LLC. 10  External Structures: Locomotor Appendages 3 Access the text alternative for these images © McGraw Hill LLC. 11  External Structures: Locomotor Appendages 4 Cilia Similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous Found only in certain protozoa and certain animal cells Function in motility, feeding, and filtering © McGraw Hill LLC. 12  External Structures: Locomotor Appendages 5 (a): Nancy Nehring/Getty Images Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 13  External Structures: Glycocalyx An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment Usually composed of polysaccharides Appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule Functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception Beneath the glycocalyx Fungi and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall surrounding the cell membrane Protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall and have only a membrane © McGraw Hill LLC. 14  Boundary of the Cell: Cell Wall Rigid, provides structural support and shape Fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin outer layer of mixed polysaccharides Algae – varies in chemical composition; substances commonly found include cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate © McGraw Hill LLC. 15  Boundary of the Cell: Cell/Cytoplasmic Membrane Typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins Sterols confer stability Serves as selectively permeable barrier in transport Also functions in interaction and surface adhesion, secretion, and signal transduction © McGraw Hill LLC. 16  Concept Check: (1) Which part of the Eukaryotic cell is in direct contact with the outside environment? A. Flagella B. Cell Wall C. Glycocalyx D. Cell Membrane © McGraw Hill LLC. 17  Concept Check: (2) Which part of the Eukaryotic cell is in direct contact with the outside environment? A. Flagella B. Cell Wall C. Glycocalyx D. Cell Membrane Answer: C © McGraw Hill LLC. 18  Organelles and Other Internal Structures TABLE 5.3 Function of Internal Structures within the Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus Genetic center of the cell; repository of DNA; synthesis of RNA Nucleolus Ribosomal RNA synthesis; ribosome construction Endoplasmic reticulum Transport of material; lipid synthesis Golgi apparatus Packaging and modification of proteins prior to secretion Lysosomes Intracellular digestion Temporary storage and transport; digestion (food vacuoles); Vacuoles regulation of osmotic pressure (water vacuoles) Energy production using the Krebs cycle, electron transport, and Mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy through Chloroplast photosynthesis Ribosomes Proteins synthesis Composed of microfilaments and microtubules; provides cell Cytoskeleton structure and movement; anchors organelles © McGraw Hill LLC. 19  Organelles and Other Internal Structures: Nucleus 1 Compact sphere, most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cell Nuclear envelope composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space and is perforated with pores Contains chromosomes Nucleolus – dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly © McGraw Hill LLC. 20  Organelles and Other Internal Structures: Nucleus 2 (a): Don W. Fawcett/Science Source Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 21  Organelles and Other Internal Structures: Nucleus 3 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 22  Nuclear Changes During Mitosis Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 23  Internal Structures: Endoplasmic Reticulum Two types: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) – originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm; rough due to ribosomes; proteins synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging and transport; first step in secretory pathway Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) – closed tubular network without ribosomes; functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids © McGraw Hill LLC. 24  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 25  Internal Structures: Golgi Apparatus 1 Modifies, stores, and packages proteins Consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae © McGraw Hill LLC. 26  Internal Structures: Golgi Apparatus 2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 27  Synthesis and Transport Machine 1 The nucleolus provides ribosomes that travel to the RER Transport vesicles from the ER containing proteins go to the Golgi apparatus for modification and maturation Condensing vesicles transport proteins to organelles or into secretory vesicles to be exported outside © McGraw Hill LLC. 28  Synthesis and Transport Machine 2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 29  Synthesis and Transport Machine 3 Lysosomes Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from Golgi apparatus Involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microbes Vacuoles Membrane bound sacs containing particles to be digested, excreted, or stored Phagosomes Vacuoles merged with a lysosome © McGraw Hill LLC. 30  Synthesis and Transport Machine 4 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 31  Internal Structures: Mitochondria 1 Function in energy production and storage (ATP) Spherical organelle with an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae Cristae membranes hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration Divide independently of cell DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes are contained in the spaces around the cristae called matrix © McGraw Hill LLC. 32  Internal Structures: Mitochondria 2 (a): Keith R. Porter/Science Source Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 33  Internal Structures: Chloroplasts 1 Convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis Found in algae and plant cells Outer membrane covers inner membrane folded into sacs called thylakoids, stacked into grana. They carry pigments (chlorophyll and others) Primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms © McGraw Hill LLC. 34  Internal Structures: Chloroplasts 2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 35  Internal Structures: Ribosomes 1 Composed of rRNA and proteins Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes Function in protein synthesis © McGraw Hill LLC. 36  Internal Structures: Ribosomes 2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 37  Internal Structures: The Cytoskeleton 1 Flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments and microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm Involved in organelles anchoring, movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid motion, transport, and structural support © McGraw Hill LLC. 38  Internal Structures: The Cytoskeleton 2 (b): Alex Ritter, Jennifer Lippincott Schwartz, Gillian Griffiths/National Institutes of Health Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC. 39  Comparing Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes & Viruses 1 TABLE 5.4 A General Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Viruses Function or Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Structure Characteristic* Cells Cells Viruses ** Genetics Nucleic acids + + + True nucleus − + − Nuclear envelope − + − Nucleoid + − − Reproduction Mitosis − + − Production of sex cells +/− + − Binary fission + + − Biosynthesis Independent + + − Golgi apparatus − + − Endoplasmic reticulum − + − Ribosomes +*** + − © McGraw Hill LLC. 40  Comparing Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes & Viruses 2 The figure of “TABLE 5.4” continues on this slide. Function or Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Characteristic* Viruses ** Structure Cells Cells Respiration Enzymes + + − Mitochondria − + − Photosynthesis Pigments +/− +/− − Chloroplasts − +/− − Motility/locomotor structures Flagella +/−*** +/− − Cilia − +/− − Shape/protection Cell membrane + + − − (have capsids Cell wall +/−*** +/− instead Capsule +/− +/− − Size (in general) 0.5-3 µm**** 2-100 µm