Microbiology Part 1 Prokaryotes PDF

Microbiology: Part 1 Prokaryotes Biology with Mrs. Pearlman Students will be able to… Explain how prokaryotes and eukaryotes are classiﬁed Describe how prokaryotes vary in their structure and function Describe how humans use microorganisms Explain the history of microscopes and microbiology Explain the main points of cell theory Use and identify the parts of a microscope Diﬀerentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells under a microscope Describe how microorganisms cause disease Describe how bacteria reproduce Describe how bacteria obtain energy Microbiology Part 2 Eukaryotes: Protists and Fungi With Mrs. Pearlman Kingdoms of Microbiology Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Cell type Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Lactobacillus acidophilus Halobacterium mediterranei Euglena viridis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacteria Protists Yeasts & Molds Eukaryotic Kingdoms of Microbiology Domain Eukarya Cell type Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Euglena viridis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Protists Yeasts & Molds Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Loop of DNA clustered but not surrounded by a Some are membrane Only single celled Both single celled Cell Wall Have a cell others are multicellular membrane- outer DNA is in a single barrier between Cell loop of material inside and outside DNA housed in an internal Membrane of cell0 compartment Contain cytoplasm- called a nucleus Has a cell wall to ﬂuid that ﬁlls the cell provide structural Plant Cells have a support Ribosomes- small cell wall DNA cell structure that Have organelles- packaged in makes proteins a Nucleus membrane bound structures with speciﬁc jobs Cell Wall Animal Cell Plant Cell Membrane Cell Nucleus Eukaryotic cells organelles organelles The main characteristics that are unique to Eukaryotic cells are Nucleus (contains the DNA) Organelles (little organs) POGIL - Eukaryotic Organelle Exploration Who: Working in small groups of 3-4 What: Work through the POGIL packet When: 1 class period Why (goal): To explore structure and functions of the different organelles of eukaryotic cells Cell Boundaries: Membrane and Wall Animal cell Plant cell ALL CELLS have a cell membrane = a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from its external environment (outside) Only prokaryotic cells and plant cells have an additional barrier called a cell wall= provides additional protection and structure. Prokaryotic cell Cytoplasm ALL CELLS contain cytoplasm= jelly-like substance that ﬁlls the “empty space” of all cells. In prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is where the nucleoid (DNA) was found ﬂoating around In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is what surrounds the nucleus and other organelles Nucleus The nucleus contains all of the cells DNA Animal Cell (genetic material) The nucleus is a key feature of eukaryotic cells (both plant and animal) (the dark Nuclear center where Pores ribosomes are made) (Tiny holes that allow Nucleolus some things to leave) Nuclear membrane (membrane barrier that protects the Plant Cell nucleus) Organelles that build proteins- Ribosomes Ribosomes are small structures that build proteins (kind of like protein making machines). They are the small dots you see in this picture Ribosomes are sometimes found ﬂoating around inside the cell.. AND they can be found “stuck” to the outside of another structure called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (The squiggly looking thing next to the nucleus) Endoplasmic Reticulum- Smooth and Rough The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has two parts: ○ Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) ○ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Endoplasmic Reticulum- Smooth and Rough The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is the part of the ER that is covered in ribosomes making it look bumpy or “rough” Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) doesn’t have any ribosomes on it. ○ This is where proteins are “packaged” in little membrane bubbles called vesicles to be sent out of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum- Golgi Apparatus After “packaging” proteins are sent to the Golgi Apparatus This organelle acts as a sort of “mail sorter” where proteins get “tagged” and repackaged to be sent to their ﬁnal destination Vacuoles, Vesicles, and lysosomes Animal Cell What do you notice about the vacuoles Animal Cell of the plant vs. animal cells? In an animal cell the vacuole acts as storage for water, nutrients and waste products. Similar function for plant cell but also acts to provide stiffness to cells to help the plant stand Plant Cell upright. Plant Cell Vacuoles, Vesicles, and lysosomes- Vesicles: Inside cell Outside Vesicles cell Vesicles like little packages -enclosed sacs- that are used to transport materials within the cell and to the outside of the cell. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down (“digesting”) cellular waste. Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton: Sort of like an internal skeleton- the cytoskeleton is a tough, ﬂexible framework that supports the cell. The cytoskeleton not only helps to support and provide shape, but acts as a “highway” helping to move materials around the cell. Energy Centers: Chloroplasts Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and Plant Cell convert it into sugars that contains chemical energy. This phot is where osy take nthesis s pla ce! Found in plants and algae Energy Centers: Mitochondria Plant Cell Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of the cell. They convert chemical energy from food into form that the cell can use. This process is called cellular respiration (more on this later). Animal Cell Cell Structure Video Cell City Poster Project Who: Working in pairs What: Make a poster of a “cell city” When: 1-2 class periods Why (goal): To enhance understanding of the structures and functions of different eukaryotic cell organelles Quiz on Organelles Protists Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista What are Protists? The name “protists” means “ﬁrst” (think prototype). Protists are thought to be the ﬁrst Eukaryotes, having evolved from an Archaea ancestor. Most protists are unicellular, but there are many that are multicellular. Though some protists resemble members of the plant and fungi kingdoms, they are designated their own kingdom Protista What are Protists? A protist is any organisms that is NOT…. Plant Animal Fungus Prokaryote Protists can be divided into three categories: Protozoa: Algae: Slime Mold: Heterotrophic Photosynthetic Absorptive “Animal-like” “plant-like” “fungus-like” protists protists protists “Animal-like” Protists “Animal-like” protists get the title name Protozoa (singular, protozoan) and are considered “animal-like” because they are heterotrophs (feed off other organisms, like animals) Amoeba They can be further classiﬁed by their type of motion -Amoeboid Paramecium (ciliated) -Ciliate (cillia) -Flagellate -Sporozoan (non motile) Sporozoan Flagellate Structure and function of Protists- Motion Protists (as a category) have a variety of different ways they can get around. Amoeboid Motion Motion by Cilia Motion by Flagella Many unicellular protists move Cilia look like little short Flagella are relatively long by changing their shape, little hairs, but they work and are usually only 1 or 2 making use of cytoplasmic like the oars of a per cell. The work like tiny projections known a propellers by whipping back rowboat to propel the pseudopods (SOO doh padz, and forth to propel the meaning false feet) protists forward. protist forward. Structure and function of Protists- Motion Protists (as a category) have a variety of different ways they can get around. Passive motion Some protists are nonmotile and instead rely on air or water currents and other organisms to carry them around. These types of protists produce reproductive cells called spores that can enter the cells of other organisms as parasites. These spores then get carried by the host (such as Mosquitoes) and are spread that way. Structure and function of Protists- Reproduction Some protists reproduce asexually, others have life cycles that combine asexual and sexual forms of reproduction Asexual The products (or offspring) of Reproduction protists asexual reproduction Though some protists, (like are called spores prokaryotes) are capable of asexual reproduction, how they do it is different. In a nutshell mitosis how eukaryotic cells undergo cell division, which creates identical daughter cells. “Plant-like” Protists Characteristics of “plant-like” protists: Photosynthesis!- They have chloroplasts (the organelle where photosynthesis takes place) Can be unicellular or multicellular NOT plants, don’t have true roots, stems Unicellular like Multicellular like or leaves Green Algae seaweed Plant-like protists are responsible for producing over half of the oxygen on Red Brown Green earth Types of “plant-like” protists: Algae- Uni and multicellular (brown, red and green) Diatoms- unicellular alga with a cell wall of silica (like glass) Dinoﬂagellates- unicellular alga Diatoms Dinoﬂagellates “Fungus-like” Protists Characteristics of “Fungus-like” protists: They are heterotrophs (means they feed off others) Have cell walls Reproduce by forming spores (like fungi) Can develop movement like amoebas to help them reach foods. Two major types of fungus-like protists: Slime molds (ﬁrst three images) ○ Often have bright colors (yellow) or can be white or brown ○ Found on rotting logs and rotting trees Water molds (bottom image) ○ Mostly live in water or in moist soil ○ Have been known to ruin crops Protists- Pathogenic (disease causing) Disease Symptoms How it’s spread Protist responsible Mosquitos A protozoa Fever, headache known as Malaria carrying and chills. Plasmodium the protist Amoebic Diarrhea, bloody Swallow something like An amoeba Dysentery poop and fever water or food that is known as contaminated with the E. histolytica amoeba. Diarrhea, Fatigue, Swallowing water or food that A protozoa stomach cramps and is contaminated with the Giardiasis known as bloating, Gas, and parasite. (Usually spread by Giardia lamblia Nausea poop/poor hand washing) Protists-H elpful/Harmless How they help Protist responsible Photosynthetic protists are responsible for Marine Oxygen a signiﬁcant portion of the world's oxygen algae production production Many types of algae, including seaweed, are Spirulina Food Sources consumed by humans as food. They are and rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, Seaweed carotenoids, and antioxidants Play a crucial role in the recycling of nutrients A variety of Nutrient Cycling within an ecosystem; mostly by consuming amoebas, diatoms and bacteria and other small organisms, breaking and ciliates Decomposition down organic matter, and releasing essential nutrients back into the environment. Used in ﬁltration systems and in Diatoms Industrial uses abrasive cleaning products like diatomaceous earth. Quiz on Protists Fungi What are Fungi? The kingdom Fungi has about 144,000 species of organisms that include: Yeasts Molds Mildews Mushrooms (and a few more…) What are Fungi? Historically, fungi were included in the plant kingdom. However due to the following differences, Fungi were eventually separated into their own kingdom; Fungi don’t have chlorophyll (the green pigment in chloroplasts) -So they can’t photosynthesize Fungi are heterotrophs- they feed off of other organisms (usually dead or rotting) while plants are autotrophs (use photosynthesis to make their own energy) The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin while the cell walls of plants are made of cellulose. Microscopic Fungi When we think of Fungi, Mushrooms are probably the ﬁrst thing that comes to mind, but many fungi are quite small. Microscopic fungi include: Yeast: Molds: Mildew: Single celled Microscopic A white growth microscopic spores of on plants or fungi various fungi organic matter Microscopic Fungi - Yeast Characteristics of Yeast: Unicellular (single-celled) fungi Shape: cylindrical, spherical or oval Reproduce asexually by budding Have a double layered cell wall Produce energy through fermentation = process of converting sugars into alcohol Microscopic Fungi - Molds Characteristics of Fungal Molds: Microscopic Fungi - Mildew Domains Review: A Domain is the broadest category of taxonomy and includes the three domains; Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Cell type Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Which domain a given organism will fall into depends on the type of cells in that organism. History: Discovery of Cells Cork Image Credit: Ted Kingsman /Science Source History: Discovery of Cells Drawing by Hooke Cork Tissue Robert Hooke, and English scientist used an early Late 1500s microscope to look at a slice of cork Image Credit: Science Museum Image Credit: Ted Kingsman /SSPL/The Image Works /Science Source Eyeglass makers in Hooke observed that 1665 Europe discovered cork appeared to be Eyepiece Oil made of thousands of they could magnify Lamp tiny chambers. Image Credit: Power and Syred, Liberia small objects using Water Flask He called these Bardon/ Science Photo Library combinations of chambers “cells” glass lenses. because they reminded him of a monastery's tiny rooms. Image Credit: Horlbeck, Frank R. Specimen holder History: Discovery of Cells Leeuwenhoek was the ﬁrst to After Leeuwenhoek’s death in observer the world of tiny 1723, discoveries in microbiology living organisms that seemed stagnated (as microscopes were to be everywhere- rain water, still rare at the time ) 1674 well water, and even his own 1730s-1800s mouth. Lens Instead debate ensued over Dutch scientist Antonie the theory of spontaneous Van Leeuwenhoek Specimen holder generation which stated that Bacteria and Protozoa looked at pond water microorganisms arose Fossil Diatoms under a single-lens spontaneously from lifeless Cyanobacteria and rotifer microscope and matter. Vorticella sp. observed what he described as “very little animalcules” Image Credit: Robertson, L.A. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1723–2023: a review to commemorate Van Leeuwenhoek’s death, 300 years ago. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 116, 919–935 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-023-01859-4 History: Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden Robert Remak German Botanist and Neurologist, microscopist Physiologist and concluded that plants Embryologist was are made of cells. ﬁrst to assert that new 1838 1852 cells are produced Image Credit https://www.researchgate.net/ﬁgure/Cellular-structure-depicted-by-Schwann- from existing cells Schwann-published-these-diagrams-of-cell_ﬁg5_251464919 1839 Robert Remak was a Theodor Schwann Prussian Jew. His work German Biologist (and was plagiarized by friend of Matthias German Scientist Schleiden) Rudolf Virchow who concluded that tried to take credit for animals are made of Remak’s postulate Discovered “Schwann” cells. about cells Cells Cell Theory 1. All living things are 2. Cells are the basic made up of cells units of structure and function New cells are 3. produced from existing cells Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells 1925 Édouard Chatton French biologist credited with distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Introduction to Microscopy (That’s fancy for microscope use) Copyright: Fancy Nancy by Jane O’Connor, Illustrated by Robin Preiss Glasser Important Microscope Vocabulary Magniﬁcation /mag-ne-fe-’ka-shen/ n. 1. Apparent enlargement of an object. 2. The ratio of image size to actual size Resolution /rezəˈlooSH(ə)n/ n. 1. Clarity, sharpness 2. The ability of a microscope to show two very close points separately Unresolved Partially Fully Resolved Resolved https://microscopeclarity.com/what-is-microscope-resolution/ Getting to know the Light Microscope Parts of a Light Microscope Ocular Lens (magniﬁcation x10) Coarse Focus Knob Nose piece Fine Focus Knob High Powered objective lens Arm Stage clip Stage Diaphragm Mirror or Base Light source Take a few minutes to explore each part of the microscope and write down what it does in your notes. Getting to know the Light Microscope Lab Who: Working pairs What: Work together to complete the Intro to microscopy lab When: For the class period Why (goal): To become proficient in the use of light microscopes Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Loop of DNA clustered but not surrounded by a Some are membrane Only single celled Both single celled Cell Wall Have a cell others are multicellular membrane- barrier DNA is in a single between inside and Cell loop of material outside of cells DNA housed in an internal Membrane compartment Has a cell wall to Contain cytoplasm- called a nucleus provide structural ﬂuid that ﬁlls the cell support Plant Cells have a Ribosomes- small cell wall DNA No organelles or cell structure that Have organelles- packaged in makes proteins nucleus membrane bound a Nucleus structures with speciﬁc jobs Cell Wall Animal Cell Plant Cell Membrane Cell Kingdoms of Microbiology Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Cell type Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Lactobacillus acidophilus Halobacterium mediterranei Euglena viridis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacteria Protists Yeasts & Molds Prokaryotes Pro KAR ee ohts Unicellular Lack a nucleus Make up the two Domains: Bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus Halobacterium mediterranei and Archaea Prokaryotes Bacteria Larger of the two Domains (Bacteria and Archaea)- there are more types of Bacteria than Archaea There are many phyla needed to classify this group Live almost anywhere: fresh water, salt water, on land, within the bodies of humans and other eukaryotes. E. coli- commonly found in human intestines, has a the basic structure typically found in most bacteria. Escherichia coli (ehٜ·sher·i·kee·uh) A.k.a. E. Coli Prokaryotic Structures Bacteria Cell wall- gives the cell its shape and protects cell from injury- like a shell Capsule- some bacteria (like E. coli) have an additional layer of protection (not present in all bacteria) Plasma membrane- separates the inside from the outside controls what can go in and out of the cell. Escherichia coli (ehٜ·sher·i·kee·uh) A.k.a. E. coli Prokaryotes Bacteria Flagellum (plural Flagella)- tail like structure used for movement Pillus (plural pilli)- are used to help anchor the bacterium to a surface or to other bacteria. Nucleoid- coiled DNA loop that ﬂoats in the cytoplasm of the cell. (KEY feature: DNA IS NOT IN A NUCLEUS) Escherichia coli (ehٜ·sher·i·kee·uh) A.k.a. E. coli Bacteria Vs. Archaea Characteristics Key diﬀerences: they have in Cell walls are common: contain Both equally diﬀerent small molecules Plasma Lack a membranes nucleus have diﬀerent Have cell proteins walls Archaea live in extremely harsh environments Bacteria Vs. Archaea Hot thermal pool in Yellowstone National Park (63-87℃) Most Bacteria Archaea live in are killed at areas of temps above extreme 74℃ (165℉) temperatures and pH Figure 21-9. Pg 690. Miller and Levine Biology Textbook Archaea get the name extremophiles (“extreme loving”) due to their ability to thrive in extreme environments. Bacteria Vs. Archaea Hot thermal pool in Yellowstone National Park The orange The blue at the and yellow center is too hues seen in hot for even the photo are these due to the thermophiles populations to live so it is of microbes clear blue due living along to the the rim of this refraction of hot pool the water. Figure 21-9. Pg 690. Miller and Levine Biology Textbook Quiz 1: History of cell discovery, Cell Theory, Key features of Prokaryotes Structure and Function of Prokaryotes Prokaryotes vary in size, shape and movement Size: Prokaryotes range from 1 to 5 micrometers (𝜇m) CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik Bacteria Cell Shape Exploration Who: Working with a partner What: Open the slideshow on google classroom and complete the self guided exploration on pages 13-15 of your packet When: 15-20 min Why (goal): To learn about the three most common bacteria shapes Structure and Function of Prokaryotes Prokaryotes vary in size, shape and movement The three most common bacteria shapes are. Miller and Levine Biology Textbook Figure 21-10, pg 691. Bacilli Cocci Spirilla (rod-shaped) (Spherical) CREDITS: This presentation template (Spiral) was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik Prokaryote Movement Prokaryotes vary in size, shape and movement Types of movement: No independent movement Glide on slime like material they secrete (similar to a snail) Propelled by ﬂagella CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik How Prokaryotes Obtain Energy Like all living organisms, prokaryotes need energy to live. They have a few diﬀerent ways of getting energy. Type of Feeder How energy is captured Examples Heterotroph Can’t make their own food, must get Escherichia Coli and Salmonella “Other feeder” it from other organic sources (plants bacteria that are found in the or animals). Aka consumers intestines of humans and animals Photoheterotroph Like other heterotrophs but can also Vibrio- found in salt water “Light and other feeder” use light for energy environments, and in seafood Photoautotroph Use light energy to convert CO2 into Heliobacteria- found in soils, “Light self-feeder” carbon compounds paddy ﬁelds, hot springs, convert sunlight to energy (similar to plants) Chemoautotroph Use energy released by chemical Campylobacter and other Extremophiles -bacteria that thrive in extreme “Chemical self-feeder” reactions involving ammonia (NH4), environments (like deep sea thermal vents) hydrogen sulﬁde (H2S) etc. Bacteria Size, growth, reproduction and conjugation As previously mentioned, bacteria are between 1𝜇m to 5𝜇m in size. Take a minute and write down 2-3 questions about this idea. Why are bacteria so small? h e y Why ’t t c an e aren y b any ’t th Wh ow to ? sma ey gr gger ller? bi What are diffusion and osmosis? Diﬀusion is the natural tendency of molecules (that are always in motion) to spread out evenly in any space that they are in. Osmosis it the movement of water molecules across a membrane. The membrane holds the cell together. It is said to be semi permeable which means it allows some things to pass through but others not. Diffusion and Osmosis Tea party What are diffusion and osmosis? The video mentioned that all living organisms use diﬀusion and osmosis to help them take in nutrients they need for survival, AND to remove “waste” products. Q: What ends up being a limiting factor to how eﬀective diﬀusion can be for an organism? Cell size and Surface area to Volume Ratio 3 9 2 3 3 2 2 Side: 3 Side: 2 Side: 1 Area of 1 side: 3 x 3 = 9 Area of 1 side: 2 x 2= 4 Area of 1 side: 1 Surface Area: 4 x 6= 24 Surface Area: 1x6=6 Surface Area: 9 x 6 sides = 54 Volume: 2 x 2 x 2= 8 Volume: 1 x 1 x 1=1 Volume (lxwxh):3 x 3 x 3= 27 Surface area to volume Surface area to volume Surface area to volume ratio: SA/V = 54/27 =2 ratio: 24/8=3 ratio: 6/1 = 6 Cell size and Surface area to Volume Ratio Surface area to volume Surface area to volume Surface area to volume ratio: 2 ratio: 3 ratio: 6 In summary: Cell size is limited because after a certain size, cells become too big for nutrients to get where they need to, or for waste to be removed. Bacterial Growth and Reproduction Bacteria can grow to about double in size before it has to split into two cells in order to maintain their small size. This process of splitting bacteria is called binary ﬁssion and is the process by which prokaryotes reproduce. In this process, the cell replicates (copies) it’s DNA and then divides in half to produce two identical cells. Binary ﬁssion is a type of asexual reproduction because the bacteria do not combine their genes with others thus producing oﬀspring that are clones. Dormancy (think hibernation) When growth conditions are unfavorable, many prokaryotic cells form an endospore- a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and some of the cytoplasm (internal ﬂuid). Endospores can remain dormant for months or even years. This “hibernation” makes it Endospore possible for some prokaryotes to survive very harsh conditions. The bacteria Bacillus anthracis, which causes the disease anthrax is an example of a prokaryote that creates endospores to survive harsh conditions. Bacterial Conjugation Just because bacteria reproduce through binary ﬁssion, producing identical oﬀspring, doesn’t mean they don’t have other ways of exchanging genetic information. The exchange of DNA is a vital part of survival and what allows bacteria (and viruses) to evolve past environmental barriers and develop resistance. Many prokaryotes exchange their DNA through a process called conjugation. 1. A hollow bridge is formed between two bacterial cells 2. A ring of genetic material called a plasmid is copied and moves from one cell to another 3. The recipient is now able to use those genes and share them with others. Quiz 2: Prokaryote size, shape, movement, and reproduction Bacteria: The good, the bad and the ugly The Good Prokaryotes are essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world. Decomposers Producers Break down dead organisms Photosynthetic prokaryotes such as back into raw materials to be cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus used by living organisms. provide more than half of the oxygen and food for ocean food chains The Good Prokaryotes are essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world. Nitrogen Fixers All organisms need nitrogen to grow, but only a few can use it in it’s most abundant form as N2 gas. Bacteria like the Rhizobium grow in nodules (or knobs) of plant roots and convert nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds (NH4+, NH3) that the plant can use! The Good Humans have many uses for bacteria Water Recycling Food Production Bacteria has been used to clean oil spills in the ocean The Microbiome Vitami t: Is a y n e n nutrien K- and essen atm uced b ti tia x T re d bacter s produced b l Boto toxin pro stridium ia in yo ur inte y o lo neur cteria C stines. a the b num li botu Probiotics Taste test! Who: Working with a partner What: Research the probiotic food that you are given. Bring a sample of that food to class the next day. When: The next 1-2 class periods. Why (goal): To learn about probiotics in foods and the benefits of “good bacteria” List of probiotic foods Taste Tests: Set up a taste test challenge with diﬀerent probiotic foods. Have students rate their favorites and discuss the ﬂavors and textures. This can help them develop a more adventurous palate and encourage them to try foods they might otherwise avoid. Yogurt Sauerkraut Soy Sauce Some Cheeses Shir and Leah (with live DD, Rivka, Adina cultures) Rochel and Gayli Kombucha Pickles (brined) Apple cider Sourdough vinegar (raw) Bread Margalit and Shana Ava, Kayla Reese and Dalia Why are probiotics sour? Germ Theory of Disease Germ theory of disease is the theory that harmful microorganisms known as pathogens or “germs” are the cause of disease. Pathogens don’t have to be bacteria (can also be fungi, protists or viruses) but nearly all prokaryotic pathogens are bacteria Earlier theories about disease included: Supernatural Miasma Theory Contagia Theory Theories The theory that diseases (like The theory state that diseases Some theories believed cholear, chlamydia and black could spread from person to diseases were caused by evil death) were cause by miasma person through soiled clothes spirits entering the body. “bad air” or bedding. German Physician Hungarian Physician Ignac Semmelweis History: Germ Theory Robert Koch Studied anthrax the “Father of Hand infections in animals. Hygiene” Developed a method demonstrated that for determining which hand washing microbe causes which reduces infections disease. 1847 Vibrio Cholerae 1867-1906 1854 1856-1862 British Physician and French Chemist Louis John Snow the “Father Pasteur discovered that of Epidemiology” bacteria cause disease and demonstrated that pioneered the food cholera bacteria were sterilization process we still transmitted through use today called contaminated drinking Robert Koch's photomicrographs of B. water https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/12/375663920/the-doctor-who-championed-hand-w ashing-and-saved-women-s-lives pasteurization anthracis source: http://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/medical.html The Bad Many diseases you have heard of are caused by pathogenic bacteria Disease Symptoms Transmission Pathogen Characteristic Ticks that Borrelia “bulls-eye” rash at the carry the burgdorferi Lyme Disease site of tick bite, fever, bacteria fatigue and headache Lockjaw, stiffness in the neck Bacteria enter the and abdomen, difficulty body through a break Clostridium Tetanus swallowing, fever, elevated in the skin. tetani blood pressure, severe muscle spasms Spread through direct contact Staph Skin infection that can with another person. Also picked Staphylococcus Infection appear as pimples, boils, up from phones, door knobs or aureus blisters or redness. surfaces. Has to get into skin to cause infection ** Note: This is just a small sampling, there are many more skin diseases out there The Bad Respiratory Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria Disease Symptoms Transmission Pathogen Fatigue, weight loss, fever, Bacteria particles are Mycobacterium Tuberculosis night sweats, chills, appetite spread through coughing tuberculosis loss, cough and are then inhaled Bacteria are spread 1. Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) High fever, headache, stiff through droplets caused by 2. Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacterial coughing or sneezing; or (pneumococcus) neck, nausea, fatigue, cough Meningitis close prolonged contact 3. Haemophilus influenzae 4. Streptococcus agalactiae with someone infected (group B streptococcus) Cold like symptoms, a Bacteria are spread Pertussis through droplets caused high-pitched “whooping” sound Bordetella (Whooping by coughing or sneezing; when inhaling after a coughing pertussis Cough) or close prolonged contact fit with someone infected ** Note: This is just a small sampling, there are many more food respiratory illnesses The Bad Food borne illnesses caused by pathogenic bacteria Disease Symptoms Transmission Pathogen Through consuming Fever, Diarrhea, stiff neck, Listeria unpasteurized dairy Listeria confusion loss of balance, Monocytogenes products, raw fruits and muscle aches veg and deli meats Lethargy, muscle weakness, Consuming raw honey or Botulism Clostridium difficulty swallowing, blurred improperly canned or botulinum vision preserved foods Consuming contaminated Nausea, stomach cramping, Shigella Shigellosis food (from poor hand fever, diarrhea dysenteriae washing by a sick food handler) ** Note: This is just a small sampling, there are many more food borne illnesses out there. Mid-Unit Test Test will cover all of the topics from this packet: History of microbiology Cell theory Microscopy (microscope use) Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Bacteria vs. Archaea Bacterial structures Bacterial shapes, size, and movement Bacterial reproduction How bacteria are helpful How bacteria can be harmful Bacteria Exploration Who: Working with a partner What: Conduct an investigation about bacteria. You will decide your objective. When: The next 2-3 class periods. Why (goal): To practice experimental design and learn more about bacteria! Credits and Citations B. Kisch. “Forgotten Leaders in Modern Medicine, Valentin, Gouby, Remak, Auerbach.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 44 (1954):139–317. ↵ Pelczar, M. J. and Pelczar,. Rita M. (2024, June 24). microbiology. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/microbiology Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, July 23). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek Robertson, L.A. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1723–2023: a review to commemorate Van Leeuwenhoek’s death, 300 years ago. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 116, 919–935 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-023-01859-4 Grzybowski A, Pietrzak K. Robert Remak (1815-1865). J Neurol. 2013 June;260(6):1696-7. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6761-6. Epub 2012 Nov 28. PMID: 23188474; PMCID: PMC3675270. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, December 8). Édouard Chatton. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:01, August 8, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Chatton&oldid=1188916300 Ecology and Energy Flow Learning Objectives Describe the levels of organization among living things (from organisms to the biosphere) Characterize the different terrestrial biomes Explain how energy flows through ecosystems Analyze and diagram food chains and web Compare and contrast herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores Ecology e·col·o·gy /ēˈkäləjē/ noun The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical surroundings What systems do we encounter in biology? Sys·tem /ˈsistəm/ noun 1. A group of things that work together as whole while still keeping their own identity (Wikipedia, 2023) Cellular system Ecosystems Organ systems Solar system System. (2023, May 31). Wikipedia. Retrieved 16:41, July 9, 2024 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System&oldid=8850842. Levels of Organization Organism Population Organs Tissues Community Life begins here Biosphere Cells Molecules Ecosystem Atoms Biomes Organisms and Species Or·gan·ism /ˈôrɡəˌniz(ə)m/ noun An individual animal, plant or single-celled life form. You may recall, A species is a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Population A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Population Density and Distribution: Population density: How many individuals are in a particular area The pattern of spacing of those individuals is referred to as its distribution. Uniform Random Clumped Nearly Random Clumped uniform What are some factors that can influence population size? Population Density Factors that will affect a population’s growth and/or distribution are called limiting factors, and they are grouped into two categories. Density Dependent Limiting Factors Density Independent Limiting Factors Factors that limit population growth Factors affect population growth as the population density increases. regardless of the population’s density Predation Natural Disasters (wildfires, landslides) Competition for space and food Weather and Climate (Droughts, Floods, Parasitism and Disease Hurricanes) Food availability Human Disturbances (pollution, deforestation) Active reading Partner Activity : Carrying Capacity Who: Working In pairs What: Work together to complete the reading and questions When: For the next 10-15 min Why (goal): To learn about limiting factors and carrying capacity Population Growth and Carrying Capacity Population growth: how the size of a population changes over time. Studying population growth helps scientists understand what causes changes in population sizes and growth rates. The number of individuals that are Births born, that die, or that enter or leave a Emigration population will affect the growth of a population. Immigration Deaths Population Growth and Carrying Capacity Under ideal conditions with unlimited food and space, protected from predators and disease, a population will grow exponentially. If bacteria are growing at a constant rate, how come they haven’t completely covered the Earth by now? Population Growth and Carrying Capacity In reality, as population size increases (and population density increases) there are more organisms competing for available resources. Eventually the population will reach carrying capacity of the environment and begin to level off. Carrying capacity: the maximum number of individuals an environment can “carry” or sustain. Logistic growth is the leveling off of a population as shown by the characteristic S-shaped graph on the right. Carrying Capacity Algae and Brine Shrimp Lab? Community A group of different populations and species that live together in a particular area. Don’t forget! Plants and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, molds, etc) are included in the community. Let’s play…. Population Or C o m m u n i t y ? Population Or Community? Population Or Community? Ecosystem All the organisms that live in a place together AND the abiotic factors in that area. Biotic factors Ecosystems Abiotic factors What are the biotic and abiotic factors in each of these different ecosystems? Ecological Interactions Q: How do living things in an ecosystem interact with each other? The interaction between two different organisms living in close physical proximity is referred to as symbiosis. These symbiotic relationships between organisms can be further divided by how the interactions affect each organisms in the relationship. Beneﬁcial Neutral Harmful 😊 😐 😖 Ecological Interactions- symbiotic relationships Mutualism: is a symbiotic relationship where both species beneﬁt from the interaction. The relationship is said to be “mutually beneﬁcial” 😊😊 Example: Birds eat berries off a tree (Beneﬁt: they get nutrients and energy) The birds eventually poops out the seeds from the berries (Beneﬁt: Tree gets its seeds scattered far and wide) Q: Can you think of another example? Ecological Interactions- symbiotic relationships Commensalism: is a symbiotic relationship where one species beneﬁts and the other one is neither helped nor harmed by the interaction. 😊😐 Example: Clownﬁsh live among the tentacles of sea anemone. (Beneﬁt: Clownﬁsh are protected from predators by the stinging tentacles, to which they are immune) The anemone is not affected either positively or negatively by the presence of the clownﬁsh. Q: Can you think of another example? Ecological Interactions- symbiotic relationships Parasitism: is a symbiotic relationship where one species beneﬁts and the other one is harmed by the interaction. The relationship is said to be “parasitic” 😊😖 Example: Aphids live on rose bushes. (Beneﬁt: The aphid feeds off of the rose bush for energy and nutrients). The rose bush is harmed by the aphids as they deplete it’s sap. Q: Can you think of another example? Ecological Interactions- symbiotic relationships Predation: is a symbiotic relationship where one species beneﬁts and the other one is killed. The players in this relationship are predator and prey 😊💀 Example: Cats eating mice Q: Can you think of another example? Let’s build an ecosystem (in a jar) The most epic introduction to Biomes ….EVER Biome A group of ecosystems that are characterized by shared vegetation, soil, climate and wildlife. There are 5 major types of biomes: Aquatic Grassland Forest Desert Tundra Aquatic are the Grasslands are open Forests are dominated Deserts are dry areas Tundras are extremely water biomes and regions, dominated by trees and cover that experience less inhospitable, have the they cover about ¾ by grass and have a about ⅓ of the earth. than 50cm (20in) of lowest temperatures of of the Earth's surface warm dry climate. rainfall per year. all the biomes and have low rainfall 15-25 cm (6-10 in) per year Freshwater Savannas (Tropical Deserts are dry -Ponds, Lakes, Grasslands) are Tropical areas that and rivers found closer to the experience less than equator 50cm (20in) of Arctic Temperate rainfall per year. Alpine Temperate Marine grasslands are 4 categories: -oceans, Boreal further away from -semiarid coral reefs, and estuaries the equator (Think -hot and dry Prairies) -coastal Aquatic -cold Tundra Forest Grassland Desert Freshwater biomes Tropical Forests: Warm, Arctic Tundra: Found are bodies of water Temperate humid near the equator north of the boreal surrounded by land -farther from the (jungle or rainforest) forests and has a such as; lakes, rivers, & Equator frozen layer under the -no trees or Temperate Forests: ponds Higher latitudes and soil called permafrost. shrubs Marine (saltwater) experience all 4 seasons Alpine Tundra: Found (Forest reserves in IL) biomes cover close to Savannas on mountains the ¾ of the earth and -closer to the Boreal Forests (Taiga) altitude is too high for include; ocean, coral Equator Highest latitudes, coldest trees to survive. reefs and estuaries -may have few and driest - Snowy scattered trees National Geographic Society. (2024a, January 22). The five major types of biomes. Education. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/five-major-types-biomes/ Biomes A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms. Climate: the long-term average atmospheric conditions found in a region - determined by temperature, precipitation (also sunlight and wind). Differs from Weather: the day to day atmospheric conditions in a particular place at a particular time. Walter Climate Diagram 1. What is the average monthly Devised by German biogeographer Heinrich precipitation in June? Walter as a way to graphically summarize the climate in a given location. - Based on temperature and precipitation. 2. What is the average monthly temperature in November? 3. Which month(s) shows the greatest precipitation? 4. Do you see seasons (Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring) represented in the climate of Texas? Walter Climate Diagram 1. Which climate has larger changes in precipitation? 2. Which climate has larger changes in temperature? Japan 3. Do both climates have seasons? Cameroon Biosphere and the Earth’s four subsystems The Biosphere consists of all living organisms (plants, animals, microorganism) Biosphere Hydrosphere and the environments they live in. It is the worldwide sum of all the ecosystems. The other subsystems include: Atmosphere (“Air”= O2 N2 CO2 CH4 and H2O) Hydrosphere (Water= Oceans and bodies of water) Geosphere Atmosphere Geosphere (“Land”= rocks, continents, ocean ﬂoor, volcanoes and mountains) Levels of Organization Recap Organism Population Organs Tissues Community Life begins here Biosphere Cells Molecules Ecosystem Atoms Biomes Quiz on Systems and Organization Energy Flow Through Systems Learning Objectives Define primary producers Describe how consumers obtain energy and nutrients Explain how energy flows through ecosystems Explain how ecological pyramids help analyze energy flow through trophic levels Describe the cycles in Earth’s global systems; Nitrogen, Carbon and water cycles Riddle: What is something that all living organisms need, but none can create? Energy! Organisms can only use energy from other sources. Remember the Law of Conservation of energy?-Energy cannot be created (or destroyed)! From where do you get your energy? Energy Sources Energy from the sun Life Without Light Photosynthesis: is the Chemosynthesis: is the https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/photosynthesis-vs-chemosy https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/photosynthesis-vs-chemosy process by which process that organisms plants use the radiant that live in environments energy from the sun to not exposed to sunlight can use chemical energy nthesis-process-chain-description-2007772733 nthesis-process-chain-description-2007772733 convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates to produce (sugars) and O2 carbohydrates (sugars) Image Credit Image Credit CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 +O2 Is this equation balanced? Bacteria living in extreme environments at the bottom of the ocean How different organisms get their energy Primary Producers Consumers Organisms that capture energy from Organisms that rely on other nonliving sources (light or chemicals) organisms for energy and nutrients. and convert it into forms that cells Also known as heterotrophs can use. Also known as Autotrophs “Other nourished” “Self nourished” Autotrophs Store energy in chemical Heterotrophs can be further forms (like sugar) that are available divided by what they primarily to other organisms that eat them. consume to obtain energy. (more to come on the next slide) Types of Consumers (heterotrophs) Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore “Meat eater” “Plant eater” “All eater” Detrivore Decomposer Scavenger Detritus (decaying plant Breaks down dead or decaying Eats dead organisms and animal parts) eater organisms and eats the resulting nutrients Food Chains and Food Webs A food chain describes the linear ﬂow of energy from one organism to another. Some food chains have additional levels, such as quaternary consumers—carnivores that eat tertiary consumers. Organisms at the very top of a food chain are called apex consumers. Tertiary consumers carnivores eating carnivores Secondary consumers are the carnivores who get their energy by consuming the herbivores, who consumed the producers. Primary consumers are the herbivores who get their energy directly from consuming the producers. Producers-who produce their own energy directly from sunlight or chemical energy. Food Chains and Food Webs Many animals eat more than one kind of food, or are eaten by more than one type of consumer. Therefore, a food web is used to model the more complicated feeding relationships that exist between organisms within a given ecosystem. Notice the complete food chain represented by the dark blue arrow, among the food web in the ecosystem pictured to the right. Algae→ Daphnia→ Bullfrog tadpole→ Gizzard Shad→ Largemouth bass→ Great blue heron Food Webs Can you find 3 other paths from Algae to Alligator? Food Chain Scavenger Hunt! Your job, is to find at least one representation of each of the links in the food chain. Take photos of your examples. Don’t be afraid to get dirty! Ecological Pyramid POGIL Who: Working In groups of 3-4 What: Work together to complete the POGIL When: For the class period Why (goal): Try to answer the question “How does energy flow through an ecosystem?” Biomass Pyramid A biomass pyramid is a model that illustrates the total mass of organic living matter at each level of the food Tertiary Consumers chain and how energy ﬂows from one level to the next. At the bottom of the pyramid are the producers-who produce their own energy directly from sunlight or Secondary chemical energy. Consumers Next are the primary consumers. These are the herbivores who get their energy directly from consuming Primary the producers. Consumers Above them secondary consumers. These are the carnivores who get their energy by consuming the herbivores, who consumed the producers. Producers At the top of the food chain are the tertiary consumers (also carnivores). They consume other carnivores who ate the herbivores who ate the producers. Pyramid of Energy (Trophic levels) Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Only about 10% of the Image credit: modiﬁed from Ecological pyramid by CK-12 Foundation, CC BY-NC 3.0 energy that enters any trophic level is available to organisms at the next level. The other 90% of energy is used up by the organisms as they: Live Move Grow Reproduce Q: What was the reason you found through the POGIL as to why an ecosystem is limited to 4 or 5 levels only? Earth’s Energy Cycles There is a constant exchange of matter Biosphere Hydrosphere and energy between the Earth’s systems. These exchanges happen as a result of: chemical reactions radioactive decay of elements radiation of energy as heat the growth and decay of organisms Geosphere Atmosphere Image credit: NASA’s Goddard SPace Flight Center The Water Cycle D. Water forms clouds through condensation E. Water falls to the surface as precipitation (rain). A. Energy from Hydrosphere F. Surface runoff collects through the sun in the form of solar streams and rivers radiation heats to lakes and water oceans. C. Groundwater is taken up by plant roots and then, through transpiration , B. Water from water leaves oceans and lakes through the evaporates leaves of plants G. Some water seeps (becomes water and enters the into the ground vapor) atmosphere through a process called infiltration. H. The Infiltrated water, known as groundwater eventually makes it way back to the ocean. The Carbon Cycle Carbon is a major component Geological activity releases CO2. of organic compounds Biosphere ○ “Carbon-based life forms” CO2 dissolves Combustion in rainwater. (Burning) of CO 2 is an important component forests and fossil fuels of the atmosphere releases CO 2 CO2 dissolves in oceans and returns CaCO 3 is essential in many to the atmosphere. skeletons and in rocks. CO2 is taken up by producers (plants)during photosynthesis Photosynthesis and Cellular and released by Respiration cellular respiration. Consumers eat producers and Green Fossil fuels = fossilized release CO2 through Algae cellular respiration. carbon - coal, oil, natural gas Decomposition , pressure, and heat Geological turn organic matter activity turns to fossil fuels over marine sediments into time. rock. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation by lightning Nitrogen makes up approx 78% of our atmosphere and is another important element for organisms. It is an essential element in the Nitrogen making of amino acids (the Nitrogen fixation by building blocks of proteins ) fixation by blue-green algae bacteria Nitrogen is also an essential component of DNA and RNA which make up our genes. Nitrogen fixation is where nitrogen gas (N 2) in the atmosphere gets converted into inorganic compounds by biological and physical Image credit: processes. https://microbenotes.com/amino-acids-pro teins/ The Nitrogen Cycle Atmospheric Nitrogen fixation by lightning Nitrogen assimilation - inorganic nitrogen compounds such as Biosphere ammonia (NH 3) and ammonium (NH 4+) get ingested by plants and animals and converted into Biological Biological Nitrogen compounds in their bodies (DNA RNA Nitrogen Nitrogen fixation by fixation by assimilation and blue-green algae and proteins) bacteria ammonification by Ammonification - the waste living organisms products and remains of all living things produces ammonia (NH 3) and ammonium (NH 4+) and enters soil Nitrification - bacteria transform ammonia in the soil Denitrificatio into nitrates (NO 3-) n- bacteria convert Nitrification - bacteria nitrates back Nitrogen Denitrification- bacteria convert NH3 to NO3- into N2 assimilation convert (NO 3-) into atmospheric that plants can then and absorb into their ammonification N2 tissues by living organisms Amoeba Sisters Explain Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles Energy and Matter cycles Interactions between the different Biosphere Hydrosphere subsystems of earth are all responsible for the many cycles of energy and matter we just explored. Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Others we didn’t discuss: Hydrogen cycle Geosphere Atmosphere Oxygen cycle Phosphorus cycle Sulfur cycle Laws of Conservation: Matter and Energy cannot be created or destroyed! Ok…. the So what’s big idea? National Geographic Society. (2024a, January 22). The five major types of biomes. Education. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/five-major-types-biomes/ What is Biology? Mrs. Pearlman’s Biology Ice breaker Pick one to share: Awesome thing that happened over summer Something you are excited about this year Something you are anxious about this year Something I still don’t know about you. Students will be able to: Students will identify characteristics of all living things Students will diﬀerentiate between biotic and abiotic factors Classify organisms using the Linnaean classiﬁcation system Describe basic taxonomic hierarchy Describe what characteristics deﬁne a species What is Biology? bi·ol·o·gy /bīˈäləjē/ noun 1. the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized ﬁelds that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution. (Oxford Languages, 2024) What are the characteristics of living things? What are the properties of “life”? Oxford University Press. (2024). Entry. In Oxford English dictionary. 7/9/2024. What distinguishes living things from non-living matter? Within a given environment there are: Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic factors = living organisms that are part of an environment Plants Water Animals Soil Bacteria Air Abiotic factors = the non-living Fungi Minerals components of an environment Protists Light Prefix- A Meaning Conduct your own Biotic vs. Abiotic Sort “Without” or “not” “Living things” Sorting Activity Who: Working In pairs What: Sort your deck of cards into biotic and abiotic things When: For the next 5-8 min Why (goal): Explore shared/common characteristics of “living things” What criteria did you use to sort your biotic and abiotic cards? What are some characteristics that all living things in your sort, have in common? Take a few minutes to discuss with your partner. Characteristics of living things Unicellular Multicellular Matter Energy Growth = increase (Amoeba) (Jellyfish) Reproduction is in size 1. Made of essential for the Develop = change 5. Need for cells survival of a 3. Based on in characteristics matter & (have order) species DNA energy 2. Reproduce 4. Grow and Cells are the (Create new oﬀspring) DNA is a Develop Matter acquired from smallest living universal food is necessary to unit genetic code build and replace Prefix- A Meaning existing structures “Without” or “not” Energy of the sun is the original source of most of the energy found on Sexual Asexual earth Characteristics of living things Evolve= change over time Stimuli = the plural of The ability of a group of organisms to Stimulus = signal or adapt to changes in chan

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