تعاريف الاحصاء PDF

‫تعاريف‬ ‫الشابتر االول‬ 1 Biostatistics: understanding of countless public health issues. 2 Biostatisticians are required : to develop statistical methods for clinical trials, observational studies, longitudinal studies, and genomics. 3 Clinical trials: Studying the evaluation of treatments, scr...

‫تعاريف‬ ‫الشابتر االول‬ 1 Biostatistics: understanding of countless public health issues. 2 Biostatisticians are required : to develop statistical methods for clinical trials, observational studies, longitudinal studies, and genomics. 3 Clinical trials: Studying the evaluation of treatments, screening , and prevention methods in populations 4 Epidemiological: Studying the causes and origins of disease 5 Human Genetics: Studying the genetic di erences associated with diseases and disease states 6 Genomics: Studying the biological activity of genes 7 Spatial Studies: Studying the geographical distribution of disease/risk factors 8 Statistics is : a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the scienti c methods for collecting, organizing (classi cation), and analyzing data (Koch, 2000). 9 Descriptive Statistics: group characteristics of the data (Pagoso and Montana, 1995). 10 Inferential Statistics, gives information regarding kinds of claims or statements 11 Biostatistics : is statistics applied to biological sciences (Elston and Johnson, 1995). 12 data: is a set of observations, values, elements or objects under consideration 13 Population: It is complete set of possible observations or group of people or study elements, persons For example: birth weights, haemoglobin levels 14 Sampling unit: Each member or point of a population. 15 Sample: part (or a subset) of a population. It is a group of sampling units that form part of a population 16 Variable: A characteristic that takes on di erent values in di erent persons, places or things. 17 Parameter: xed or unknown number that describes a population such as a percentage, proportion, mean, or standard deviation. 18 Statistic is :a known number that describes a sample 19 Biostatistics as a Science and Figures : enables one to distinguish fact from fancy everyday life. ‫تعاريف الشابتر الثاني‬ 1 Data Collection: facts or information gives observer or researcher. These especially information organized for analysis. 2 Patients’ medical record: This provides information about admission and discharge dates, sex, age, diagnoses. 3 Abstracts: This is a summary of the patient’s medical record 4 Ancillary/additional reports: Reports from ancillary services like medical laboratory, radiology, pharmacy, physical therapy. 5 Incidental reports: These are reports of mistakes, errors, and accidents to identify trends and taking necessary corrective actions. 6 Experiment: Experiments are performed in the laboratories wards for investigations and fundamental research. 7 Surveys: nd the incidence or prevalence of health or disease situations 8 Retrospective collection : data collected upon or following discharge is called 9 Concurrent collection: data collected during the inpatient stay is called 10 Manual : data entered on worksheets/forms and later processed is called manual data entry. 11 Direct computer entry: more e cient and eliminates, ‘dual data entry”, saves time and is more cost e ective. 12 Qualitative data : are the results when information were sorted, classi ed or categorized. Examples are occupation, nationality, gender. 13 Nominal data: Text (or Numbers) representing unordered categories 14 Ordinal data: Numbers or text representing categories where order counts 15 Quantitative data : are the results of counting or measuring. Examples are height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate 16 Discrete data:are always expressed as whole numbers Examples: number of teeth in an adult; number of male or female students in Biostatistics 17 Continuous data: fractions or decimal subdivisions to express them. Examples: 2 ½ miles, 7.5 kilos, 173 cm tall :‫تعاريف الشابتر الثالث‬ 1 Narrative Form :This is also called the textual form. It is the simplest form of data presentation. It is used when there are only a few numbers to be presented. 2Table format: data arranging them in rows and columns, comparison of the di erent data in di erent categories. 3 Table caption : includes table number and title or heading. 4 Stub : refers to the rows of the table found at the left 5 Box heads : are the headings within the box of the table wherein the data are to placed 6 Body : refers to the main part of the table containing the gures (or numbers) 7 graphic form :A graph is a geometrical image or mathematical picture of a set of data 8 Line graph or frequency polygon: dot connecting means of a straight line. 9 The horizontal axis (X) represents the scores, score limits or midpoints interval 10 The vertical axis (Y) represents the frequency. 11 Bar graph:This is useful if displaying qualitative data A bar graph may be horizontal or vertical. frequency starts with 0 and that intervals must be equal.should the space between bars.should not be close with one another. 12 Histogram. This is a kind of frequency distribution where frequency is show by the height of vertical lines. It presents continuous data (quantitative data), with no space between them. 13 Pie graph:Here, the circle is divided into wedges. :‫تعاريف الشابتر الرابع‬ 1 Descriptive statistics: is a type of statistics that is concerned with gathering, classi cation, presentation, and the collection of summarized values to describe the group characteristics of data 2 Frequency Distribution: Frequency is the value showing the number of cases or number of times a case (or cases) appear. classifying statistical data that allows comparisons of the results of each category. 3 central tendency : which simply serves as the index in the clustering of the X-value towards the central value 4 Mean (or average):the most common way of describing central tendency. adding up divide Total 5 Median: This is the score found exactly at the middle of a set of values. is to list highest to lowest or from lowest to highest. 6Mode: the most frequently occurring. 7 Weighted values and weighted mean: to weighted mean uses the Likert-point scale. 10 Percentiles : are values in a series of observations arranged in ascending order of magnitude which divide the distribution into 100 equal part :‫تعاريف الشابتر السادس‬ 1 Large quantitative data: collected about any variable has to be summarized by making a frequency distribution table. This frequency distribution describes how the data are distributed around the mean. 2 Probability de nition and Properties: probability is the numerical assessment of the likelihood of the occurrence of an event in the experiment that is repeated on the same conditions. 3 sample space :is the set of alle possible outcomes of an experiment denoted by Ω (omega, Greek letter) 4 Event :is a subset of the sample space 5 union: the events A and B is given by the formula 6 Mutual exclusion:if two events A and B cannot happen at the same time i.e., we say that A and B are mutually exclusive events 7 Conditional Probability:A given B is de ned as 8 Independence :then A is independent of B. 9 random variable٫probability distribution: numerical outcomes of a random phenomenon. two types of random variables, discrete and continyous. 10 Normal probability distribution and its properties: Bell-shaped contiuous distribution widely used in statistical inference, known mathematiclan Karl Frledrich Gauss.