T1 L19. The Anatomy of Memory and Emotion (HC).pptx

anatomy of memory and emotion Hugo Critchley L19 (Theme 1): The Anatomy of Memory and Emotion 26 October 2022 anatomy of memory and emotion section 1 memory types of memory short term working memory • ‘online’ attention dependent e.g. phone numbers +1416550112 episodic memory • episodes of life...

anatomy of memory and emotion Hugo Critchley L19 (Theme 1): The Anatomy of Memory and Emotion 26 October 2022 anatomy of memory and emotion section 1 memory types of memory short term working memory • ‘online’ attention dependent e.g. phone numbers +1416550112 episodic memory • episodes of life events, e.g. what had for breakfast, details of this lecture longer term autobiographical • life events over longer time e.g. holiday when aged 10 semantic memory • facts, information, concepts e.g. Capital of Gabon, what a giraffe looks like procedural • motor actions and skills e.g. driving car, playing piano sensory, spatial, prospective, associative, conditioning, explicit, declarative, implicit, learning, encoding, consolidation, rehearsal, recall/recollection, extinction hippocampus (1) functions episodic memory • e.g. what you had for breakfast encoding and recollection of long term memories • events, information, autobiographical experiences spatial navigation • place cells, grid cells hippocampus (2) • location – medial (mesial) temporal lobe • structure Cornu Ammonis: CA1-4 Dentate Gurus Subiculum hippocampus (3) • inputs, from • multiple areas of cerebral cortex, especially prefrontal, cingulate, temporal lobe and amygdala, olfactory bulb • these project via entorhinal cortex and into the hippocampus via the subiculum • outputs via subiculum to • prefrontal cortex, amygdala, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamus, hypothalamus • the fornix is a major output pathway hippocampus (4) organisation suited for large-scale, associative and integrative processing, sparse encoding tured network organisation: perforant pathways, schaffer collaterals, mossy fibres, pyramidal cells and gra HAVE A QUICK LOOK AT THIS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkaXNvzE4pk hippocampus (5) damage causes • amnesia=memory loss: anterograde • difficulties in spatial navigation • regulatory problems: sleep, impulse control damage caused by • hypoxia, CO • epilepsy • neurodegenerative disorders: • Alzheimer’s Disease • vascular dementia etc • infection • stress/depression • schizophrenia other cortices and memory • (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex • working memory, online, effortful • parahippocampal gyrus • recognition memory, scenes (PPA) • other temporal cortices • categorical memory, • word recognition for words, • objects / faces (FFA) • association cortices • semantic memory • fronto-temporal dementia semantic variant subcortical structures & memory • amygdala • reward association, fear conditioning / learning of threat • emotional enhancement of episodic memory: NA • striatum / basal ganglia • caudate, putamen, globus pallidus • procedural, habit • mamillary bodies, fornix, anterior thalamus • Papez circuit • new memories encoding and consolidation • B12 thiamine Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome neuromodulator pathways and memory acetyl choline ACh basal nucleus of Meynert to neocortex medial septal nucleus to hippocampus motor pathways • pyramidal • extrapyramidal - striatum brainstem and midbrain nuclei • multiple interactions learning and memory • synaptic plasticity e.g. LTP attention • selective • sustained noradrenaline, dopamine • working memory • attention anatomy of memory and emotion section 2 emotion emotion perception of emotive stimulus response • physiological • autonomic arousal responses • expressions • somatomotor • subjective experiential feelings • interoceptive • behavioural • attentional ’grab’ • action tendencies • appraisal • related concepts • affect • mood • temperament amygdala (1) functions • threat detection and fear reactions • physiology sympathetic autonomic, heart rate, sweating, fainting • behaviour freeze, motor startle, expression, avoidant responses • experience anxiety & fear – with other areas • fear conditioning • Pavlovian learning of threat US -> UR; CS + US -> CS+ ->CR • emotional enhancement of memory • salience, arousal, intensity and reward • motivational behaviours • sex, aggression, feeding • olfaction amygdala (2) • location – medial (mesial) temporal lobe anterior to hippocampus • structure basolateral complex • sensory input • associative learning central nucleus • visceromotor outputs – hypothalamus, PAG • orbitofrontal cortex • anterior cingulate amygdala (3) Connections • ascending monoaminergic pathways noradrenaline • thalamus, sensory cortices • ‘high and low roads’ for threat • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and • hippocampus – emotional memory • basal ganglia ventral striatum • insula, subgenual cingulate, orbitofrontal cortices – mood, emotion feelings • hypothalamus, brainstem – escape / stress responses • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate input in cognitive control of emotion • ‘extended amygdala’, including ventral striatum (n. accumbens) for reward related behaviours amygdala (4) lesions • loss / absence of fear • abnormalities in social behaviour psychiatry • anxiety disorders, post traumatic stress disorder • mood disorders, depression , bipolar autism alexithymia psychopathy, personality disorders cortices and emotion (1) dorsal anterior cingulate • stress responses and arousal • emotional awareness • cognitive control of emotion subgenual anterior cingulate cortex • reward • depression insular cortex • inner feelings; interoception • cravings, urges • anxiety cortices and emotion (2) dorsal and lateral prefrontal cortex • cognitive control orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal • reward, satiety • relative reward, regret • behavioural flexibility head injury occipito-temporal • lateral occipital cortex, fusiform face area • Involved in social emotional behaviour Phineas Gage Harlow 13th September 1848 subcortical structures and emotion • striatum / basal ganglia, caudate putamen, globus pallidus • habits / motivation / urge / liking • emotional expression • ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) • reward • motivation • wanting • hypothalamus • stress responses, visceral states • Hormonal regiulation • brainstem • arousal /alertness e.g. NA system • visceral states • expressions neuromodulator pathways and emotion dopamine mesolimbic • ventral tegmental area to ventral striatum (Nacc) prefrontal cortex etc. reward • reward prediction error neuromodulator pathways and emotion noradrenaline locus coeruleus • thalamic gating • amygdala, hippocampus – memory enhancement • cortices - attention arousal • alertness ,stress reactivity • attention, activation • behavioural salience neuromodulator pathways and emotion 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5HT; serotonin) raphe nuclei to • subcortical centres • cortex vegetative functions • sleep appetite • pain prediction error clinical • psychiatric disorders - social and emotional behaviour • • • • • • • depression: antidepressants SSRIs, NARIs, SNRIs, bipolar disorder anxiety disorders: GAD, social anxiety, phobia, PTSD obsessive compulsive disorder OCD addiction personality disorder schizophrenia • neurodevelopmental disorders • autism • neurological disorders • lesions: brain injury e.g. frontal lobe damage, stroke • neurodegeneration e.g. AD, behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia anatomy of memory and emotion section 3 historical perspective limbic system • Thomas Willis the limbus 1664 • P. Paul Broca grand lobe limbique for olfaction rhinencephalon 1878 • James Papez reverberating circuit for emotion 1937 • Paul D MacLean limbic system 1949 paleomammalian cortex triune brain 1878 Paul Broca Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales. Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans le série des mammifères. 1937 John W Papez A proposed mechanism of emotion Reverberating circuit supporting emotion: limbic system Paul D MacLean Visceral brain = Papez circuit + amygdala + septum + prefrontal cortex 1952 Limbic system 1967 Triune brain: reptilian, paleomammalian, neomammalian suggested resources 1. NCCI PlayDoh brain: 5 min video https://www.youtube.s)com/watch?v=qR-zyNVsVQ (but a few issue • motor cortex actually in frontal lobe, i.e. on anterior side of central (Rolandic) fissure • hippocampus is cortex not subcortical • insula (insular cortex) should be between frontal and temporal lobes • striatum (caudate putamen) 2. 11 min video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRyp8EdRUiE