SWM UEN008 Past Paper 2023 PDF

School of Energy & Environment (SEE) Solid waste, Pollution and Management THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 1 Environment (SEE) Environment  Problems assoc...

School of Energy & Environment (SEE) Solid waste, Pollution and Management THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 1 Environment (SEE) Environment  Problems associated to solid waste dumping THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 2 Environment (SEE) Environment  What constitutes Solid Waste Solidpossessing Solid material Wastea -negative Definition economic value – it is cheaper to discard than to use. (or) Solid waste comprises of all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are typically solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is all-inclusive of the heterogeneous mass from the urban community as well as more homogeneous accumulation of agriculture and industrial wastes. Includes Garbage, refuse, sludges and other discard solid materials resulting from industrial and commerical operations and from community activities Does not include solids of dissolved materials in domestic sewage or other significant pollutants in water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial wastewater effluents, dissolved materails in irrigation return flows or other common water pollution THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 3 Environment (SEE) Environment  What constitutes Solid Waste Solid Waste - Definition Some of the commonly used synonyms for solid wastes are:  Refuse: This is a more appropriate term for solid waste as most waste can be utilized as a raw material for some other purpose.  Garbage: It consist of kitchen/wet waste.  Rubbish: Those wastes with high ash content.  Scrap: Wastes that have high metal content.  Debris: Bulky wastes such as construction waste. THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 4 Environment (SEE) Environment  Types of Solid Waste Solid waste can be broadly classified as: a) Municipal wastes which include garbage or food wastes, ashes and residues, construction and demolition wastes, treatment plant wastes, special wastes. b) Industrial wastes which include all types of liquid or solid waste generated from different types of industries. c) Hazardous wastes are waste (liquid, solid, gaseous or sludge) that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or environment. They can be discarded commercial products, byproducts from industries, or from households. a) Municipal b) Industrial c) Hazardous Waste Waste Waste THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 5 Environment (SEE) Environment  Types of Solid Waste Construction and Demolition waste are Agricultural waste consisting of spoiled generated by the construction, refurbishment, food grains and vegetables, agricultural repair and demolition of houses, commercial remains, litter, etc., generated from fields, buildings and other structures. They mainly orchards, vineyards, farms, etc. consists of wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc. THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 6 Environment (SEE) Environment  Municipal Solid Waste CLASSIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: BASED ON SOURCE Institutional waste Residential wastes are waste Commercial wastes includes consists of paper, plastic, solid wastes that originate in glasses, etc., generated generated from household offices, wholesale and retail from educational, activities and consists of stores, restaurants, hotels, leftover food, paper, plastic, administrative and public markets, warehouses and clothes, cardboards, metal buildings such as schools, other commercial cans, ashes, etc. establishments. 7 colleges, offices, prisons, THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & etc. Energy and UEN008: OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Environment (SEE) Environment  Hazardous and Non-hazardous waste Nature Hazardous of Industrial and Non-hazardous waste solid waste Characteristics - Hazardous Corrosivity Flammability Reactivity Toxicity Categories Chemicals Biological Radioactive Explosives THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 8 Environment (SEE) Environment  Generation of MSW in India SW Management elements THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 9 Environment (SEE) Environment  Generation of MSW in India Some dataSW showing weight measurements Management of MSW elements quantification in India State-wise daily MSW generation Waste generated 20000 18000 Tons per day (TPD) 16000 high 14000 est Source: 12000 Central 10000 Pollutio 8000 n 6000 Control 4000 Board 2000 0 (CPCB) India, 2000 THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 10 Environment (SEE) Environment  Functional elements of MSWM Functional elements of SWM Generation Storage Collection Transportation Processing and Recovery Disposal THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 11 Environment (SEE) Environment  SW Management elements Generation/storage THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 12 Environment (SEE) Environment  Collection and transportation CollectionSW Management elements and transportation Major budgetary expenditure of Municipal operations Emerging management strategies Contracting of maintenance, equipment and vehicle fleet Service contracts for waste collection and transportation Long term concession projects for resource recovery Waste composting projects Waste to Energy (WTE) projects Community contracting THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 13 Environment (SEE) Environment  Collection and transportation Household waste SWsegregation Management elements Residents are dropping A segregated collection vehicle wastes in collecting segregated segregated bins of household collectionwastes in in vehicle THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Indore, School of Energy & India Chandigarh, UEN008: India Energy and 14 Environment (SEE) Environment  Segregation of Household waste BASIC SEGREGATION Wet waste (green Dry waste (Blue bin) Domestic bin) Hazardous With further sub-segregation Food wastes of all Paper Containers & Rags Metals E-waste, kinds, cooked and cardbo packaging of Rubber Glass (all Hazardous wastes uncooked, ard & all kinds Wood kinds) Inerts (paint, oil, including cartons excluding Discar House chemicals and eggshells and those ded sweepings solvents, pesticides bones, flower, fruit containing clothin and inerts and their empty and waste hazardous g (not garden, containers), including juice, materials Furnitu yard or Household medical vegetable peels Compound re street waste, and household packaging sweepings) Batteries, Lights garden/plant (tetrapak, bulbs, tube lights wastes. Soiled blisters etc.) and Compact tissues, food Plastics Fluorescent Lamps wrappers, paper (CFL) Car Source: Adapted from Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management (First towels; fish and Edition), Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering batteries,Organisation oil filters meat (CPHEEO), 2000, Ministry ofand car Development. Urban care THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008:products and Energy and 15 Environment (SEE) Environment consumables  Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) Material Recovery Facilities A materials recovery facility (MRF) or multi reuse facility is a specialized plant that receives, separates and prepares recyclable materials for marketing to end- user manufacturers. A MRF facility in San Diego, CA THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Schematic School of Energy & diagramUEN008: of material recovery Energy 16 and facility Environment (SEE) Environment  Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) MRF at New Delhi Railway Station (NDRS), India- Mixed- waste processing facility  The Railways has been working with SAFAI SENA (a waste pickers’ association), itinerant buyers and waste traders (small- scale), and CHINTAN (non- profit organization) to achieve zero waste goals since 2012.  The MRF at the NDLS stands on a former garbage dump, which has been transformed to provide a dignified and clean working https://youtu.be/2-ZgxJfH space for trained rag-pickers to carryTHAPAR out theirINSTITUTE livelihoods. School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Environment (SEE) Environment  Waste transformation processes Properties of solid waste Transformation processes Physical – separation, volume reduction, size reduction Chemical – combustion, pyrolysis, gasification Biological – composting (aerobic/anaerobic) Importance of transformation Improve efficiency of SWM systems Recover reusable and recyclable materials To recover conversion products and energy THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 18 Environment (SEE) Environment  Processing and recovery of MSW Energy Recovery from SW Processing and recovery Management strategies Incineration/Pyrolysis Composting Incineration Controlled combustion process for burning SWM Heat value of typical MSW – 8.8 kcal/kg (coal – 545 kcal/kg) Problematic components of incineration – particulate dust, sulphur and nitrogen oxides, chlorine compounds, hydrocarbons APCDs for control measures THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 19 Environment (SEE) Environment  INCINERATION/COMBUSTION of MSW WASTE AS A FUEL  The primary difference between waste incineration and other combustion systems is that the waste incineration process treats incoming waste with great variation.  Practical design limits allowable variations ofRange waste of waste parameters for viability of composition. energy recovery Parameters Desirable Range* Moisture content < 45 % Organic/Volatile matter > 40 % Fixed Carbon < 15 % Total Inerts < 35 % Calorific Value (Net Calorific >1500 k-cal/kg Value) Source:THAPAR Manual INSTITUTE of Municipal Solid Waste OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Management, School India - 2016 of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 20 Environment (SEE) Environment  Incineration of MSW Heat recovery efficiency – 70% Amount of steam produced varies from 1.0 to 3.5 kg/kg of MSW THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 21 Environment (SEE) Environment  Compost : Mechanism of Composting Composting is a biochemical process in which aerobic and anaerobic microorganism decomposes organic matter into valuable manure called as compost. Release heat (Thermophilic state, which helps to destroy pathogens) Organic Organic compost Temp 55- matter matter 60o c (Mesophilic state ,Temp. 25-30o c, promote mesophilic microbes for rapid decomposition ) THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 22 Environment (SEE) Environment  Compost : Methods of Composting Conventional pile composting Direct/Trench Source: composting https://www.globalverticalga Source: rdening.com/composting/7- https://www.veggiegarde factors-needed-for-a- ner.com/use-direct- composting-in-your- compost-pile Pit composting garden/ Source: https://www.mygov.in/task/new- india-championship-activities-make-your- THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 23 OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY own-compost-pit Environment (SEE) / Environment  Windrow composting  Windrow systems Compost windrow turners are used to mix and stir compost material in commercial agitated  Static pile composting operations.  Agitated pile Source: http://compostwindrowturner.blogspot.com/2017/0 1/self-propelled-compost-turner.html Static piles (windrow composting) Self propelled windrow straddling Source: https://www.compost- composting machine systems.com/en/loesungen/offen-befestigt THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 24 Environment (SEE) Environment  In-vessel drum composting systems and Vermicomposting In-vessel drum composting Vermicompo systems sting  Rotary drum composting provides agitation, aeration and mixing of the compost, to produce a consistent and uniform end product.  In warm, moist environments with ample Increase in crop for improving fertility amount of oxygen and organic material and health of the soil available, aerobic microbes flourish and Increase in retention of soil moisture decompose Source: the waste at a quicker pace. https://dairylane.ca/products/manure- Increase in nutrient value of organic waste management/composter/bedding-master/ THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Environment (SEE) Environment  Potential for MSW composting Potential for composting MSW  Among the many criteria available for evaluating system performance, three stand out as particularly important for MSW composting: product quality,percent rejects, and recycling rate.  Compost product quality can include aesthetic, functional, and contaminant characteristics, all of which are clearly critical to product marketability.  Percent rejects and recycling rate both have an impact on the amount of rejected waste needing disposal and on compost quality by effecting contaminant concentrations.  The practical application of this process to MSW, is limited by three problems:  Lack of markets for the finished product  Small reduction in the total refuse content/volume requiring disposal  Environmental factors of composting plants (odour, vector, bird menace) THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 26 Environment (SEE) Environment  Conventional Dumping THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 27 Environment (SEE) Environment  Sanitary landfills THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 28 Environment (SEE) Environment  Post-closure care and use of old landfills Final use alternatives include Golf courses (Illinois Golf Course, Chicago) Natural parks (Shabrat Alam, Malaysia) Solar land fill (Georgia) Ski slopes (Mount Trashmore) Parking lots (MIT Campus, Cambridge) THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 29 Environment (SEE) Environment  LEGISLATION Timeline chart of waste management policies and activities in India THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 30 Environment (SEE) Environment Thank You