Solid Waste Pollution PDF

Lesson 5 SOLID WASTE POLLUTION  REPORTER'S ROMELYN REZEL ANN MARY JOY SHAIN KYLA ROMELYN ERICO ARJAY BENCH JHELAI SOLID WASTE POLLUTION It is a term for man-made waste (basically consisting of plastic lit...

Lesson 5 SOLID WASTE POLLUTION  REPORTER'S ROMELYN REZEL ANN MARY JOY SHAIN KYLA ROMELYN ERICO ARJAY BENCH JHELAI SOLID WASTE POLLUTION It is a term for man-made waste (basically consisting of plastic litter) discarded in the environment and often found in the sea or along the coastline, either floating on the surface or submerged. It is a result of consumers’ waste disposal (on streets, in car parks, in sewers, through random dumping), inappropriate rubbish collection, and agricultural and industrial activity in general, as well as marine activity (fishing, shellfish farming, recreation, harbors and marine transport). Once discharged into rivers or the sea, solid waste pollution is carried by the water cycle and ends up in accumulation zones: in river mouths, estuaries, on the coast or in the sea. 6 Main Types of Solid Waste Management Some of the major types of solid waste management are as follows: a. Municipal solid waste (MSW), b. Hazardous wastes, c. Industrial wastes, d. Agricultural wastes, e. Bio-medical wastes, f. Waste minimization. The combined effects of population explosion and changing modern living standard have had a cumulative effect in the generation of a large amount of various types of wastes. Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their sources: A. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) The term municipal solid waste (MSW) is generally used to describe most of the non-hazardous solid waste from a city, town or village that requires routine collection and transport to a processing or disposal site, sources of MSW include private homes, commercial establishments and institutions, as well as industrial facilities. MSW is also called as trash or garbage. In general, domestic waste and MSW are used as synonyms. Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials. It can contain food waste (like vegetable and meat material, leftover food, eggshells etc, which is classified as wet garbage as well as paper, plastic, tetra-pack, plastic cans, newspaper, glass bottles, cardboard boxes, aluminium foil, meta items, wood pieces, etc., Which is classified as dry garbage  B. HAZARDOUS WASTES Hazardous wastes are those that can cause harm to human and the environment. Characteristics of hazardous wastes: wastes are classified as hazardous if they exhibit any of four primary characteristics based on physical or chemical properties of toxicity, reactivity ignitability and corrosively. 1. Toxic wastes: toxic wastes are those that are poisonous in small or trace amounts. Some may have acute or immediate effect on human or animals. Carcinogenic or mutagenic causing biological changes in the children of exposed people and animals. Examples: pesticides, heavy metals. 2. Reactive wastes: Reactive wastes are those that have a tendency to react vigorously with air or water are unstable to shock or heat, generate toxic gases or explode during routine management. Examples: gun powder, nitro glycerin. 3. Ignitable waste: Are those that burn at relatively low temperatures (< 60 °C) and are capable of spontaneous combustion during storage transport or disposal. Examples: gasoline, paint thinners and alcohol. Sources of Hazardous Wastes: Chemical manufacturing companies, petroleum refineries, paper mills, smelters and other industries. Plastic industries use thousands of chemicals in industries every year. When used incorrectly or inappropriately they can become health hazards. Most of the dangerous substances in our homes are found in various kinds of clearness, solvents and products used in automotive care. When these products are used incorrectly, they have the potential to be harmful. Effects of Hazardous Wastes: As most of the hazardous wastes are disposed off or in land, the most serious environmental effect is contaminated ground water. Once ground water is polluted with hazardous wastes, it is very often not possible to reverse the damage. Pesticides form residues in the soil that are washed into streams which then carry them forward. The residues may persist in pcbs (poly chlorinated biphenyls) are concentrated in the kidneys and liver and cause damage; they cause reproductive failure in birds and mammals. The soil or in the bottom of lakes and rivers.  Exposure can occur through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact, resulting acute or chronic poisoning. Lead, mercury and arsenic are hazardous substances which can often refer to as heavy metals. Most of the lead absorbed by people is stored in the bones. Archive.Epa.Gov sfenvironment.Org slideplayer.Com mercury is used in production of chlorine and as a catalyst in the production of some plastics. Mercury builds up in body over long period of time is known to cause brain damage. Vinyl chloride is a chemical that is widely used in plastic manufacture. A long continuous exposure in humans can cause deafness, vision problem circulation disorders and bone deformities. C. INDUSTRIAL WASTES: These contain more of toxic and require special treatment. Source of industrial wastes: food processing industries, metallurgical chemical and pharmaceutical unit’s breweries, sugar mills, paper and pulp industries, fertilizer and pesticide industries are major ones which discharge toxic wastes. During processing, scrap materials, tailings, acids etc. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES: Most common observation is that the health of the people living in the neighborhood of dumping sites is severely affected. The exposure may cause disorders of nervous system, genetic defects, skin diseases and even caner. The liquid effluents discharged by the industries contain inorganic and organic pollutants and they enter into water bodies causing destruction of fish, formation of sediments, and pollution of ground water and release of foul odors. Control of Industrial Wastes: Waste minimization technologies have to be developed. Source reduction recycling and reuse of materials need to be practiced on a large scale. Hazardous waste should not mix up with general waste. Source reduction involves altering the design, manufacture or use of products and materials to reduce the amount and toxicity of materials that get thrown away. Local communities and voluntary organizations should educate the industrialists as well as the public about dangers of pollution and the need to keep the environment clean. Land filling, incineration and composting technologies to be followed. Biogas is obtained from solid waste treatment of industrial and mining waste is done for the recovery of useful products. D. AGRICULTURAL WASTES: Sources of agricultural wastes: The waste generated by agriculture includes waste from crops and live stock. In developing countries, this waste does not pose a serious problem as most of it is used e.G., Dung is used for manure, straw is used as fodder. Some agro-based industries produce waste e.G., Rice milling, production of tea, tobacco etc. Agricultural wastes are rice husk, degasses, ground nut shell, maize cobs, straw of cereals etc. Effects of agricultural wastes: if more c: n ratio wastes like paddy husk or straw may cause immobilization of nutrients if applied on the fields. It occupies to large land areas if not properly disposed. MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES: 1. Waste to energy: (I) GASIFICATION It is the process in which chemical decomposition of biomass takes place in the presence of controlled amounts of oxygen, producing a gas. This gas is cleaned and used in an internal combustion engine to produce electric power. Without clean up also, the gas can be used in boilers to produce electric power. This technology is highly suited to generate electric power from agricultural wastes like rice husks, groundnut shells etc. MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES: (II) PYRALYSIS It is similar to gasification except that the chemical decomposition of biomass wastes takes place in the absence or reduced presence of o2 at high temp. Mixtures of gases result from decomposition including H2, NH4 co, CO2 depending on the organic nature of waste matter. This gas used for power generation. MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES: 2. Biogas production: Animal wastes, food processing wastes and other organic matter are decomposed anaerobically to produce a gas called biogas. It contains methane and CO2. The methane can provide gas for domestic use. The byproduct of this technology is slurry, settled out the bottom of the digester. This can be used as manure. 3. Agricultural waste like corn cobs, paddy husk, bagasse of sugarcane, waste of wheat, rice and other cereals, cotton stalks, coconut wastes, jute waste etc. Can be used in making of paper and hard board. E. BIO-MEDICAL WASTES: Bio-medical waste means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological. Segregation, Packaging, Transportation and Storage: 1. Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes. 2. Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation prior to its storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. The containers shall be properly labelled. Segregation, Packaging, Transportation and Storage: 3. Notwithstanding anything contained in the motor vehicles act, 1988, or rules there under, untreated biomedical waste shall be transported only in such vehicle as may be authorized for the purpose by the competent authority as specified by the government. 4. No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours. Provided that if for any reason it becomes necessary to store the waste beyond such period, the authorized person must take permission of the prescribed authority and take measures to ensure that the waste does not adversely affect human health and the environment. F. WASTE MINIMIZATION: Waste production can be minimized by adopting the 3 r’s principle: reduce, reuse, and recycle. A. Reduce the amount and toxicity of garbage and trash that you discard. B. Reuse containers and try to repair things that are broken. C. Recycle products wherever possible, which includes buying recycled products i.E., Recycled paper books, paper bags etc. THESE ARE THE PROCESSES THAT INVOLVE INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (IWM). THEY CAN REDUCE THE WASTES GENERATED BY APPROXIMATELY 50%. RECYCLING IS THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING AND PROCESSING MATERIALS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE THROWN AWAY AS TRASH AND TURNING THEM INTO NEW PRODUCTS. MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY A material recovery facility (MRF) is a building to receive, sort, process and store recyclable materials to be shipped and marketed to end-users. A materials recovery facility accepts materials, whether source separated or mixed, and separates, processes and stores them for later use as raw materials for remanufacturing and reprocessing. The main function of the MRF is to maximize the quantity of recyclables processed, while producing materials that will generate the highest possible revenues in the market. MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY Mrfs can also function to process wastes into a feedstock for biological conversion or into a fuel source for the production of energy. There are basically two types of mrfs: dirty and clean. A “dirty” MRF receives mixed waste material that requires labor intense sorting activities to separate recyclables from the mixed waste. A“clean” MRF is a facility that accepts source separated or commingled recyclable materials. A “clean” MRF reduces the potential for material contamination. A Materials Recovery Facility, MRF, is where recycling goes after it is picked up by a hauler. Multiple haulers can use the same MRF, as they are usually not hauler specific facilities. The visual below shows the process of how a mixed recycling stream is sorted at MRF. The benefits are: There is no need to have special trucks collect recyclables. This cuts down on air pollution, reduces traffic, and helps prolong the life of our city streets. The MRF provides access to 100% of the city's recyclables (except those that are independently recycled directly by residents and businesses  Presentation by GROUP 3 THANK YOU