India's Contribution to Science and Technology (From Ancient to Modern) PDF

1. India's Contribution to Science and Technology (From Ancient to Modern) Pre- independence - **Aryabhatta discovered the number 0** - **INDIAN SCHOLARS DISCOVERED PYTHAGORUS THEORUM BEFORE PYTHOGORUS HIMSELF** - **Expressing NUMBERS TO 12^TH^ POWER** - **DECIMAL SYSTEM FROM HARAPP...

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India's Contribution to Science and Technology (From Ancient to Modern) Pre- independence - **Aryabhatta discovered the number 0** - **INDIAN SCHOLARS DISCOVERED PYTHAGORUS THEORUM BEFORE PYTHOGORUS HIMSELF** - **Expressing NUMBERS TO 12^TH^ POWER** - **DECIMAL SYSTEM FROM HARAPPAN CIV** - **ASTRONOMY FOUND IN RIG VEDA** **WATER MANAGEMENT** - **WELLS, PONDS, LAKES, RIVERS AND CANALS HAVE BEEN BUILT** - **STORAGE, DRINKING AND AGRICUTLTURE** - **MILLIONS OF MANMADE PONDS** IRON AND STEEL - **IRON PILLAR IN DELHI** - **HASN'T RUSTED SINCE MUGHAL ERA** - **RUST FREE IRON** **FARMING TECHNOLOGY AND FERTILIZERS** - AHEAD OF TIME - SOIL TESTING TECHNIQUES - CROP ROTATION METHODS - IRRIGATION PLANS - ECO FRIENDLY FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES - STORAGE - METHODS FOR CROPS PHYSICS - ATOM WAS CONSIDERED AS FIVE ELEMENTS - EARTH -- PRITHVI - FIRE -- AGNI - AIR -- VAYU - WATER -- JAL - SPACE -- AKASHA - SPACE BEYOND ATOM -- PARAMANU MEDICINE AND SURGERY - AYURVEDA - AYUR MEANS LIFE - VEDA MEANS KNOWLEDGE - KNOWLEDGE ABOUT AILMENTS, DISEASES, SYMPTOMS, CURE AND DIAGNOSIS - CHARAKA, SUSRUTA HAVE CONTRIBUTION SHIPPING AND SHIPBUILDING - WASN'T MAJOR EXPORT INDUSTRIES TILL BRITISH DISMANTLED IT - BANNED IT - ARABS PURCHASED BOATS FROM INDIA IN MEDIEVAL TIMES - PORTUGEUSE ALSO OBTAINED BOATS ROM INDA - MOST SOPHISTICATED SHIPS WERE BUILT IN CHINA AND INDIA - SCIENCE OF MARITIME TRAVEL - PARTICIPATED IN EARLIEST OCEAN BASED TRADING SYSTEM POST INDEPENDENCE - GROWTH IN FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECH - NUCLEAR AND SPACE FIELDS - ELECTRONICS DEFENSE - 3^RD^ LARGEST SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MANPOWER - AMONG TOP 5 NATIONS ON MISSILE LAUNCHING TECHNOLOGY - ESTABLISHMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, MAY 1971 - BIOTECHNOLOGY, MESSAGES, ASTROPHYSICS, PHYSICS, VIROLOGY, NUCLEAR POWER, BIOLOGY ATOMIC ENERGY - 6^TH^ LARGEST SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION IS ISRO - ESTABLISHED 1969 - 1975 -- BUILT FIRST SATTELITE ARYABHATTA - 2008- CHANDRAYAAN 1 WAS THE FIRST INDIAN MISSION TO MOON - ISRO WITH DOS (DEPARTMENT OF SPACE) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR - DEVELOPMENT - RESEARCH - OPERATIONS IN SPACE THRU SATELLITE COMMS, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING - REMOTE SENSING OR RESOURCE SURVEY ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS - PLAYS PROMOTIONAL ROLE - USE OF ELECTRONICS FOR SOCIO-ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURE, HEALTH ETC - MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS - HELPS CENTRED AND SMALL ELECTRONIC UNITS - CENTERS AND REGION LABROTORIES - IT INDUSTRY OF INDIA GREW FROM 150M IN 1990/91 TO 500M IN 2006/07 - GROWN AT ANNUAL RATE OF 30% OCEANOGRAPHY - 7600KM TO 1250 ISLANDS - 1981 -- ESTABLISHED DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN DEVELOPMENT - HYDROCARBONS AND MINERALS FOR PRODUCTION OF OCEAN ENERGY - TWO VESSELS -- FORV SAGAR KANYA AND FORV SAGAR SAMPADA - 13 SCIENCE EXPLORATION RESEARCH EXPEDITION TO ANTARCTICA - 8^TH^ EXPEDITION -- TO STUDY THE OZONE LAYER AND GEOMAGNETIC PULSATION - NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEAN TECHNOLOGY SET UP FOR DEVELOMENT OF OCEAN RELATED TECHNOLOGIES BIOTECHNOLOGY - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES IN AREAS - AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH - IMPROVING HUMAN AND ANIMAL LIFE - BIOTECHNOLOGY BOARD FORMED IN 1982 - DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY WAS FORMED IN 1986 - ATTENTION! -- IN VITRO OF PROPOGATING OF DISEASE RESISTANT PLANT VARIETIES FOR OBTAINING HIGHER YIELDS - CATTLE HERD IMPROVEMENT FROM EMBRYO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH - COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH(CSIR) - ESTABLISHED IN 1942 - PREMIER INSTITUTION IN RESEARCH OF INDUSTRIAL AND SCIENTIFIC FIELDS - 40 LABS 100 EXTENSIONS AND FIELD CENTRES CHEMISTRY IN INDIA - ALCHEMY IS A SEMI ESOTERIC PRACTICE WHOSE ULTIMATE GOAL WAS TO TURN BASE ELEMENTS TO GOLD - ELIXIR OF LIFE TO DISCOVER IMMORTALITY EARLY CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES - INDUES VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS(3^RD^ MILLENNIUM BCE) - HARRAPANS METALLURGICAL SKILLS - POTTERY INCLUDED HEATING,FUSION AND EVAPORATION - BLEACHING A BEAD WITH SOLUTION OF \*CALCIUM CARBONATE\* THEN HEATING WITH \*KILN\* TO LEAVE WHITE PERMANENT DESIGNS ON IT - VARIOUS MORTARS AND CEMENTS MADE OF LIMESTONES AND GYPSUM - \*CRUSHED QUARTZ\* PRODUCED \*FAIENCE\* A SYNTHETIC MATERIAL - COATED WITH EXTRA \*SILICA\* TO WHICH COPPER OXIDE WAS ADDED TO GIVE A SHINY TORQOUISE COLOR - \*IRON OXIDE\* GAVE GREEN-BLUE TINT GLASS BEADS WERE FOUND IN TAXILA(NW) TO NANDHANA(E) AND ARIKAMEDU(S) - AJANTA MURALS WERE FROM SKILLED PIGMENTS - USED MINERAL SOURCES SUCH AS -: CARBON(BLACK LAMP) SULPHIDE(YELLOW OCHRE) COPPER ACETATE(VERDGRIS,GREENISH BLUE) ATOMISM IN VAISESIKA - ATOMISM IS ULTIMATELY THE CONCEPT OF MATTER - VAISESIKA ONE OF THE 6 PHILOSIPHICAL SYSTEMS IN INDIA - VAISESIKA SUTRAS KNOWN TO BE KANADA (EATER OF PARTICLES) - Atoms -- anu or paramanu - THEY COULD FORM PAIRS, DOUBLES, TRIPLES - VAISESIKA SYSTEM IDENTIFIED 9 TYPES OF SUBSTANCE(DRAVYA) - 1 -- 5 THE 5 ELEMENTS - (PRITHVI- EARTH - FIRE -- AGNI / - WATER -- JAL / - WIND -- VAYU / - SPACE -- AKASHA / - KALA -- TIME - / DIRECTION -- DIK - / MIND -- MANAS - SPIRIT -- ATMAN - SUBSTANCE ALSO HAD 24 DIFFERENT QUALITIES (GUNAS) - FLUID, VISCOSITY, ELASTICITY, GRAVITY - VISCOCITY TO FLUIDS (AIR,WATER) GRAVITY TO EARTH(PRITHVI)brit KAUTILYA ARTHASASTRA - 3^RD^ OR 4^TH^ BC CENTURY - DATA ON CHEMICAL PRACTICES SUCH AS METAL ORES, GOLD ORES, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, TIN AND IRON - DISCUSSES THE VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF STONES SUCH AS PEARL RUBY TOPAZ BERYL ETC - DETAILS OF FERMENTED JUICES OF JACKFRUITS, JAGGERY, HONEY, JAMBU, SUGARCANE, MANGO ETC FUNDEMANTALKS OF TEXTS OF AYURVEDA -: CARAKA SAMHITA AND SUSRUTA SAMHITA - METALS, JUICES,SALTS AND MINERALS - TEN ARTS (KALA) - ALKALIS ARE DES AS MILD - PLANTS BURNED -\> SOME LIMESTONE -\> ASHES STIRRED IN WATER -\> FILTERED AND RESULTING SOLUTION IS CONCENTRATED BY BOILING -\> BURNT LIMSTONES AND SHELLS ADDED - USED TO TREAT SURGERIES - THIN SHEETS OF METALS (IRON, GOLD AND SILVER) USED TO PREPARATION OF DRUGS - ORGANIC ACIDS FROM PLANTS CITRUS, TAMARIND gupta BRIHAT SAMHITA - MADE BY VARAHAMIHIRA IN 6^TH^ CENTURY CE - NUMEOUS PERFUMES CHAPTER - 16 FUNDEMANTAL SUBS - WALLS OF GLUTONEOUS MADE FROM EXTRACTS OF PLANTS,FRUITS , SEEDS ETC - KASUTRA INCLUDES 64 ARTS - KNOWLEDGE OF GOLD AND SIVER COINCS, JEWELSAND GEMS, KNOWLEDGE OF MINES AND QUARRIES INCLUDED CLASSICAL AGE - GUPTA EMPIRE - ORIGINS HARD TO TRACE - INPUTS FROM CHINA - RASASTRA. RASAVIDYA OR DHATUVADA \*RASA MEANS ESSENCE, TASTE, SAP, JUICE OR SEMEN BUT IN THIS CONCEPT IT MEANS MERCURY MERCURY -- RECOGNIZED AS MALE PRINCIPLE (SHIVA), SULPHUR -- RECOGNIZED AS FEMALE PRINCIPLE(SHAKTI) \*OTHER WAY IN CHINESE ALCHEMY MERCURY WAS CONSIDERED AS A INVISIBLE AND LEVITATING SUBSTANCE, CALLED AMRATHADATHU OR IMMORTAL METAL ALCHEMICAL LITERATURE - NAGARJUNA, GOVINDA BHAGAVAT, VAGBHATA, SOMADEVA - RASASTRA DISCUSSES MANY CHEMICAL SUBS IMPORTANT CATEGORIZATION: *MAHARASAS -- 8 MAJOR SUBS -- MICA, TOURMILE, COPPER PYRITE, BITUMEN, COPPER SULPHATE. ZINC CARBONATE AND MERCURY(SOMETIMES LAPIZ.MAGNETITE OR LODESTONE)* *UPARASAS -- 8 MINOR SUBS -- SULPHUR, RED PCHRE, IRON SULPHATE, ALLUM. ORPIMENT (ARSENIC TRISULPHIDE), REALGAR(ARSENIC SULPHIDE), COLLYRIUM (COMPOUNDS OF ANITMONY) AND TINTSTONE (TIN DIOXIDE)* NAVARATNAS -- 9 GEMS -- PEARL, TOPAZ, EMERALD, RUBY, SAPPHIRE, DIAMOND DHATUS -- GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, IRON, LEAD, TIN, ZINC ; A FEW ALLOYS (BRASS,BRONZE AND COMBINATIONS OF 5 OTHERS) POISONS -- LATTER -- 200 NAMES ALCHEMY INCLUDED TRANSMUTTING BASE METALS TO GOLD MERCURIC SULPHIDE CINNABAR WENT THROUGHT 18 COMPLEXES LABORATORY AND APPARATUS - RASALINGA IN THE EAST - FURNACES IN SOUTH EAST - INSTRUMENTS IN NORTHWEST - USES MORTARS AND PESTELS, BELLOWS TO HEAT THE FURNACES, SIEVES, PANS, TONGS, SCISSORS, EARTHEN OR GLASS VESSELS - APPARATUS INCLUDES SPECIALIZED INSTRUMENTS FOR HEATING, DISTILLING, STEAMING, EXTRACTING SUBS ETC - IMPORTANT!!! -- INSTRUMENTS OF APPARATUS - *[MUSA YANTRA]* -- WHITE CLAY, ANTHILL MIXED WITH RICE HUSK, IRON DUSK, CHALK, VARIOUS SHAPES AND SIZES - *[KOSTHI YANTRA]* -- EXTRACTION OF ESSENCES OF METALS CONSISTING OF 2 RIMMED VESSELS WITH FIRE ABOVE AND SIDE BLOWER, FILLED WITH CHARCOAL - *[SVENDI YANTRA]* -- A BIG EARTHENED VESSEL USED FOR STEAMING - *[DOLA YANTRA]* -- POT, HALF FILLED WITH LIQUID AND A SUSPANDED SUBSTANCE ABSORBS LIQUID VAPORS - *[PATANA YANTRA]* -- SUBLIMATION, DISTILLATION, UPWARD DOWNWARD, SIDEWAYS - *[ADHANA YANTRA]* -- PASTE OF MERCURY WAS COATED AT UPPER VESSEL ALLOWING VAPOURS TO DESCEND TO LOWER VESSEL AND COMBINE WITH SUBS THERE - *[DHUPA YANTRA]* -- USED FOR FUMIGATION OF GOLD LEAVES OR SILVER FOILS WITH FUMES OF SULFUR OR OTHER SUBS 3-HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF MEDICINAL TRADITION IN ANCIENT INDIA 8 BRANCHES- - GENERAL MEDICINE \-- CARAKA SAMHITA - SUSRUTA SAMHITA \-- SURGERY - KASYAPA SAMHITA -- PAEDIATRICS - ENT - OPTHALMOLOGY - DENTISTRY - TOXICOLOGY - REJUVENATIVE MEDICINE - REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE - PSYCHIATRY TRADITION OF SURGERY - UNI OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA DISCOVERED PHYSICIANS IN ANCIENT INDIA USED TECHNOLOGY TO DRILL TEETH AND REMOVE DECAY 8000 -- 9000 YEARS AGO - MEHRGARH, NOW IN PAKISTAN - EVIDENCE -- HARAPPA, LOTHAL - SURGICAL PRACTICE ON BRONZE AGE SKULL 💀 4,300 YEARS AGO DAMMNN - TREPENATION, COMMON SURGERY IG? - INVOLVED DRILLING OR CUTTING THROUGH THE SKULL VAULT (MUST BE PAINFUL AF) OFTEN TO TREAT HEAD INJURY??? AND BLOOD CLOTS OR SPLINTERS (CAUSED COSE SOME PPL HIT BATS ON THEIR HEADS) - SUSRUTA WAS THE GOAT OF SURGERY, 2^ND^ CENTURY LIVED, FATHER OF SURGERY, ARSENAL OF SHARP SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS - THROUGHOUT STUDY OF ANATOMY FROM DEAD BODY, DISSECTING, THE RESEMBLANCE OF MODERN TOOLS AND ANATOMY - INTRODUCED METHOD OF STERILIZING INSTRUMENTS TO PREVENT SEPSIS - RHINOPLASTY -- RECONSTRUCTION OF NOSE, THROUGH PLASTIC SURGERY - RHINOPLASTY WAS ROBBED LIKE MESSI'S BALONDORS AS THE EUROPEANS "REDISCOVERED" IT AND CLAIMED IT AS OWN BY THOMAS CRUSO AND JAMES FINDLAY - ALTHOUGH THEY PUT PICTURES ON RHINOPLASTY OF INDIA ON OCT 1794 ISSUE OF GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE OF LONDON MEDICAL GENETICS IN AYURVEDA - FOUND IN CARAKA SAMHITA GENETIC BASIS OF DISEASES - REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENT IS COMPOSED OF SEEDS (BIJA) - FURTHER DIVIDED TO BIJABHAGA - SUBPARTS BIJABHAGAVAYAVA - PART OR SUBPART REPRESENT A PARTICULAR ORGAN TO BODY OR DAMAGE TO THE PART DAMAGE THE ORGAN SMALLPOX - 18^TH^ CENTURY -- THOSE BRITISH POTANS OBSERVED AND DOCUMENTED THE PRACTICE OF INOCULATION FOR SMALLPOX - VOGUE IN INDIA BEFORE VACCINATION WA DISCOVERED - VACCINE WAS DISCOVERED BY EDWARD JENNER - HE STUDIED FROM INDIAN METHOD OF INOCULATION WHICH HELPED IN PREVENTING OCCURRENCE OF SMALL POX MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY - CARAKA SAMHITA BEFORE THE COMMON ERA REFERS TO MICROBIAL LIFE - LOWER LIFE FORMS WERE CLASSIFIED INTO NON PATHOGENIC AND PATHOGENIC FORMS - CANNOT BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE - SHAPES AND SIZES VARIES - FOUND BEFORE INVENTION OF MICROSCOPE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND EPIDEMICS - TRANSMITTED FROM ONE TO ANOTHER - THRU AIR, SHARING CLOTHES - SLEEPING TOGETHER AND SO ON - FUMIGATION MEASURE TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES FROM SPREADING - EPIDEMIOLOGY IN CHAPTER OF CARAKA SAMHITA - KING ASOKA, HEALTHCARE WAS INTRODUCED AN EVOLVING PHARMACIPOEIA - AYURVEDA BASES THERE IS NO SUBSTANCE THAT DOES NOT HAVE MEDICINAL PROPERTY - PHARMACOPOEIA AYURVEDA REPRESENTS A CONTINOUS AND UNFINISHED DISCOVERY FOR NEW MEDICINES - 6^TH^ CENTURY -- BRANCH OF MEDICINE, USE OF MINERALS AND METALS KNOWN AS RASASASTRA - SIDDHA MEDICINE IN TAMIL NADU - PARAMEDICAL FORCE OF HEALTH PRACTITIONERS - INDIA IS THE ONLY COUNTRY WITH PLURALISTIC HEALTHCARE - AYURVEDA, HOMEOPATHY, UNANI, SIDDHA, NATUROPATHY AND YOGA CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTIONS - AYURVEDA BENIFITED FROM CROSS CULTURES - CHINA, SRI LANKA, THAILAND, INDONESIA ETC - BUDDHISM MAIN ROLE - ALEXANDER THE GREAT -- 325 BCE IMPRESSED BY SNAKE VENOM AND BITE HEALERS, INVITED THEM TO GREECE - CARAKA SAMHITA - SUSRUTA SAMHITA - ASANGA HRIDAY - ALL TRANSLATED TO TIBETAN, PERSIAN, ARABIC IN MIDDLE AGES - CHINA, MIDDLE EAST NARRATED ACCOUNTS ON MED PRACTICE IN INDIA(AURA++) A DYNAMIC LITERARY TRADITION - 8^TH^ CENTURY -- MADHAVA NIDANA(BY MADHAVA) EXCLUSED TO DIAGNOSTICS - 11^TH^ CENTURY - VISVANTA SENA MADE PATHYAPATHYAVINISCAYA ON DIETICS - 13^TH^ CENTURY -- SARNAGADHRA SAMHITA ON PHARMACY, PROVIDED FIRST RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY - 19^TH^ CENTURY -- AYURVEDA FACED SETBACK DUE TO POLICIES ENFORCED BY COLONIAL RULERS - 20^TH^ CENTURY - REVIVAL OF AYURVEDA, INDIAN SCHOLARS COMING OUT FOR DEFENCE IN DISCIPLINE GLOBAL RESURGENCE OF AYURVEDA - COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE - TAUGHT IN MANY WESTERN COUNTRIES - UNITED KINGDOM - AUSTRIA, NETHERLANDS - GERMANY - ITALY - SCHOOLS OF AYURVEDA IN US CONTEMPORARY STATUS AYURVEDA - WIDE RANGE OF CONDITIONS SOLUTIONS FOR : - CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND LIFESTYLE DISORDERS - HOLISTIC, PLURALISTIC, INTEGRATIVE 4- PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCE IN ANCIENT INDIA - BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, VET SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE - \*PLANT SCIENCE - VRKSAYURVEDA - \*ANIMAL SCIENCE - MRGAYURVEDA - \*ELEPHANT VET SCIENCE -- GAJAYURVEDA - \*HORSE VET SCIENCE -- ASVAYURVEDA PLANT SCIENCE IN INDIA- ANTIQUITY AND CONTINUITY - VEDIC LITERATURE, CAN BE SEEN IN EPICS AND COMPENDIA SOURCES - ARTHASASTRA OF KAUTILYA -- TO HARVESSCOTING AND MANAGEMENT OF CROP AND CROP DISEASES AND AGROFORESTRY - BRHAT SAMHITA OF VARAHAMIHIRA -- CHAPTER TO VRKSAYURVEDA - AGNI PURNA -- ALSO CHAPTER ON VRKSAYURVEDA - CARAKA SAMHITA COMMENTATOR OF CAKRAPANDITTA- THEORY ON PLANTS HAVE FEELING AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES - VRKSAYURVEDA OF SURAPALA - UPAVANA VINODA OF SARNGADHARA - SURAPALA DOSA THEORY -- NUMBER OF PLANT PROTECTION AND TREATMENT, DOSA IMBALANCE AFFECTING PLANTS, - INCLUDES : - MILK (SOMETIMES ELEPHANT MILK) - , HONEY, - COW URINE?, - MANURE, - GHEE, - LICORICE, - PASTES OF BARK/ROOTS, - FAT/MARROW/FLESH OF ANIMALS LIKE FISH AND MAMMALS ETC SCOPE - AYURVEDA LITERATURE - REF TO PLANTS , CLASSIFICATION TO TREES, FOREST TREES, SHRUBS, HERBS(FLOWERING OR NON-FLOWERING), CLIMBERS - VRKSAYURVEDA- INCLUDES TOPICS ON COLLECTION, SELECTION OF SOILS, TESTING, IRRIGATION, GRAFTING, PROPOGATION, MANURING - TAXONOMY, PEST, DISEASE MANEGMENT - USING PLANTS AS INDICATORS FOR WEATHER, WATER AND MINERALS VALIDATION - INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH( ICAR) - DOCUMENTED 4879 INDEGINEOUS PRACTICES ON PLANT SCIENCE - 111 PRACTICES FOR TECHNICAL PRACTICES - PERTAIN TOPICS SUCH AS PEST CONTROL, CROP PROTECTION, FARM IMPLEMENTS, WEATHER FORCASTING ETC SOURCES - HAYAYURVEDA OF SALIHOTRA -- ANCIENT TEXTBOOK ON VET MEDICINE (HORSES, TREATMENT FOR HORSES) - GAJAYURVEDA OF PALAKAPYA -- DISEASES AFFECTING ELEPHANTS, TREATMENTS OF THOSE ON ELEPHANTS - MRGAPAKSISASTRA OF HAMSADEVA -- 13^TH^ CENTURY -- DESCRIPTIONS OF BIRDS AND ANIMALS SCOPE - CARAKA AND SUSRUTA CLASSIFY ON BASIS OF HABITAT AND PREDATORY BEHAVIOUR - HABITAT -- TERRESTRIAL, UNDERGROUND, AQUATIC, AERIAL, MARSHY - PREDATORY BEHAVIOUR -- SNATCHERS (PRASAHA) PECKERS (VISKIRA) ATTACKERS (PRATUDA) - REPRODUCED SEXUALLY(YONIJA) OR ASEXUALLY(AYOJINA) - THROUGH EGGS(OVIPAROUS) OR PLACENTA(VIVIPAROUS) - MATSYAPURANA -- BASIS OF ACTIVITY -- DIURNAL, NOCTURNAL OR BOTH - CONTEXT O FOOD AND DIETETICS - CONTEXT OF FOOD WEB, FOOD CHAIN, MEDICINAL PROPERTIES, NUTRITION - MEDICINES USING PLANT EATING ANIMALS WHEN THEY SUFFER FROM SNAKE BITES, HAVE WORM OR DISEASES - [CONFIRMS TOXICITY OF SUBSTANCES BY ADMINISTERING TEST] CURRENT STATUS - GAJAYURVEDA STILL PRACTICED BY EXPERTS IN KERALA - VET HERBAL MEDICINES MANUFACTURED AND MARKETED BY PHARMACEUTICAL FIRM IN INDIA Biodiversity and folk traditions - 6 SEASONS SETTING STAGE FOR VARIATIONS IN BIODIVERSITY - AYURVEDIC TEXT -- VARIATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN TERM OF FLORA AND FAUNA/ HUMAN LIFE AND HABITS IN SPAN OF 12 YOJANAS/96 MILES - ESTIMATION MADE BY ANCIENT INDIANS- 8.4 MILLION YONIS OR SPECIES - MODERN ESTIMATE -- 8.7 MILLION SPECIES - SUSRUTA "4600 ETHNIC COMMUNITIES, WHO LIVED CLOSE WITH NATURE" - ESTIMATION -- 1 MILLION SPECIALIZED CARRIES OF FOLK MEDICINE 5-MATHEMATICS IN INDIA - INDIAN ASTRONOMERS TRIED TO QUANTIFY PATHS OF SUN, MOON, PLANETS AND STARS - TO PREDICT ECLIPSES, NATURALLY LED TO INTRODUCTION OF MATHEMATICAL TOOLS - VEDANGA JYOTISA INCLUDED ASTRONOMY AND MATHEMATICS AS INSEPERABLE IN 1400 BCE FIRST STEPS - INDUS/ HARAPPAN CIV INVOLVED TOWN PLANNING - EXAMPLES OF KALIBANGAN AND DHOLA VIRA AND MOHENJO DARO - FORTIFICATIONS AND STREETS ALIGNED TO CARDINAL DIRECTIONS(RIGHT ANGLES) - IMPLIED KNOWLEDGE OF GEOMETRY IN 2600-1900 BCE - CYLINDRICAL COMPASSES OF SHELL WITH SLITS EVERY 45 DEGREES - HARAPPANS HAD A SYSTEM OF WIGHTS (1,10,100,1000 TIMES VALUE) - INCANTATION OF DECIMAL SYSTEMS - PARARDHA -- MILLION MILLIONS AS CONSIDERED AS MYRIAD IN GREEK ABOVE 10,000 - MILLION WAS ADOPTED BY EUROPE IN 13^TH^ CENTURY - BRAHMANS, KNEW 4 ARTHIMETICAL OPERATIONS EARLY HISTORICAL PERIOD - SULBASUTRAS -- 8^TH^ TO 6^TH^ CENTURY BCE -- DEALT WITH FIRST RECORD OF MATHEMATICS - SURA STYLE - FIRE ALTARS (CITIS OR VEDIS) - RITUAL - 5 LAYERS -- 200 BRICKS EACH - LOWEST SYMBOLISING EARTH, HIGHEST -- HEAVEN - SULBASUTRAS- EARLIEST TEXTS OF GEOMETRY OF PYTHAGORAS THEOREM(FORMULATED LATER BY EUCLID IN 300 BC) - CONSTROCT SQUARES FORMING ADDITION / SUBTRACTING - SQUARING CIRCLES - SQUARE ROOT OF 2 WAS GIVEN AN CORRECT APPROXIMATION TILL 5^TH^ DECIMAL - LINEAR UNITS BY SULBASASTRAS -- - 14 ANUS(GRAIN OF MILLET)-=1 ANGULA (DIGIT) - 12 ANGULAS = 1 PRADESA(SPAN OF HAND) - 15 ANGULAS = 1 PADA (BIG FOOT) - 24 ANGULAS = 1 ARATNI(CUBIT) - 30 ANGULAS = 1 PRAKRAMA(STEP) - 120 ANGULAS = 1 PURUSA(HEIGHT OF MAN WITH ARM ETENDED ABOVE HEAD) - CHANDASUTRAS BY PINGALA -- USE OF BINARY SYSTEM TO CLASSIFY METRES OF VEDIC HYMNS, SYMBALLES ARE LIGHT(LAGHU) OR HEAVY(GURU), SUNYA OR ZERO - JAINA TEXT -- COSMOLIGICAL , DEALT WITH 0, FRACTION, POWER ETC, - NOTION OF UNKNOWN (YAVAT TAVAT) - VALUE OF PI = SQUARE ROOT OF 10 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD - GOLDEN AGE OF INDIAN MATHEMATICS -- 400 CE - INTEGRATING 0 WITH THE 9 NUMERALS - 1^ST^ CENTURY -- VASUMITRA -- - JAIN COSMOLOGICAL WORK LOKAVIBHAGA- 458 CE - 499 CE -- PATNA -- ARYABHATA I -- ARYABHATIYA -- SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY - 121 VERSES AS CONCISE - 6^TH^ AND 16^TH^ CENTURY - 12 MAJOR COMMENTARIES - ARYABHAT IYARANGES -- PRECISE TABLE OF SINES AND PRECISE VALUE OF PI - KUTAKA ALGORITHM TO SOLVE DEGREE OF UNKNOWN IN EQUATIONS - AREA OF TRIANGLE - EXTRACTION OF SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS CLASSICAL PERIOD POST ARYABHATA - BRAHMAGUPTA -- 598 CE - MATHEMATICS - BRAHMAGUPTA SIDDHANTA - CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS - STUDIED FORMULA FOR IT(REDISCOVERED IN 17^TH^ CENTURY IN EUROPE, CLOWNS) - KHACHEDA -- INFINITY/ THAT WHICH IS DIVIDE BY KHA, KHA BEING 0 - NEGATIVE NUMBER NOTION - BHAVANA ALGORITHM - FOUNDERS OF MAIN MODERN ALGEBRA - OTHER FAMOUS: BHASKARA I, SRI DHARA, MAHAVIRA, RASHTRAKUTA, - MAHAVIRA EXCELLED IN EXPANSIONS OF FRACTIONS, FINITE SERIES, QUADRATIC EQUATIONS - BHASKARA I EXCELLED IN TRIGNOMETERY, INCLUDING GRAPHS OF SINE FROM 0 TO 180 - LILAVATI -- BHASKARA -- POEMS OF MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS, FAMOUS IN MUGHAL COURTS AND AKBAR KERALA SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS - 14^TH^ TO 17^TH^ CENTURY - MADHAVA IN CALULUS BY EXPANSIONS OF SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS - HIS PI SERIES WAS REDISCOVERED AND NAMED AS GREGORY LEIBNIZ SERIES - NILANKATHA SOMAYAJI - JYES HADEVA - HELPED IN FOUNDATIONS OF CALCULUS IN INDIA AND BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS FEATURES OF INDIAN MATHEMATICS - DEVELOPMENT OF AXIOMATIC METHOD - OBTAINING FORMULAS AND ALGORITHMS - JYES HADEVA SPACED THEM IN HIS YUKTI BHASA - UPAPATTIS -- PROOFS BY BHASKARACHARYA - RAMANUJAN PRODUCED MANY IMPORTANT THEOREMS BUT NO PROOF METALLURGY IN INDIA - STONE WORKING, AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ETC - METALLURGY EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ALLOYING AND APPLICATION OF METALS METALLURGY BEFORE AND DURING HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION - MEHRGARH -- FIRST EVIDENCE OF METAL- SMALL COPPER BEAD - GROWTH OF COPPER 1500 YEARS AFTER - ARAVALLI HILLS -- PROMINENT METAL EVIDENCE -- METAL SMITHS OBTAINED COPPER ORE - FOUND COPPER PRODUCED BRONZE, HARDER THAN COPPER, EASIER TO PRODUCE, MORE RESISTANT TO CORROSION - BRONZE CHISELS USED TO DRESS STONES - 1-12% TIN - 1-7% ARSENIC - 1-9% NICKEL - 1-32% LEAD - SHAPING COPPER TECHNIQUES -- FORGING, SINKING, RAISING, COLD WORK, ANNEALING, RIVETING, LAPPING AND JOINING - MODELS MADE OF WAX, COATED WITH CLAY, CLAY HEATED, HARDENED AND MELTED BRONZE IS POURED TO THE MOULD - GOLD AND SILVER - GOLD PANNED FROM INDUS RIVER - SILVER FROM GALENA OR NATIVE LEAD SULPHIDE AFTER THE HARAPPANS - COPPER HOARD -- MASSIVE QUANTITIES OF COPPER TOOLS IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL INDIA - COUNTLESS PIECES OF ART BY COPPER BRONZE SMITHS - BUDDHA STATUE MADE BETWEEN 500-700 CE SULTANGANJ (2.3M HIGH, 1M WIDE, 500KG) - LOST WAX TECHNIQUE - TAMIL NADU -- NATARAJA STATUES -- CHOLA PERIOD IRON METALLURGY - IRON AGE -- FIRST MILLENIUM BCE -- GANGES VALLEY, VINDHYA HILLS - WIDESPREAD FROM 1000 CE - PRODUCED IRON SINCE 1800 CE - VEDIC TETS "DARK METAL/ KRSNAYAS" - RIGVEDA SPOKE ABOUT AYAS, REFERRED TO COPPER/ IRON - ASIA MINOR TRADES (TURKEY) - INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT NOT IMPORT Wootz steel - WOOTZ STEEL -- ONE OF THE ADVANCED TYPE OF IRON INDIA PRODUCED -- SOUTH INDIA - EXPORTED FROM DECCAN TO SYRIA - SHAPED IN DAMASCUS SWORDS DUE TO SHARPNESS - DAMASCUS DUE TO DAMASK OR WAVY PATTERN - QUINTIUS CURTIUS ON WOOTZ "THE WONDER MATERIAL OF THE ORIENT" - HIGHLY PRIZED OVER GOLD AND JEWELS - CRUSADES -- DAMASCUS WAS USED - MOGHUL ERA -- WOOTZ SOWRDS, KNIVES, ARMOURS WERE MADE WITH CARVINGS OF BRASS, SILVER AND GOLD - TIPU SULTAN, NIZAM'S OF HYDERABAD, RANJIT SINGH AND IN RAJPUTS AND MARATHAS KEPT DAMASCUS AND WOOTZ WEAPONS AS PRIDE - WOOTZ COMPOSITION - (1.0 -- 1.9%) CARBON - STEEL IN KANADA (UKKU) - HIGH CARBON ALLOY, MADE IN CRUCIBLE PROCESS - POROUS/ SPONGE IRON - HAMMERED WHILE HOT TO EXPEL SLAG, SEELED WITH WOODEN CHIPS TO CLOSE CRUCIBLES THEN COOLED - 17^TH^ CENTURY -- EUROPEAN TRAVELLER -- DOCUMENTS ON INDIA'S IRON AND STEEL-MAKING FURNACES - SAVANTS SUCH AS PEARSON, STODART AND FARADAY FROM ENGLAND, FRANCE, ITALY ALL WANTED TO RECREATE WOOTZ - JEAN ROBERT BREANT OVER 300 EXPERIMENTS LATER, THE FRENCHMAN UNDERSTOOD HIGH CARBON ROLE IN WOOTZ AND BECAME THE FIRST EUROPEAN TO RECREATE WOOTZ DELHI IRON PILLAR - 1600-YEAR-OLD DELHI IRON PILLAR - 7.67M TALL - 6 TONS OF WROUGHT IRON - SIX LINE SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION - CHANDRA WITH CHANDRAGUPTA II, GUPTA RULER - 1233 : PILLAR BROUGHT TO DELHI NEAR QUWWAT UL ISLAM MOSQUE - PHOSPHOROS, MIXED WITH IRON ALLOWS A COATING TO PREVENT RUST IN THE STRUCTURE FROM OXYGEN - IF SCRATCHED IT IS RECONSTITUTED OTHER IRON PILLAR AND BEAMS - DHAR -- MADHYA PRADESH - KODACHADRI HILL -- COASTAL KARNATAKA - JAGANNATH OF PURI(12^TH^ CENTURY) -- ODISHA - ONE PILLAR CONSISTS OF WROUGHT IRON 99.64%, 0.15% PHOSPHORUS, TRACES OF CARBON AND SULPHUR ZINC - INDIAN METALLURGISTS FOUND ZINC SPECIAL - LOW BOILING POINT (907 DEGREES) - TENDS TO VAPORISE WHILE ORE IS SMELTED - PERFECT WHILE COMBINING COPPER - DOWNWARD DISTILLATION TECHNIQUE WHERE VAPOR WAS CAPTURED AND CONDENSED IN A LOWER CONTAINER - FOUND IN RASARATNASAMUCCAYA -- 14^TH^ CENTURY - EVIDENCES FOUND IN RAJASTHAN MINES AT ZAWAR-6^TH^ AND 5^TH^ CENTURY - FIRST COUNTRY TO MASTER ZINC DISTILATION - 50000 TO 100000 TONS OF ZINC WAS PRODUCED FROM 13^TH^ CENTURY TO 18^TH^ CENTURY CE! - BRITISH CHRONICLES RECORDED FROM 17^TH^ CENTURY - ENGLISHMEN LEARNED THE DOWNWARD DISTILATION TECHNIQUE IN INDIA AND TOOK IT TO ENGLAND SOCIAL CONTEXT - METAL PRODUCTION -- CONTROLLED FROM LOWER TRIBES - AGARIAS OF UP AND MP ARE REPUTED IRON SMITHS - THEY ARE SCATTERED IN JHARKHAND, BIHAR, WB, KERALA, TL - SUBSTANTIAL IN INDIA'S WEALTH - IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY WAS PROMINENT TILL 18^TH^ CENTURY WHERE FOREIGN COLONIAL POLICIES RUINED IT AND PUT A STOP TO IT 7-AYURVEDA FOR LIFE, HEALTH, AND WELL BEING: A SURVEY - AYUR MEANS LIFE - VEDA MEANS KNOWLEDGE - LIFE SCIENCE - WHOLESOME -- HITAM - UNWHOLESOME -- AHITAM - HAPPY -- SUKHAM - UNHAPPY -- ASUKHAM - PROMOTE BOTH INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL WELL BEING - RIGHTEOUS ACTIVITIES -- DHARMA, ARTHA, KAMA, MOKSHA - EMPHASIZES AYURVEDA SHULD NOT COME IN CONFLICT WITH SOCIAL WELL BEING - HAPPY LIFE CREATES INDIVIDUAL WELL BEING INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO HEALTHCARE - TUNE WITH MODERN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE - TREATS THE HUMAN AS A WHOLE - MEDICINE COMBINES MAINSTREAM MEDICAL THERAPIES - TRIPOD OF BODY, MIND, SELF Balance of inner environment and personalized medicine - DEFINES HEALTH AS A DYNAMIC BALANCE OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THAT POSITIVELY IMPACTS THE SENSE ORGANS, MIND AND SELF - EACH INDIVIDUAL IS UNIQUE - SPECIFIC MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION - KEEPS IN BALANCE THE BODY PURE LIKE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS SUN , MOON , EARTH ETC HARMONY WITH EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT - PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE - THEME OF CULTIVATING A LIFESTYLE SUITED TO ONE'S PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CONSTITUTION - GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS - DETOXIFICATION AND REJUVENATING - GUIDELINES FOR A DAILY REGIMENT 5 ELEMENTS MAKING UP HUMAN BODY - PANCAMAHABHUTAS - PRTHVI -- EARTH - TEJAS -- FIRE - AP - WATER - VAYU -- AIR - SPACE -- AKASA - 3 DOSAS - VATA, PITTA, KAPHA - KAPHA COMBINATION OF EARTH, WATER - PITTA COMBINATION OF WATER, FIRE - VATA COMBINATION OF WIND,SPACE - UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THESE AND DIGESTIVE FIRE (AGNI), FOOD WE EAT IS TURNED INTO : - CHYLE (RASA), BONE (ASTHI), MARROW (MAJJA), REPRODUCTIVE TISSUE(SUKRA), MUSCLE(MAMSA), BLOOD(RAKTA), FAT(MEDAS) - CREATS OJAS AFTER COMPLETED AS INNATE TREATING DISEASES TO RESTORE HEALTH - HAPPENS WHEN DOSAS ARE INBALANCED - DERANGEMENET OF DHATUS - MEDICINE IS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL - DECOCTIONS -- KASAYA - WINES -- ARISH - PILLS -- GUTIKA - GHEE -- GHRTA - JAM -- LEHYA - ASH- BHASMA - JUICE -- SVARASA - HERBAL POWERS -- CURNA NOBEL LAUREATS OF INDIAN ORIGIN 1. SIR RONALD ROSS - 1857 -- UTTARAKHAND- ALMORA - DAD WAS GENERAL IN BRITISG ARMY IN INDUA - LIVED IN INDIA TILL 8 - STUDUED MEDICINE FROM ST BARTHOLOMEW HOSPITAL - RETURNED TO INDIA ON PART OF BRITISH-INDIA MEDICAL SERVICES - SENT TO MADRAS - 1897 FOUND RELATION OF MALARIA AND MOSQUITOES - PROVED STATEMENTS OF ALPHONSE LAVERAN AND S.PATRICK - STUDIED MALLARIA FROM 1882 TO 1899 - FOUND ANOPHELES GENES CAUSES PARASITE PLASMODIEM WHEN ILL WITH MALARIA - INITIALLY CALLED THEM DAPPLE WINGS - NOBEL PRIZE -- MEDICINE IN 1902 - REGIONAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE HOSPITAL AT HYDERABAD WAS NAMED AFTER HIM AS SIR RONALD ROSS INSTITUTE 2. CV RAMAN - CHANDRASHEKHARA VENKANTA RAMAN - BORN ON 7^TH^ NOVEMBER 1888 - CHANDRASHEKHARA IYER LECTURER IN PHYSICS - PASSED MATRICULATIONS AT 12 - PRESIDENCY COLLEGE IN MADRAS - WANTED TO COMPETE IN ICS EXAMINATION - COMPETED IN FINANCIAL SERVICE EXAM - COMMISSIONED TO RANGOON, BURMA - WENT TO INSTITUTE CALLED INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF CULTIVATION OF SCIENCE - VICE CHANCELLOR OF CAL UNI INVITED HIM AS PROF OF PHYSICS - HE GAVE UP FCS AND JOINED THE UNI - SCATTERING EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT CALLED RAMAN EFFECT - BECAME MEMBER OF ROYAL SOCIETY IN 1924 - KNIGHTHOOD IN 1929 - NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS IN 1930 - DIED 21 NOVEMBER 1970 3. SUBHRAMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR - BORN -- 19^TH^ OCTOBER 1910 - CHANDRASEKHARA IYER WAS AN OFFICER IN INDIAN AUDITS AND ACCOUNTS - CV RAMAN WAS HIS PATERNAL UNCLE - TILL 12, HOMESCHOOLED - 12, HINDU HIGH SCHOOL - 1925 -- JOINED PRESIDENCY COLLEGE - JULY 1930 -- GOVT OF INDIA SCHOLARSHIP IN CAMBRIDGE ENGLAND - PHD IN SUMMER '33 - ELECTED TO RECEIVE PRIZE FELLOWSHIP IN TRINITY COLLEGE OCT 1933 - RESEARCH ASSOCIATE AT HARVARD IN 1936 September - CHANDRASHEKAR LIMIT ### LED TO DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON STARS AND BLACK HOLES - BROWNIAN MOTION (1938 - 43) - RADIATIVE TRANSER. AND PLANETARY/STELLAR ATMOSOHERES - POLARIZATION OF SUNLIT SKY (1943-50) - HYDRODYNAMIC AND HYDROMAGNETIC - NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1983 WITH WA FOWLER 4. HAR GOVIND KHORANA - DOB -- 9 JAN 1922 - RAIPUR - DAD WAS PATWARI - DAV HIGH SCHOOL IN MULTAN - GRAD IN SCIENCE IN PUNJAB UNIVERSITY -- LAHORE - 1943-1945 -- MASTERS IN SCIENCE - 1948 -- UNI OF LIVERPOOL DOCTORATE OF DOCTORAL WORK - POSTDOCTORAL WORK IN SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECH - BRITISH COLOMBIA RESEARCH COUNCIL -- WORK - KHORANA JOINED WISCONSIN AND MIT IN 1960 - NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE IN 1968 ALONG WITH MW NIRENBERG AND RW HOLLEY FOR GENETIC CODE - PADMA VIBUSHAN IN 1969 - NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE - ELLIS ISLAND MEDAL - DIED IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 9 NOVEMBER 2011 5. VENKATARAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN - VENKATARAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN -- CHIDAMBARAM -- 1952 - BIOCHEMISTRY PARENTS FIELD IN MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNI - VENKY DID SCHOOLING FROM JESUS AND MARY CONVENT - CHANGED HIS FIELD FROM PHYSICS TO BIOLOGY IN UNI OF CALIFORNIA - MRCL -- MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LABORATORY - COMPLEX FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES OF RIBOSOMES - NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2009 WITH THOMAS E STEITZ, ADA E YONATH - BEGAN CAREER AS DOCTORAL FELLOW WITH PETER MOORE AT YALE UNI - WORKED ON RIBOSOMES FROM 1983 TO 1995 THEN RECEIVED PROFESSOR OF BIOCHEMISTRY LETTER FROM UNI OF UTAH - 1999- 30S SUNIT ON RIBOSOMES - FELLOWSHIP FROM TRINITY - US NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES - 2007 -- LOUIS JEANTET PRIZE FOR MEDICINE - 2008 -- HEATLEY MEDAL OF BRITISH BIOCHEMISTRY SOCIETY 2010 -- PADMA VIBUSHAN 1. SUSHRUTA - 2500 YEARS AGO-VARANASI - FATHER OF SURGERY - FIELD OF SURGERU CONTRIBUTIONS - 300 SURGICAL PROCEDURES 120 INSTRUMENTS - INCISION, PROBING, EXTRACTION OF FOREIGN BODIES, ALKALI, THERMAL CONDUCTION,TOOTH EXTRACTION - REMOVAL OF PROSTATE GLAND, URETHRA, HERNIA SURGERY, CAESARIAN SECTION - 6 TYPES OF DISLOCATION, 12 FRACTURES, REACTION TO INJURIES, 76 VARIOUS EYE DISEASES SIGNS - ANTHEADS AS STITCHING MATERIAL - WINE TO REDUCE PAIN OF SURGICAL INCISIONS - 650 DRUGS OF ANIMAL,PLANT AND MINERAL ON SUSRUTA SAMHITA - TRANSLATED TO ARABIC AND PERSIAN 2. BHASKARA II - 1114 CE -- BIJAPUR- VIJAYDAVIDA - MATHEMATICS FROM MAHESVARA (FATHER/ASTROLOGIST) - SYSTEMATIC USE OF DECIMAL NUMBERS FIRST ARTICLE - HEADED ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY OF UJJAIN - SIDDHANTA SHIROMANI -- 4 PARTS -- LILAVATI, BIJAGANITA, GRAHAGATINA, GOLADHAYA - DISCOVERY OF PRINCIPLES OF CALCULUS - LEIBNIZ AND NEWTON CREDITED WITH DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS - FIRST TO FIND DIVIDING BY KHA(0) RESULT IS INFINITY - CALCULATED ORBIT OF EARTH WAS 365.2588 DAYS IT WAS 365.2563 - KARANAKUTHUHALA -- FAMOUS BOOK 3. ARYABHATTA - EARLIEST KNOWN ASTRONOMER AND MATHEMATICIAN IN INDIA - 476 -- 550 CE - ARYABHATIYA, BOOK WORK - BASED ON MATHS-: ARTHMETICS, ALGEBRA, TRIGNOMETERY, CONTINUED FRACTIONS, QUADRATIC EQUATIONS, SUMS OF POWER SERIES AND TABLE OF SINES - 3 TEXTS ON ASTRONOMY - 4 + 100 X 80 / 20000 = 3.1416 WHICH IS CLOSE TO PI - HE CREATED THE FIRST ALGEBRIC IDENTITY - ARYA SIDDHANTA -- ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATION, VARAHAMIHIRA, BHASKARA I, BHRAMAGUPTA - GNOMON -- SHANKU YANTRA - SEMI AND CIRCULAR -- DHANUR YANTRA / CHAKRA YANTRA - CYLINDER -- YASTI YANTRA - UMBRELLA SHAPED -- CHATRA YANTRA - SHADOW INSTRUMENT -- CHHAYA YANTRA - ESTIMATED 365 DAYS AND 39,968KM AS CIRCUMFERENCE WHICH IS 40,072KM GIVEN TODAY 4. JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE - 30 NOVEMBER 1858 IN MYMENSINGH - BHAGABAN CHANDRA BOSE WAS A MAGISTRATE - EARLY EDU - EDUCATED AT ST XAVIER IN KOLKATA AT 11 - BACHELORS IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN 1879 - 1880 -- STUDIED MEDICINE AT LONDON UNIVERSITY - MOVED TO CAMBRIDGE FOR SCHOLARSHIP TO STUDY - NATURAL SCIENCE AT CHRIST'S COLLEGE - 1885 -- RETURNED FROM ABROAD -- BSC DEGREE - LECTURER AT PRESIDENCY - 1894 -- JC BOSE DEVOTED TO PURE RESEARCH -- CONVERTED SMALL WASHROOM AS A LAB, IN REFRACTION, DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION - DISCOVERED WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY BEFORE PATENT GUGLIELMO MARCONI - LATER SWITCHED TO STUDY OF PLANT AND METALS, INVENTED INSTRU TO RECORD PULSE OF PLANTS - FOUND BOSE INSTITUTE OF CALCUTTA - -23 NOVEMBER 1937- DIED 5. PC RAY - 2 AUGUST 1861 -- KHULNA -- BANGLADESH - HARISH CHANDRA RAY WAS A LAND PROPRIETOR - AGE OF 9 STUDIED IN VILLAGE - 1870 -- MIGRATED TO CALCUTTA - HARE SCHOOL ADMITTED - 4^TH^ STANDARD -- ATTACK OF DYSSENTRY - PIONEER IN CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN INDIA - 1889 -- JOINED PRESIDENCY COLLEGE AS LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY - 1892 -- FOUND BENGAL PHARMACEUTICAL WORKS - HISTORY OF HINDU CHEMISTRY , BOOK WAS MADE BY HIM 1902 - 1920 -- ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OF INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION - 1922 -- INVOLVED IN DROUGHT RELIEF WORK 6. BIRBAL SAHNI - 14 NOVEMBER 1891 -- SHAHPUR DISTRICT - GOVT COLLEGE -- PUNJAB UNIVERSITY - GRADUATED FROM EMMANUEL COLLEGE IN 1914 - WORKED AS PROFESSOR IN INDIA IN BOTANY - 1920 -- MARRIED SAVITRI SURI - STUDIED FOSSILS OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT - FOUNDER OF BIRBAL SAHNI INSTITUTE OF PALAEOBOTANY - FIRST BOTANIST TO STUDY OF FLORA OF INDIA GONDWANA REGION - EXPLORED RAJ MAGAL HILLS, ROCKS IN PAKISTAN PUNJAB WAS 40 -- 60 MILLION YEARS OLD - DECCAN TRAPS OF MADHYA PRADESH -- 62 MILLION YEARS OLD- TERTIARY PERIOD - DISCOVERY OF COIN MOULDS IN ROHTAK IN 1936 - NELSON WRIGHT MEDAL OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETY IN INDIA - TEACHING AT DEPARTEMENT OF BOTANY - DIE IN 10 APRIL 1949 7. P.C MAHALANOBIS - SAMPLING - STATISTICS -- MAHALANOBIS DISTANCE - ANTHROPOMETRY - FOUNDED INDIAN STASTICAL INSTITUTE - ORIGINATED FAMILY FROM BIKRAMPUR - EDUCATION FROM BRAHMO BOYS SCHOOL - PRESIDENCY COLLEGE AND BSC DEGREE IN SPC. PHYSICS - 1913 -- LEFT FOR ENGLAND CAME IN CONTACT WITH S RAMANUJAN - INVITED BY PRINCIPAL OF PRESIDENCY COLLEGE FOR CLASSES OF PHYSICS - INDIAN STATISTICAL INSTITUTE IN 28 APRIL 1932 - LARGE SCALE SAMPLE SURVEYS - PILOT SURVEYS - MEMBERS OF PLANNING COMMISSION IN INDIA - CONTRIBUTED TO 5 YEARS PLAN OF INDIA - CORRECTED THE CENSUS METHODOLOGY OF INDIA - WORKED AS SECRETARY OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE - WORKED WITH VISVA BHARATI UNIVERSITY - HONORED WITH PADMA VIBUSHAN - 28 JUNE 1972 DIED - 29 JUNE HIS BIRTHDAY IS REGARDED AS NATIONAL STATISTICS DAY 8. MEGHNAD SAHA - ASTROPHYSICIST - 6^TH^ OCTOBER 1893 -- DHAKA - JAGANNATH SAHA HAD A GROCERY SHOP - VILLAGE SCHOOL EDUCATION - ADMITTED TO DHAKA COLLEGIATE SCHOOL - GRADUATED FROM PRESIDENCY COLLEGE IN MATHEMATICS - SECOND RANK IN UNI OF CALCUTTA (FIRST BY SATYENDRA BOSE) - 1915 -- SN BOSE AND M. SAHA GOT FIRST RANK IN MSC EXAM - ASTROPHYSICS FIELD -- LONDON/ GERMANY - 1927 -- ELECTED AS FELLOW OF LONDON ROYAL SOCIETY - 1925 - PRESIDENT OF PHYSICS SECTION IN INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION - 1938 -- PROFFESOR OF PHYSICS AT UNI OF CALCUTTA - MADE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS IN ALLAHABAD, UNIVERSITY AND INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS SOCIETY AND INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF CULTIVATION OF SCIENCE - FOUNDED INDIAN SCIENCE NEWS AND INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN 1950 - CHAIRMAN OF CLENDAR REFORM COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN 1952 - DIED ON 16^TH^ FEBRUARY 1956 9. SATYENDRA NATH BOSE - HIGGS BOSON -- GOD PARTICLE DISCOVERY - KNOWN FOR WORK IN QUATUM PHYSICS - BOSE-EINSTEIN THEORY - 1^ST^ JANUARY 1894 - KOLKATA - SURENDRA BOSE -- FATHER -- EMPLOYED IN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT - ELDEST OF 7 CHILDREN - EDUCATION - HINDU HIGH SCHOOL THEN PRESIDENCY COLLEGE - TOPPED UNI IN BACHELORS AND MASTERS - 1916 -- UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA STARTED MSC CLASSES IN MATHS AND MODERN PHYSICS - LECTURER IN PHYSICS AT UNI OF CAL IN 1916 - READER OF DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS IN 1921 AT DHAKA UNIVERSITY - 1924 -- MAX PLANCKS LAW AND LIGHT QUANTUM HYPOTHESIS, SENT TO EINSTEIN WHO WAS SO IMPRESSED THAT HE TRANSLATED IT TO GERMAN -- ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIK - 1926 -- PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS AT DHAKA UNI - APPOINTED AS PROFESSOR ON EINSTEIN'S RECCOMENDATION - 1929 -- ELECTED AS CHAIRMAN OF PHYSICS SESSION OF INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS - 1944 AND 1945 -- CHAIRMAN OF CONGRESS AND APPOINTED AS KHAIRA PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS IN CALCUTTA UNI - 1956 -- RETIREMENT , 1958 -- VISVA-BHARATI MEMBER - DIED IN FEBRUARY 4^TH^ 1974 10. SALIM ALI - DR SALIM MOIZUDDIN ABDUL ALI FAMOUS ORNITHOLOGIST-NATURALIST - 12^TH^ NOVEMBER 1896 -- MUMBAI - BIRDMAN OF INDIA - SURVEY OF BIRDS - ORPHANED AND THUS BROUGHT UP BY MATERNAL UNCLE AMIRUDDIN TYABJI - STORY OF YELLOW NECK SPARROW GIVEN TO WS MILLARD, SECRETARY OF BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY(BNHS) - TOOK HIM TO MANY BIRDS - COULD NOT PARTICIPATE IN ZOOLOGY SURVEY OF INDIA DUE TO LESS EDUCATION AND DROPOUT - GUIDE LECTURER IN 1926 - NATURAL HISTORY SECTION AT PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM - WENT ON STUDY TO GERMANY WHERE HE TRAINED UNDER \*PF. ERWIN STRESEMANN\* AT ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF BERLIN - 1930 -- RETURN TO INDIA - OBSERVATIONS ON BAYA OR WEAVER BIRD - FINDINGS POSTED ON 1930 ENSURING SURVIVAL OF BNHS - PM NEHRU HELPED IN FINANCIAL HELP TO SAVE BHARATPUR BIRD SANCTUARY DUE TO SALIM ALI - SALIM ALI CENTER OF ORNITHOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY (SACON) - PADMA VIBUSHAN IN 1976 - DIED ON 20^TH^ JUNE 1987 11. PANCHAN MAHESHWARI - 1904- JAIPUR - BIOLOGIST, INSPIRED BY DR W DUDGEDON - TEST TUBE FERTILIZATION OF ANGIOSPERMS - TECHNIQUE OF FLOWERING OPENED OF VENUES OF EMBRYOLOGY - CROSS BREEDING OF MANY FLOWERING PLANTS - POST GRADUATE IN BOTANY IN ALLAHBAD UNI - DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY IN UNI OF DELHI - 1950 - CONTACTS BETWEEN EMBRYOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS - INTRA-OVARIAN POLLINATION WON ACCLAIM - PHYTOMOPHOLOGY EDITING TILL DEATH IN MAY 1966 - FELLOWSHIP OF ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDAN - INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY - 1951 FOUND INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF PLANT MORPHOLOGISTS 12. B.P PAL - 1906 -- 26^TH^ MAY - AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIST - STUDIED AT ST MICHEALS SCHOOL - FOND OF GARDENING AND PAINTING - 1929 -- QUALIFIED FOR MASTERS IN BOTANY AT RANGOON UNI - WON MATTHEW HUNTER PRIZE AND SCHOLARSHIP AT POST GRADUATE IN CAMBRIDGE - WORKED WITH SIR FRANK ENGLEDOW IN WHEAT HYBRID VIGOUR - ASSISTANT RICE RESEARH OFFICER IN BURMESE DEPT OF AGRICULTURE, MOVE DTO PUSA BECAME SECOND ECONOMIC BOTANIST AT IMPERIAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IARI) - DIRECTOR GENERAL OF INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTARAL RESEARCH OF GREEN REVOLUTION MAY 1956 -- JAN 1972 - WHEAT GENETICS AND BREEDING, DEVELOPED BREEDING METHOD TO STOP RUST DISEASE - ALSO A ROSE BREEDER, FOUNDER PRESIDENT OF ROSE SOCIETY AND BOUGAINVILLEA SOCIETY AND SOCIETY OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING FOR 25 YEARS - FELLOW OF RS IN 1972, PADMASHRI IN 1959 AND PADMA VIBHUSHAN IN 1987 - DIED ON 14^TH^ SEPTEMBER 1989 13. HOMI JEHANGIR BHABHA - ARCHITECT OF INDIAN ATOMIC ENERGY PROGRAMME - 30 OCTOBER 1909 -- MUMBAI - EDUCATION AT CATHEDERAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE AT ELPHINSTONE COLLEGE - WENT TO CAMBRIDGE UNI AT DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENG FOR TATA MILLS METALLURGIST - SWITCHED TO PHYSICS AFTER ENG 1930-31, RETURNED TO INDIA IN 1939 - SELECTED TO WORK IN INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, - READER THEN PROFESSOR OF COSMIC RAY RESEARCH - 1944 -- 1966 - TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDEMENTAL RESEARCH WAS INAUGURATED IN DECEMBER 1945 - BHABHA DIED IN JANUARY 1966 DUE TO PLANE CRASH NEAR MT.BLANC 14. VIKRAM AMBALAL SARABHAI - FATHER OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME - BORN IN AHMEDABAD-12^TH^ AUGUST 1919 - GUJARAT COLLEGE, 1937 -- WENT TO ST JOHNS COLLEGE IN ENGLAND - STUDIED PHYSICS AND RECEIVED TRIPODS UNDERGRADUATE - BECAME A SCHOLAR RESEARCHER AT INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE - SET UP OBSERVATORY OF BANGALORE, PUNE, AND HIMALAYAS - RECEIVED PHD FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY - 1947 -- WITH KR RAMANATHAN ESTABLISHED PHYSICAL RESEARCH LAB, CONSISTED ROOMS AT SCI INSTITUTE - PIONEER RESEARCHER IN FIELD OF SOLAR PHYSICS - RECEIVED FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM INIDNA NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH - ASKED TO ORGANIZE THE INDIAN PROGRAMME FOR INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR OF 1957 - SET UP INDIA'S FIRST ROCKET LAUNCHING STATION - 1966, SARA BHAI APPOINTED AS CHAIRMAN OF INDIAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISION - ESTABLESHED ISRO - DIED IN 31^ST^ DECEMBER 1971 - SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR MEDAL IN 1962 AND PADMA BHUSHAN IN 1966 15. VARGHESE KURIEN - 26 NOVEMBER 1921 -- KOZHIKODE - MILK MAN OF INDIA - FATHER WAS CIVIL SURGEON IN COCHIN - GRADUATED PHYSICS IN 1940 -- LOYOLA COLLEGE -- MADRAS - JOINED TATA STEEL TECHNICAL INSTITUTE- JAMSHEDPUR -- 1946 -- GRADUATED - USA -- GOVT SCHOLARSHIP -- MASTERS IN METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING -- MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY - ARCHITECT OF OPERATION FLOOD -- LARGEST DIARY PRODUCTION IN THE WORLD - HELPED ANAND MODEL OF COOPERATIVE DIARY PROGRAM - WHITE REVOLUTION - FOUNDER OF GUJARAT COOPERATIVE MILK FEDERATION -- AMUL - MILK POWDER-CONDENSED MILK -- BUFFALO MILK - PADMA VIBUSHAN IN 1999 - DIED IN 2012 16. M.S SWAMINATHAN - MANKOMBU SAMBASIVAN SWAMINATHAN - 7^TH^ AUGUST 1925 -- KUMBAKONAM -- TL - GREEN REVOLUTION GENETICIST - TIMES 20 LIST OF MOST INFLUENTIAL ASIAN PEOPLE - 1949 FELLOWSHIP TO STUDY GENE\\TICS IN NETHERLANDS - 1952 -- PHD IN GENETICS -- CAMBRIDGE UNI - BROUGHT US SEEDS FROM NORMAN BORLAUG - HELPED INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE TO ACCOMPLISH WHEAT YIELD - SERVED AS DIRECTOR GENERAL OF INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL (1972 - 79) - UNION MINISTER FOR AGRICULTURE -- 1979 -- 80 - INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL AWARD 2013 - RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD FOR COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP 17. M.K VAINU BAPPU - MANALI KALLAT VAINU BAPPU -- 10^TH^ AUGUST 1927 - INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ASTROPHYSICS - OPTICAL ASTRONOMY - HARVARD ON SCHOLARSHIP - COMET -- BAPPU BOK NEWKIRK -- BART BOK, GORDON NEWKIRK - 1952 -- PHD -- PALOMAR UNIVERSITY - COLIN WILSON AND HIM MADE THE BAPPU-WILSON EFFECT(LUMINOSITY OBSERVATION OF A PARTICULAR STAR) - ASTRONOMICAL UNION PRESIDENT -- 1979 - 1960 -- TOOK OVER KODAIKANAL OBSERVATORY - ELECTED HONORARY FELLOW IN BELGIUM - DONHOE COMET MEDAL -- ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF PACIFIC -- 1949 18. APJ ABDUL KALAM - 15 OCTOBER 1931 -- RAMESWARAM -- DR AVUL PAKIR JAINLABDEEN ABDUL KALAM - MISSILE MAN OF INDIA -- PRESIDENT OF INDIA - AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING -- MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - AEROSPACE ENGINEER IN DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORAGANIZATION - POKGRAN NUCLEAR TESTS IN 1998 - PROFESSOR IN IIM, AHMEDABAD, IIM, INDOR - CHANCELLOR OF INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE SCIENCE - PROJECT DIRECTOR OF SLV III -- ROHINI SATTELITE - AGNI / PRITHVI MISSILES - PADMA BUSHAN 1981 - PADMA VIBHUSHAN 1990 - BHARAT RATNA 1997 - DIED ON 27^TH^ JULY 2015, SHILLING 19. SAM PITRODA - SATYANARAYAN GANGARAM PITRODA -- 4^TH^ MAY 1942 -- TITLAGARH -- ODISHA - GANDHIANS - SCHOOL AT VALLABH VIDYANAGAR - MASTERS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FROM ILLINOIS INSTITUTE - ADVISOR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND INNOVATION TO THE PM OF INDIA, DR MANMOHAN SINGH - TECH ADVISOR OF PM RAHUL GANDHI IN 1984 - CHAIRMAN OF NATIONAL KNOWLEDGE COMMISSION - 100 KEY PATENTS OF TECHNOLOGY 20. ANIL KAKODKAR - NUCLEAR SCIENTIST -- 11^TH^ NOVEMBER 1943 -- BARAWANI -- MP - GANDHIANS - EDUCATION -- MUMBAI , GRADUATED FROM RUPAREL COLLEGE - VEERMATA JIJABHAI TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE JOINED IN 1963 - DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN 1964 - BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH IN 1964 - CHAIRMAN OF ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION OF INDIA - DIRECTOR OF BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH - 1996-2000 - DEVOLOPMENT OF PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTOR TECH - 2 REACTORS IN KALPAKKAM AND FIRST UNIT AT RAWATBHATTA - 1996 -- YOUNGEST DIRECTOR OF BARC, 2000-09 HEADED AECI - THORIUM USE OF FUEL 21. G.MADHAVAN NAIR - 31 OCT 1943 -- KERALA -- TRIVANDRUM - FORMER CHAIR OF ISRO - MAN BEHIND CHANDRAYAAN - GRADUATION ELECTRICAL AND COMMS ENGINEERING -- UNI OF KERALA -- 1966 - BARC AND ALSO THUMVA EQUATORIAL ROCKET IN 1967 - 25 SUCCESFUL MISSIONS AT ISRO - TELE-COMMS TELE-MEDS - 31,000 CLASSES CONNECTED TO EDUSAT NETWORK - 315 HOSPITALS WITH TELE MEDS - INITIATED VILLAGE RESOURCE CENTRES SCHEME - 430 VRCs, LED INDIAN DELEGATION FOR BILATERAL COOPERATION - UN-COPUOS DELEGATION - PADMA BUSHAN -- 2009 22. VIJAY BHATKAR - 11^TH^ OCTOBER 1946 - MURAMBA -- AKOLA - MH - DR VIJAY PANDURANG BHATKAR - IT LEADERS - SUPERCOMPUTER PARAM ARCHITECT - EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF C-DAC INDIAN SUPERCOMPUTING UNIT - MADE INSTITUTION -- C-DAC, ER&DC, IIITM-K, I2IT, ETH, MKCL, IIM - BACHELORS IN ENGINEERING -- 1965 -- VNIT NAGPUR - MASTERS -- MS UNIVERSITY - PHD IN ENGINEERING - IIT DELHI -- 1972 - MEMBER OF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY OF GOVT OF INDIA - COUNCIL MEMBER OF CSIR, CABINET COMMITTEE O GOVT OF INDIA - FELLOW OF IEEE, ACM, CSI, INAE - PADMA BHUSHAN, MAHARASHTRA BHUSHAN - PETERSBURG PRIZE ALUMNI OF IIT DELHI - CHANCELLOR OF INDIA INTERNATIONAL MULTIVERSITY 23. KALPANA CHAWLA - MARCH 17^TH^ 1962 -- HARYANA -- KARNAL - INSPIRED BY JRD TATA - KARNAL TAGORE SCHOOL - AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING FROM PUNJAB UNI - MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING - UNI TEXAS - DOCTORATE IN AEROSPACE ENG -- UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO - NASA'S AMES RESEARCH CENTER - JOINED NASA SPACE PROGRAMME IN 1994, 1^ST^ MISSION ON 19^TH^ NOVEMBER 1997 - CHARGE OF DEPLOYING THE MALFUNCTIONING SPARTAN SATTELITE - FIRST INDIAN-BORN AND INDIAN-AMERICAN IN SPACE - 6.5 MILLION MILES/ 252 ORBITS/ 375 FLIGHT HOURS IN SPACE - DIED IN 2003 COLUMBIA SPACE SHUTTLE DISASTER 24. SUNITA WILLIAMS PANDYA - 19^TH^ SEPTEMBER 1965 -- OHIO - LONGEST SPACE FLIGHT 195 DAYS -- NUMBER OF SPACE WALKS 4 -- TOTAL TIME SPENT ON SPACE WALKS -- 29 HOURS 17 MINS FOR FEMALES - NEEDHAM HIGH SCHOOL, MASSACHUSETTS, GRADUATED 1983 - BACHELOR OF SCIENCE FROM US NAVAL ACADEMY -- 1987 - MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT -- FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY -- 1995 - EXPEDITION IN SPACE IN JULY 2012 - DEVOTEE OF GANESHA, TOOK A COPY OF BHAGVAD GITA AND AN IDOL OF GANESHA ON THE ISS - TOOK ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF VEDIC UPANISHAD ON HER TRIP IN JULY 2012 25. SABEER BHATIA - 30^TH^ DECEMBER 1968 -- CHANDIGARH - EDUCATION -- BISHOPS SCHOOL PUNE -- ST JOSEPH'S SCHOOL BANGALORE - 1988 WENT TO US TO MASTERS DEGREE AT CAL TECH - TRANSFER FROM BITS PILANI, RAJASTHAN - MASTERS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING -- STANFORD UNI - WORKED FOR APPLE COMPUTERS AS HARDWARE ENGI - HE AND JACK SMITH SET UP HOTMAIL -- 4^TH^ JULY 1996 - CREATED JAXTRSMS - DRAPER FISHER JUVETSON -- CHOSE HIM AS ENTREPRENEUR OF 1997 - MIT CHOSE HIM AS 100 YOUNG INNOVATORS - POV MAGAZINE -- ENTREPRENEURS OF 1998 - UPSIDE MAGAZINE -- ELITE 100 26. AMMA MANI - INDIAN PHYSICIST AND METEOROLOGIST - DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT - 23^RD^ AUGUST 1918 -- TRAVANCORE -- PEERUMEDU - 1939 -- GRADUATED FROM PRESIDENCY COLLEGE MADRAS - BSC HONORS DEGREE IN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY - RESEARCHED OPTICAL PROPS OF RUBY AND DIAMOND - AUTHORED 5 RESEARCH PAPERS - NOT GIVEN PHD COZ DID NOT HAVE MASTERS IN PHYSICS - STUDIED METEOROLOGY IN IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON - JOINED METEOROLOGY DEPARTMENT PUNE - PAPERS ON SOLAR RADIATION, OZONE AND WIND ENERGY, METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTATION - DIED ON 16^TH^ AUGUST 2001 27. E.K JANAKI AMMAL - JANAKI AMMAL EDAVALETH KAKKAT -- BONATIST -- CYTOGENICS - SUGARCANE -- EGGPLANT - 1897 -- THALASSEY -- KERALA - THALASSERY AND MADRAS WAS HER EDUCATION z - OBTAINED BACHELORS FROM QUEEN MARY'S COLLEGE - HONOR'S DEGREE IN BOTANY -- PRESIDENCY COLLEGE- 1921 - WOMEN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE TEACHER - BARBOUR SCHOLAR AT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, OBTAINED MASTERS 1925 - PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AT MAHARAJA'S COLLEGE OF SCIENCE - GENETICIST AT SUGARCANE BREEDING INSTITUTE, COIMBATORE - INTERGENIC HYBRIDS -- SACCHARUM X ZEA, SACCHARUM X ERIANTHUS, SACCHARUM X IMPERATA, SACCHARUM X SORGHUM - 1940-45 -- WORKED AS ASSISTANT CYTOLOGIST IN JOHN INNES INSTUTION - BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA -- 1951 -- OCTOBER 14^TH^ 1952 - DIRECTOR GENERAL OF BSI - DIED ON 7^TH^ FEBRUARY 1984 - FELLOW INDIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN 1935 - UNI OF MICHIGAN OFFERED HONORARY LLD - PADMASHRI ON HER IN 1977 - 2000 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA INSTITUTED TE NATIONAL AWARD OF TAXONOMY IN HER NAME ENERGY CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL - 50% COAL - 70% PETROLEUM NEED IMPORT - THORIUM AS A NUCLEAR POTENTIAL ENERGY Clean and renewable energy sources - HYDROELECTRICITY POTENTIAL - MOST -- WIND ENERGY - TILL 2016 -- 17 GW WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY - SOLAR THERMAL INSTALLATION -- GUJARAT / RAJASTHAN - SMALL SOLAR -- BENGALURU / CHENNAI - SYNGAS -- HYDROCARBONS - LPG -- LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS - CNG -- COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS - BIODIESELS -- OIL FROM PLANTS - JATROPHA, KARANJA AND ALGAE -- MIXED WITH DIESEL OR 20:80 RATIO AYURVEDA AND VARIOUS TRATMENT METHODS - KNOWLEDGE OF LONG LIFE - 5000 YEARS AGO -- SUSHRUTA AND CHARAKA SAMHITA - VATTA, PITTA KAPHA - ABHYANGAM -- OIL MASSAGE, TREATING OBESITY AND BLOOD CIRCULATION LACK, PREVENTS EARLY AGING AND PAIN/ MUSCLE ACHES - [DHARA] -- HERBAL OILS, MED MILKS, BUTTERMILKS FLOW ON FOREHEAD FOR 45 MINS/ 7 -- 21 WEEKS, HEALS MEMORY LOSS, MENTAL DISORDER, INSOMNIA, SKIN DISEASES - THAKRA DHARA -- SUSPENDED DRIPPING ON FOREHEAD HEALS DANDRUFF - SIROVASTHY -- POURING OF LUKEWARM OIL ON PATIENT'S HEAD, TREATS INSOMNIA, FACIAL PARALYSIS ETC - PIZHICHIL -- WARM HERBAL OIL, SWEATING HELPS IN ARTHRITIS, PARAPLEGIA ETC - VIRECHANAM -- METHOD OF CLEANING AND EVACUATION OF BOWEL VIA MEDS, ELIMINATES BILE TOXINS - KAYAVASTHY -- WARM MEDICATED OIL ON BACK FOR 30 -- 45 MINS, TREATS BACK PAIN MEDICINAL PLANTS - 15 AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES - 17,000 -- 18000 SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS - 6000-7000 MEDICINAL PLANTS, 960 IN TRADE, 178 ANN CONSUMPTIONS - 80-90 B DOMESTIC AYUSH TRADE - GUGGULU -- SHRUB FOR NEUROLOGICAL, LEPROSEY, SKIN DIS, HEART AILMENTS, CEREBRAL AND VASCULAR DISEASES - BRAHMI -- TREATING BRAIN DISEASES AND IMPROVE MEMORY POWER, MENTAL DISORDERS. BRONCHITIS, CONSTIPATIONS - AMLA -- LAXATICE, DIGESTIVE, TONIC, ANTI -- PYRETIC, CURES COLIC PROBS, JAUNDICE, HAEMORRHAGES - ASHWAGANDHA -- APHRODISIAC, GENERAL WEAKNESSES AND RHEUMATISM - ARJUNA TREE -- CURING FRACTURES, ULCERS, HEART DISEASES, URINARY DISCHARGES, ASTHMA ETC - ALOE VERA -- 20 MINERALS, 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS, 14 SECONDARY AMINOS, V -- A B1 B2 B6 B12 C E - NEEM -- BLOOD PURIFYING PROPERTIES, HERBALISTS HISTORY OF AYURVEDA ORGANIZED DEVELOPMENT - 1995 -- DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE AND HOMEOPATHY - 2003 -- AYUSH -- AYURVEDA YOGA UNANI SIDDHA HOMEOPATHY - 2005 -- 12 -NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION SEEKS HEALTHCARE TO RURAL POPULATION - AYUSH IS SYSTEMS OF PUBLIC SYSTEM MEDICATIONS INDIGENOUS AGRICULTURE -- BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTECHNOLOGY - AGRARIAN COUNTRY - GREEN REVOLUTION 1963 BY NORMAN BORLAUG - HYV SEEDS TO INCREASE YIELD AND AGRICULTURE - LAND AREA UNDER POPULATION DECREASED - INCREASED USE OF CHEMICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTECHNOLOGY - Biotechnology FOCUSES ON THE MANIPULATION OF GENES OF PLANTS, TO INCREASE YIELDS - 30% OF FOOD PRODUCTS LOSE DUE TO LESS STORAGE FACILITIES - NANOTECHNOLOGY -- STRUCTURAL CHANGES, CATALYST EFFICIENT, REDUCING INNER FLAWS. GENETIC IMPROVEMENT TRaDITIONAL WISDOM OF ASTRONOMY - 5 JANTAR MANTARS - IDEA OF IT COMES FROM ARYABHATIYA VARAHAMIHIRA BHASKARACHARYA ETC - IMP TEXTS FORMED 5^TH^ -- 15^TH^ CENTURY - LAST ASTRONOMER OF PRE-INDEPENDENCE WAS SAMANTA CHANDRESHEKARA, SIDHANT DARPANA WAS HIS BOOK - ISRO WAS MADE BY HOMI BHABHA AND VIKRAM SARABHAI Jantar mantar - AUXILARY DISCIPLINES, ON VEDANGA JYOTISHA (1400-1200 BCE) - KERALA SCHOOL OF ASTRONOMY AND MATHS FOUNDED BY SANGAMAGRAMA MADHAVA - PANCHASIDDHANTIKA -- VARAHAMIHIRA -- 505 CE -- GNOMON SHADOW CLOCK, METHOD APPROXIMATION OF MERIDIAN DIRECTION - DELHI, JAIPUR, MATHURA, UJJAIN AND VARANASI - GNOMON -- SANKU -- OTHER NAME - VERTICAL ROD ON HORIZONTAL PLANE - ARMILLARY SPHERE, GOLADIPIKA TALKS ABOUT IT LAGHU SAMRAT YANTRA - INSTRUMENT OF CALCULATION - INCLINED ON ANGLE OF 27 DEGREES, EQUAL TO LATITUDE OF JAIPUR - FIND OUT DECLINATION ANGLE OF SUN - ALSO KNOWN AS SMALL SUN DIAL SAMRAT YANTRA - GIGANTIC SUN DIAL, KING OF ALL INSTURMENTS - ACCURATE, BIGGEST AND EXCELLENT OF ALL YANTRAS RASHIVALAYA - 12 INSTRUMENTS WITH QUADRANTS ON BOTH SIDES - DIRECT DETERMINATION ON LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF CELESTIAL SPACE -- SAME AS SAMRAT YANTRA - 1 OF 12 INSTR WILL BE USED WHE EACH ZODIAC SIGN REACHES LOCAL MERIDIAN RAM YANTRA - MEASURES ALTITUDE OF SUN ACCORDING TO HEIGHT OF SHADOW OF GNOMON MISRA YANTRA - DELHI OBSERVATORY - NOT MADE BY JAI SINGH II INSTEAD HIS SON MAHARAJA MADHO SINGH - 5 INSTRUMENTS INCLUDING SMALL SAMRAT/ SUN DIAL - INDICATES THE YEAR'S LONGEST AND SHORTEST DAYS, - ALSO COULD SHOW WHEN IT WAS NOON IN DIFFERENT CITIES AROUND THE WORLD ANCIENT INDIAN ASTRONOMERS - LAGADHA -- WROTE EARLIEST ASTRONOMIC TEXT -- VEDANGA JYOTICA, MADE FOR TIMES, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL EVENTS, CALENDER STUDIES, MENTIONS 27 CONSTELLATIONS, ECLIPSES AND 12 SIGNS OF ZODIAC AND 7 PLANETS - ARYABHATA -- AUTHOR OF ARYABHATIYA, WHICH MENTIONS EARTH ROTATION ON AXIS, MOON LIGHT REFLECTION OF SUN, - BRAHMAGUPTA -- BRAHMASPUTHA-SIDDHANTA, INDIAN MATHS AND ASTRONOMY, CALCULATED MOTION OF PLANET, EQUATIONS FOR PARALLAX AND COMPUTATION OF ECLIPSES - VARAHAMIHIRA -- MATHEMATICIAN/ ASTRONOMER, PANCHASIDDHANTIKA IS A DATA SOURCE TO THIS DAY - BHASKARA I -- MAHABHASKARIYA, LAGUBHASKARIYA, DETERMINING PARALLAX IN LONGITUDE, MOTION OF EQUINOXES AND SOLSTICES - LALLA -- UISYADHIVRDDHIDA CORRECTS ARYABHATIYA, DETERMINATION OF PLANETARY CALCULATIONS, DETERMINING OF MEAN AND TRUE PLANETS, 3 PROBLEMS TO DIURNAL MOTION OF EARTH, GOLDHYAYA , GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF PLANET MOTION, SPHERICS ETC - BHASKARA II -- SIDDHANTASIROMANI , KARANKUTUHALA, OBSERVATIONS ON PLANET MOTION, POSITION, CONJUNCTIONS, ECLIPSES, COSMOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, MATHS ETC USED IN UJJAIN - SRIPATI -- SIDDHANTASEKHARA, MOONS SECONG INEQUALITY - MAHENDRA SURI -- AUTHORED YANTRA RAJA, WORK ON ASTROLABE INTRODUCED BY TUGHLAQ RULER FIRUZ SHAH TUGHLAQ - NILANKANTHAN SOMAYAJI -- REVISED ARYABHATA'S MODEL ON VENUS AND MERCURYEQUATION REMAINED ACCURATE TILL KEPLER JOINED IN, ARYABHATIYABASYA MADE HIS OWN COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM FOR HELIOCENTRIC PLANETARY MODEL (EVERYTHING ORBITS THE SUN, SUN ORBITS EARTH) JYOTIMIMAMSA - ACYUTA PISARADI -- SPHITANIRANAYA -- DETAILS ELLIPTICAL NOTION, EXPANDED TO RASIGOLASPHUTANITI, KARANOTTAMA DEALS WITH ECLIPSES AND RELATIONSHIP OF SUN AND MOON UPARAGAKRIYAKARMA, CALCULATION OF ECLIPSES INDIA IN SPACE - VIKRAM SARABHAI ON ISRO - SATISH DAWAN MADE IMMENSE CONTRIBUTION TO ISRO BY DEVOLOPING AND MASTERING TECHNOLOGIES THE BEGINNING - ISRO ON FORMATION OF NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA - 1962 - 21 NOVEMBER 1963 -- LAUNCH OF NIKE -- APACHE 28 FEET LONG FROM THUMBA - 2012 -- 100^TH^ SPACE MISSION BY PSLV C21, FRENCH AND JAPANESE SATTELITES WEIGHING 750 KG INDIAN SPACE CAPABILITIES - ISRO CAME IN EXISTENCE ON 1969 - BANGALORE - SPACE CITY OF INDIA - SRIHARIKOTA -- PORT OF SPACESHIPS IN INDIA - ISAC -- BUILDS SATELITES - NRSC -- RECEIVING PICS BY SPACESHIPS AND RADIOWAVES INTO THE SATTELITE ERA - ARYABHATA -- 1^ST^ SATTELITE -- 360 KG - 19 APRIL 1975, SOVIET ROCKET CARRIED IT TO 600KM ORBIT - BHASKARA I SATELITE ALSO WAS LAUNCHED BY SOVIET ROCKET - JULY 1979 FOR EARTH PICTURES BY TV CAM - BHASKARA II WAS LAUNCHED IN 1981 GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT -- 36000 KM ROHINI SATTELITE SERIES WERE CARRIED BY SLV 3 SATTELITE AS A CATALYST OF DEVELOPMENT - INSAT 1B -- PREDECESSOR OF FAILURE SATTELITE INSAT 1A - TV BROADCAST, TELE, WEATHER FORECASTING ETC - INSAT 2A -- TELECOMMS AND TRANSPONDERS, TV BROADCASTING SENDS distress signals, OTHER INSAT 2's CARRIED MOBILE SERVICE TRANSPONDERS - GSAT/EDUSAT TELEMEDICINE SERVICE, SPECIALITY HOSPITAL AUDIO VIDEO FACILITIES ETC - GSAT 8 AND 10 CARRIED GAGAN TRANSPONDER, NAV SIGNALS, GPS RECOVERY MISSIONS - SRE 1 SPACE CAPSULE RECOVERY EXPERIMENT 1 - 550 KG SRE 1 CAPSULE 10^TH^ JAN 2007 - CIRCLED EARTH 600KM HEIGHT, 12 DAYS AND BROUGHT BACK TO EARTH FRUGAL ENGINEERING - 22 JUNE 2016 , LAUNCHES 20 SATELITES IN A SINGLE ROCKET - BEFORE RECORD WAS 37 BY RUSSIA - 2004 - CARTOSAT -- 2 SERIES, PSLV C 34 LAUNCHED SATS FROM SATHYABHAMA UNI AND CHENNAI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE - FOREIGN SAT FOR GOOGLE DISCOVERY OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES - GW -- GRAVITATIONAL WAVES - GW PREDICTED BY EINSTEIN 100 YEARS AGO - 14^TH^ SEPTEMBER 2015 -- DETECTED GW FROM 1.3 BILLION LIGHT YEARS AWAY - USING LIGO -- LASER INTERFEROMETER GRAVITATIONAL OBSERVATORIES - 37 INDIAN SCIENTISTS WHO ARE PART OF LIGO - INDIA AIMING TO GET 3^RD^ LIGO COUNTRY SAMGAMAGRAMA MADHAVAN - CHAIN OF GURU SHISHYA PARAMPARA - KERALA SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS - KNOWN DUE TO CHARLES WHISH PAPERS 1834 ON TRANSACTIONS OF ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN - JYESTADEVA -- YUKTI BHASHA -- MATHS AND ASTRONOMY - VENUAROHAM -- ONLY SURVIVING BOOK - BEKYLADHISHTITA BIHAR -- IRANJA NINNA PALLI WAS MADHAVAN'S HOUSE - INFINITY WAS MADE BY HIM, SHOWED THAT FINITE VALUE ADDED BY INFINITE VALUES GIVES INFINITE SERIES - USED IT TO INFINITE SERIES TO EVALUATE PI TO 11 PLACES - YUKTI BASHA BY JYESTADEVA HIS DISCIPLE DEALED WITH CALCULUS - MADHAVAN CONTRIBUTED TO TABLE OF SINE -- FROM 0 -90 DEFREES AT AN INTERVAL OF 3.75 DEGREES -- GOLAVAID JULY 2016 ONWARDS - 104 SATTEITES IN 1 ROCKET -- PSLV 37 - MARCH 2017 -- GSAT 9 - DRONES FOR DISASTER MAPPING IN NORTH EAST - NE SAC- NORTH EASTERN SPACE APPLICATION CENTRE -- HELPS TO IDENTIFY LANDSLIDE AREAS SUCH AS MEGHALAYA AND NARAMARI VILLAGE IN ASSAM - NE SAC STARTED IN 2000, AIMED TO PROVIDE DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT TO NORTHEAST, AND COMMS TECH - IISC RESEARCHERS DEVELOP LOW COST NANOMETRE SCALE CARBON MONOXIDE USING NOVEL FABRICATION TECHNIQUE - CARBON MONOXIDE -- HARMFUL GASE USED IN CUMBUSTION CHAMBERS IN CARS, TRUCK ENGINES ETC, COLORLESS ODERLESS - ECOLI BACTERIA DETECTER MADE BY DR SAI SIVA GORTHI AND SNDARRAJAN ASOKAN, DESIGNED TO PHOTOSENSITIVE OPTICAL FIBRE (BARE FIBER BRAGG GRATING) - MODEL TO PREDICT RAINFALL , DR J INDU AND PROF D NAGESH KUMAR. PUBLISHED IN HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, CONDUCTED IN MAHANADHI BASIN - ANTI RADIATION MISSILE