Sectoral Applications for Sustainable Development Summary Lecture PDF

Sectoral Applications for Sustainable Development Summary Lecture Definition Brundtland definition: “Sustainable development is the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (WCED Our Common Futu...

Sectoral Applications for Sustainable Development Summary Lecture Definition Brundtland definition: “Sustainable development is the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (WCED Our Common Future, 1987) History Environmental Movement Local Pollution: Rivers, streets, exhaust emissions etc. Spread of Diseases: epidemics, pandemics etc. Loss of Leisure: traffic jam, working overtime, less holidays etc. Physical degradation: construction, mining, deforestation etc.  History Environment Development Paris Johannesburg UNCHE 1972 WCED 1987 Rio 1992 Rio+20 2012 SDGS 2015 Agreement … 2002 2015 History – UNCHE 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm (the first one) Agreed on 26 principles Placed environmental issues at the forefront of international concerns Marked the start of a dialogue between industrialized and developing countries on the link between economic growth, the pollution of the air, water, and oceans and the well-being of people around the world. Output #1: Stockholm Declaration and Action Plan for the Human Environment Global Environmental Assessment Programme (watch plan) Environmental management activities International measures to support assessment and management activities carried out at the national and international levels. Output #2: the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Fundamentals Sustainable Development Environment Economy Society History – SDGs 2015 History – Paris Agreement 2015 a legally binding international treaty on climate change adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, in 2015. It entered into force in 2016. overarching goal is to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels.” (GHG emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030.) five-year cycle of increasingly ambitious climate action starting in 2020 in form of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) enhanced transparency framework (ETF) Finance – Technology – Capacity Building The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC Fundamentals Economy Society Environment World Solar System Fundamentals Economy Fundamentals Sustainable Sustainability Development Economy, Environment Economy, Environment and Society as separate and Society as policy spaces interlinked policy spaces Human centred All aspects are balanced List of issues Web of issues Ad hoc Connected Top-down Bottom-up Global Local Systems Thinking - TNS The Natural Step`s Five Level Framework Systems Thinking - TNS The Funnel Systems Thinking - TNS Four System Conditions Systems Thinking - TNS ABCD Planning Method Concepts Commons, Business Circular Cleaner Open-Access Models Economy / 4Rs Production Resources Ecological Energy Environmentally Externalities Footprint Efficiency Friendly Natural Capital Sustainable Green Economy Tipping Point / & Ecosystem Production and / Green Growth Thresholds Services Consumption Concepts – Circular Economy / 4Rs 4Rs: Reduction Reuse Recycling Recovery Concepts – Ecological Footprint Demand side: ecological assets that a given population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes (including plant-based food and fiber products, livestock and fish products, timber and other forest products, space for urban infrastructure) and to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions. Supply side: productivity of ecological assets (including cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up land) (biocapacity). 6 categories: Cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land Measurement unit: global hectares Ecological deficit or ecological reserve Ecological overshoot Footprint Calculator Concepts – Ecological Footprint Concepts – Ecological Footprint Demand side: ecological assets that a given population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes (including plant-based food and fiber products, livestock and fish products, timber and other forest products, space for urban infrastructure) and to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions. Supply side: productivity of ecological assets (including cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up land) (biocapacity). 6 categories: Cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land Measurement unit: global hectares Ecological deficit or ecological reserve Ecological overshoot Footprint Calculator Concepts – Natural Capital & Ecosystem Services Natural assets in their role of providing natural resource inputs and environmental services for economic production Three principal categories: natural resource stocks, land and ecosystems. “All are considered essential to the long-term sustainability of development for their provision of “functions” to the economy, as well as to mankind outside the economy and other living beings.” Ecosystem services are the benefits that flow from natural capital such as; clean air, clean water, assimilative capacity etc. Local Business / MNCs As promoters of sustainability: Knowledge / Experience Sharing Technology Transfer Dynamism Financing / ODA International Projects Local Business / MNCs As promoters of un-sustainability: Tax haven Pollution haven Labour and Employment Pollution Land Air Water Tools Clean Corporate Social Carbon Accounting Development Responsibility ESG Scores/Audits (ETS) Mechanism (CDM) (CSR) Task Force on Green Stock Exchange Sustainability Climate-related Procurement Sustainability Index Reporting Financial Disclosures UN Principles for Input-Output Life-Cycle Responsible Eco-Efficiency Analysis Assessment Banking Socio-Technical Industrial Ecology / Eco Labelling Systems / Socio- Eco Industrial Parks Economic Systems Tools – Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) How well a company complies with ESG legislation? The main reason why ESG performance attracts the attention of different groups such as investors, stakeholders and managers is the belief that it will increase firm value and firm performance. Studies examining the relationship between ESG scores and firm performance and market returns demonstrate quite different results from each other Attributed to the lack of a standard for determining ESG scores and their calculation with different variables  Tools – Sustainability Reporting A report published by a company or organization about the economic, environmental and social impacts caused by its everyday activities. It presents the organization's values and governance model, and demonstrates the link between its strategy and its commitment to a sustainable global economy. Organizational Human Rights Labour Practices Environment Governance Community Fair Operating Consumer Issues Involvement and Practices Development Tools – Input-Output (I-O) Analysis A comprehensive and systematic methodology for representing and economic system, be it local, regional, or national; developed by Wassily Leontif in the 1930s Also referred to as “inter-industry analysis” System of National Accounts: I-O accounts consist “make” and “use” tables Looks for answers to such questions as: How will an industry be affected by changes in demand for a product? What is the complete environmental life-cycle impact of selected products? Are there alternative paths to economic development? Tools – Life Cycle Assessment A method of checking the facts about the environmental burden of a product, from its design through production to final disposal. Cradle-to-Grave, Cradle-to-Cradle Can be used in the design of a new product or the evaluation of an existing product: 1. Considers the air, water and solid waste pollution that is generated when raw materials are extracted. 2. Examines the energy used in the extraction of raw materials, and the pollution that results from manufacturing the product. 3. Accounts for environmental harm that might occur during the distribution and use of the product. 4. Finally, considers the solid and liquid wastes that enter the environment following final use of the product. Related applications: Mass Balances, Industrial Metabolism, Net Energy Analysis Tools – Industrial Ecology Industrial ecology is an approach that applies the ecosystem metaphor and model to suggest that industrial systems should be restructured in order to make them compatible with the way natural ecosystems function. A holistic view of industry in which organizations exchange energy and material between one another, rather than operating as isolated units. One industry's waste stream can be used by another industry as a primary resource (by-product synergy) Keywords: material and energy flows, by-products, dematerialization and decarbonization, industrial symbiosis, eco-industrial parks, design for the environment (or eco-design), extended producer responsibility (or product stewardship) Industrial Goods – Chemicals & POPs and EDCs Source: Buoso et al. Source: Kodavanti et al. Industrial Goods – (Micro) Plastics Source: Birch et al. Industrial Goods – Machinery & Design Eco- efficiency Ergo- Energy nomics Efficiency ECO- DESIGN End of 4Rs Life Cycle Rare Tech. Earth Transfer Elements  Industrial Goods – Summary of Impacts Industry Take Make Use Discard Minerals   Metals    Chemicals    Plastics   Leather   Wood / Paper   Textiles and Apparels    Stoneware / Glassware    Machinery   Vehicles    Instruments   Arms / Weaponry   Services – Modes of Trade  Services – Summary of Overall Sectoral Impacts Services Solutions Issues Business  Communication  Construction and Related Engineering  Distribution  Educational  Environmental  Financial  Health Related and Social  Recreational, Cultural and Sporting  Tourism and Travel Related  Transport   Main Produce – On Arable Land FAO: Crop and livestock statistics are recorded for 278 products. Main Produce – Fisheries and Aquaculture Biogeochemical Cycles Water Phosphorus Oxygen Earth Sulphur Carbon Nitrogen  What is Energy? – Primary Production “The amount of organic matter fixed by autotrophs in a given area over a given period of time” Gross is the total amount Net is the amount stored in a plant in excess of its respiratory needs and therefore potentially available to heterotrophs Secondary production (for example in cow or fish) Energy subsidy and harvest ratio (Green Revolution) Photosynthesis: around 1% of the solar energy absorbed by plants is converted to food Deserts >500 kcal/m2/year Deep Oceans >1000 kcal/m2/year Grasslands, Unsubsidized Agriculture and 500~3000 kcal/m2/year Continental Shelf Waters Moist Forests and Grasslands. Average 3000~10000 kcal/m2/year Agriculture Corals, Alluvial Plains, Fuel-subsidized 10000~25000 kcal/m2/year Agriculture  Sustainability Challenges – a list Land-Use Inputs Outputs Consumption Croplands Seeds/Plants Harvesting Wastes Forests Fertilisers Industrial Hunger Wetlands Pesticides Crops Health Riverbeds Water Pollutants Tools/Fuels Biodiversity & Emissions New Farming Models – a list Sustainable (Agriculture + Forestry + Fishing) Good Farming Practices Organic Farming Polycultures and Crop Rotation Permaculture Biodynamics Heirloom and older varieties No Soil (Hydroponics / Aquaponics / Aeroponics) Urban Agriculture Community Supported Agriculture New Farming Models – Community Supported Agriculture “A partnership between farmers and consumers in which the responsibilities, risks and rewards of farming are shared” Advantages for farmers: Get to spend time marketing the food early in the year Receive payment early in the season Advantages for consumers: Eat ultra-fresh food, with all the flavor and vitamin benefits Get exposed to new vegetables and new ways of cooking Usually get to visit the farm at least once a season Develop a relationship with the farmer who grows their food and learn more about how food is grown (usually non-conventional) Why Vehicles? Small Big Air Land Moving Few Space Things Water Moving Many Vehicles People Well Distance being Time Short Long Short Long Why Electric? Climate Change Policy Health Electric Competit Safety iveness Resource Scarcity Challenges Materials Costs Technology (IT / IoT) Charging Stations Infrastructure Roads Fossil Fuels Resource Scarcity Raw Materials (Battery) 4Rs / Circular Number of Vehicles in Use Economy Battery Recycling Manufacture / Scale up Assembly Responding to Needs Patents R&D Business Models  Energy and Power Density Source: Waseda University  Laws Thermodynamics Entropy Energy Density Sun and Cycles Solar Radiant/Thermal - Electricity Wind Motion - Electricity Hydro Motion - Electricity Tidal Motion - Electricity Wave Motion - Electricity Scarcity – Comparison of Potential Emissions – Ice Core CO2 Trends Over the last 800,000 years atmospheric CO2 levels as indicated by the ice-core data have fluctuated between 170 and 300 parts per million by volume (ppmv), corresponding with conditions of glacial and interglacial periods. The Vostok core indicates very similar trends. Prior to about 450,000 years before present time (BP) atmospheric CO2 levels were always at or below 260 ppmv and reached lowest values, approaching 170 ppmv, between 660,000 and 670,000 years ago. The highest pre-industrial value recorded in 800,000 years of ice-core record was 298.6 ppmv, in the Vostok core, around 330,000 years ago. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased markedly in industrial times; measurements are conducted since year 1958 at the Mauna Loa Observatory and indicate values of 425 ppmv in February 2024.  Emissions – Ice Core CO2 Levels Source: NASA Emissions - IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report Trends - Cost of Electricity  Impacts – Summary of Overall Impacts Energy System Take Make Use Discard Solar thermal   Solar electricity   Wind motion  Wind electricity   Hydro motion  Hydro electricity   Tidal  Wave  Geo thermal   Geo electricity   OTEC   Impacts – Summary of Overall Impacts (cont.) Energy System Take Make Use Discard Forest Biomass   Waste Biomass   Biodiesel    Bioethanol    Coal   Oil    Natural Gas   LPG  Nuclear electricity    Case Subject [Priva: Shaping Sustainable Cities] Subject category: Ethics and Social Responsibility Authors: Daniela Boyaninska (EUC - Erasmus University College); Martin Ossewaarde (Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University); Ying Zhang (Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University) Published by: RSM Case Development Centre Published in: 2021Data source: Field research Topics: Climate; Water; Energy; Horticulture; In-door farming; Building automation; Urban delta; Urbanisation; Green technology; IT solutions; Sustainability; Circular economy; Family business; Female leadership Tags: UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs): Goal 2: Zero hunger; Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure  Priva. Creating a climate for growth. Priva in numbers: 500 plus employees 100 plus countries 15 offices 10000 horticulture projects 400 plus distributors 40000 buildings Horticulture Buildings Indoor Growing Climate Automation Priva Blue ID C- controllers systems line Digital services Digital services Priva Blue ID S- Greenhouse Control line sensors management Priva Operator Irrigation systems Smart sensors Priva Vialux-Line Labor & crop Smart building Priva Nutri-Line management  The “Social” Enterprise First and foremost, act based on a social mission (impact first). Makes an impact as an independent company that provides a service or European product. definition of Has a revenue model. 'social Sees profit as a means, not an end. enterprise' Is transparent and honest to everyone. Is social in the way the company is run. Bases governance and policy on equal influence of all stakeholders. Wat is het? | Social Enterprise NL REACH – EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Hazard Classes Acute Toxicity Specific Target Organ Toxicity Exposure Skin Corrosion Respiratory Sensation Aspiration Hazard Germ Cell Mutagenicity Reproductive Toxicity Flammable gasses, liquids, solids Others Dangerous Biocidals Mixtures  EU Grean Deal (contd.) Key Targets: The first climate-neutral continent by 2050 At least 55% less net greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to 1990 levels 3 billion additional trees to be planted in the EU by 2030 Environment Climate Energy Agriculture Transport and Oceans Finance and Research and New European Industry Regional Innovation Bauhaus Development Interface - U.S.A. World’s leading producer of soft-surfaced modular floorcoverings Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to measure and track average product carbon footprint A reduction of 35% since 2008 and 50% since 1996 5 areas of focus: Energy; Mission Zero (efficiency and renewables) Climate; Emissions measuring, reductions and partnerships & collaborations Waste; Elimination of waste from factories to landfills Facilities; LEED Certification, operational standards (ISO 14001) Transportation; Cool Travel, Cool Fuel, Cool CO2mmute, efficiency initiatives Products: Biomimicry, LCA, Dematerialization CSR: Human rights, labor standards, environment, ethical practices, business conduct and ethics (anti-corruption, anti-bribery) Rainwater Collection at Domes - Japan Aging Society - Japan Issues: Decreasing rural population Uninhabited villages Villagers with average age of 70 years old and more Solutions: Municipality Policies Machizukuri Robots for future of elder care Hybrid Assistive Limbs (HALs) Daily Exercise Trainer Conversation Partner Replacement for Real Pets Walking Assistant Physical Therapist Ultra Mega Solar Power - India & China Bhadla Solar Park – 2.245 MW – India (56,7 km2 of land) Gonghe Talatan Solar Park – 2.200 MW – China Land area of METU?  Community Seed Banks - India Storage Agricultural Mono- Droughts Poverty GMOs conditions Modernisation cropping A seed bank is a type of gene bank where seeds of different crops and rare plant species are stored for future use Seed banks are created to maintain and protect biodiversity Most of the seeds can be stored for centuries without damaging their genetic properties Private and voluntary organisations: Navdanya Annadana Seed and Soil Savers Green Foundation Deccan Development Society Sahaja Samruda Reduce Pest and Plant Balanced Reduce Spread Improved More Pressure on Disease Productivity of Diseases Nutrition Predictable Ecosystems Management Genetically Modified Foods - U.S.A. & Canada Advantages Disadvantages Insect resistance Allergic reactions Stronger crops Cross-pollination Larger production Lower biodiversity More nutrients Decreased antibiotic More income efficacy Decreased prices Gene spilling/transfer Edible vaccines New diseases Widening income gap State of California - U.S.A. California is reducing its environmental footprint through sustainable state government operations and practices including energy efficient state building design and construction, renewable energy generation at state facilities, environmentally preferable state purchasing, and sustainable state-owned vehicles. Energy Efficiency Retrofits Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Clean Energy Production Energy and water benchmarking ZNE (zero net energy) Organic Wastes and Recycling Water Conservation LEED certification of state buildings Bike Share *Burlington, Vermont became 100% renewable for electricity in 2014 The 100 Things Challenge - The Minimalist with 288 items Life Tools & Accessories. 33 items, including my car, guitar, books, hairbrush, toothbrush, etc. Consumables. 5 groups of items, including food, cleaning supplies, hygiene supplies, office supplies, and paper goods. Kitchen Items. 19 items, including pots, pans, utensils, coffeemaker, toaster, oven mitt, etc. Bathroom Items. 6 items, including my bathroom scale, rugs, trash can, shower caddy, etc. Electronics. 10 items, including my BlackBerry, MacBook, Printer, iPod, etc. Furniture. 18 items, including my bed, couch, coffee table, desk, chairs, etc. Decorations. 14 items, including decorative plants, artwork, digital picture frames, wall clock, etc. Casual Clothes. 79 items, including jeans, hoodies, T-shirts, button-down shirts, etc. Dress Clothes. 50 items, including suits, ties, dress shirts, etc. Clothes (Miscellaneous). 58 items, including shoes, socks, underwear, belts, gym shorts, coats, etc. Strategy: Give Away – Pass on – Donate – Recycle (sell) – Do not waste Water Collector - Peru & Chile Water collection from fog and humidity in the air BCSD Türkiye (SKD)  Ankamall Shopping Centre Rainwater collection from rooftops İki Mimar – Sustainable Buildings Graduates of METU Department of Architecture The “Hab” Project focusing on: minimal soil degradation electrification speedy installation “zero concrete” design elements and technology living habitat renewables vs natura gas lightweight long-lasting (100 years) regenerative LCA Feyz Farm - Bursa Collaboration between All Dairy, Meat and Cattle Breeders Association (TÜSEDAD) and Climate Change Policy and Research Association "We will make production compatible with the (EU) Green Deal“ TÜSEDAD President Sencer Solakoğlu stated that both the association and its farms care about sustainability processes. Certificates: Good Farming Practices ISO 22000:2018 ISO 14001:2015 ISO 9001:2015 Zero Waste Disease-free agricultural enterprise Trademark Slow Food Movement / Cittaslow Türkiye Cittaslow Turkey Network Established in 2009, when Seferihisar became a member of the Cittaslow Association, the Turkey network has 25 members. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) In the 70’s the GAP was considered as a programme geared to developing water and land resources of the region Includes a network of 22 dams, 19 hydraulic power plants and irrigation investments covering 1.8 million hectares of land in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin. The total installed capacity of hydraulic power plants would be 7476 MW with annual energy production of 27 terawatt-hours (~8%). is the largest scale and most effectively implemented among regional development plans and programmes developed so far. integrated regional development approach and sustainable human development philosophy The project area covers 9 provinces: Adıyaman, Batman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kilis, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa and Şırnak. (~10% of in both geographical and population terms)