SUMMARY-OF-THE-AMERICAN-PERIOD.docx

**SUMMARY OF THE AMERICAN PERIOD** - The history of the Philippines from **1898 to 1945** is known as the **American colonial period**, and began with the **outbreak of the Spanish--American War in April 1898**. - Guided by President McKinley defined the **purpose of US colonizatio...

**SUMMARY OF THE AMERICAN PERIOD** - The history of the Philippines from **1898 to 1945** is known as the **American colonial period**, and began with the **outbreak of the Spanish--American War in April 1898**. - Guided by President McKinley defined the **purpose of US colonization** as a means to **educate, civilize, and uplift Filipinos**. - The **settlement of the Americans here in the Philippines** made a **total shift to Spanish to American language in literature.** Even if Philippine literature was in English, the preservation of the content for **Filipino experiences** was achieved. - Philippines literature in **Spanish** was starting to **lose its track on the first decade**. **THE RE -- ORIENTATION PERIOD (1898 -- 1910)** - **English as a literary vehicle** came with the American occupation in **August 13, 1898**. - This **colonization and development in literature** happened **during war**. - In **1900**, during the war the Americans established the public school system wherein English language was the medium for everything in the Corregidor Island. - The **first English teachers** were the **American soldiers**. - By **1908**, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also about this time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education, was founded. - In the 1900's "**El Renacimiento**" edited by **Rafael Palma** was published. It is a **pioneering newspaper to publish English works of Filipino writers**. - Pioneer Filipino English Writers: Justo Juliano "**Sursum Corda**" -- **first literary work published in English in 1907**. - **Philippines Free Press** -- founded by **McCullough Dick & D. Theo Rogers**, the first privately owned publication to publish English works of Filipino writers. **THE APPRENTICESHIP OR THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910 -- 1925)** - This is the period where **Filipino writers imitate American and English writers**. - Filipino student writers learned the language and tried to produce their pieces with the objective to imitate American literature. - Literary pieces of study were made by foreign authors. - More essays, short stories and poems in English appeared. - Because Filipino writers imitated such American and English works, it developed; - Tales of romance and adventures - Short story anthologies - Essays that have matured and projected deep thoughts in the milieu of social, economic, and political developments and projected Philippine customs and traditions. - Plays were highly emotional rather than intellectual experiences. - SHORT STORIES - **Dead Stars by Paz Marques Benitez (1920)** - The story conveys theme that **pertains to forbidden love**. - NOVELS - **A Child of Sorrow by Zoilo Galang (1921)** -- **first English Literature made by a Filipino**. Its story revolves around the two lovers Rosa & Lucio the novel was heavily influenced by the sentimentalism of the Tagalog propose narratives of the 18th and 19th centuries. - **Se deshojo la Flor by Balmori (1915)** -- along with Crisalidas by Ma. Guerrero and many others **discussed revolution and sentiments for patriotism and reform** proved that Philippine literature was used to claim freedom from the colonizers. - POEM Poetic Styles: 1. **Free Verse** - it is a literary device that can be defined as poetry that is free from limitations of regular meteor rhythm and does not rhyme with fixed forms. 2. **New Criticism** -- it was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self- referential aesthetic object. **THE EMERGENCE PERIOD OR THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925-1941)** - **Time of self-discovery and rapid growth** - Period of **original works with more control of the language** - Writer's experimentation with forms and techniques - By this time, **Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing**. - **Writers set out to create a national literature:** \>one that reflects the Filipino way of life, \>the traditional values of the people as Filipinos \>utilized the tropical vegetation of the islands - The Emergence Period was really important for Filipino writing in English. It helped create a foundation for future writers and made Filipino literature unique. The focus on Filipino identity, trying new things, and writing about local stories still influences Filipino writers today. - DRAMA - **Sarzuela was overpowered by English drama**. - The Bureau of Education published Philippine Prose and Poetry, prescribed as a high school textbook. - The period shifted from **romantic idealism to romantic realism**. Examples: - Kasaysayan ng Magkaibigang Neng at Neneng (Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo, Ph. D.) - Pinaglahuan (Faustino S. Aguilar) - Kathambuhay-Banaag at Sikat (Lope K. Santos)