Myology Summary PDF

 MYOLOGY Origin & Insertion (the origin is the punctum fixum and the insertion is the punctum mobile! At the limbs the origin is the proximal attachment and the insertion the distal attachment) Terminology of muscles Name them by shape: m. deltoide...

 MYOLOGY Origin & Insertion (the origin is the punctum fixum and the insertion is the punctum mobile! At the limbs the origin is the proximal attachment and the insertion the distal attachment) Terminology of muscles Name them by shape: m. deltoideus à triangle shaped! m. rhomboideus/trapezius Name them by their attachments à m. sternocleidomastoideus (origin sternum, second origin clavicula, attachment at the processes mastoideus on the lower side of the basis cranii) Name them by their function à m. flexor pollicis brevis (bending muscle of the thumb, brevis and longus à there are two of them) Name them after their position à m. interosseus Name them by the fiber orientation à m. obliquus abdominis (externus and internus) Synergist (if more muscles work together in one function) Antagonists (they work against each otherà Abduktor/Adduktor, Flexor/Extensor) The muscle as an organ: gaster/venter à the belly of the muscle tendo à tendon of origin and tendon of insertion fascia à thin envelope of connective tissue (to cover the surface of the belly and make it smoothly glide against other organs/muscles) Supplementary structures muscular supply (artery, vein and nerve) – most of the time “area neurovasculosa”=hilum F Shapes of muscles - plane (body and tendon flat/plane) = Aponeurosis bursa btw. muscle and bone Bursa syn. m. gluteus maximus (patella) sesamoid bones Hypomochlion- if a tendon changes the direction Trochleae: spot on bone where tendons run around Inflammation: tendovaginitis e communicating, non communicating BM02 => Karina Schweiger 1  tendon in middle, fibers run obliquely on both sides 2 heads parallel fibers Shapes of muscles c.T. (make 6 pack) single belly, single layered muscle fibers run obliquely (schräg) unipennatus bipennatus Body and tendon flat/plane = Aponeurosis circular fibers (for exit and entrance in body) Several heads: biceps (2), Triceps (3), Quadriceps (4) Supplementary structures Vaginae, bursae, sesamoids, trochlea dorsal view pars clavicularis antiversio pars spinalis cadduction , cretroversion outward , (inward , rotation rotation) pars acromialis cabduction) ventral dorsal BM02 > Karina Schweiger 2  muscles of the trunk pars spinalis paravicularis pars acromialis O o-ribs Ohren" Specific myology of the trunk 8 8 thin muscle 0 8 - muscles of the back O O contracts it : gets flate inspiration relaxes : expiration - muscles of the abdominal wall - > nervus phrenicus (causes hick-ups when irritated - muscles of the thoracic wall umbilius Diaphragmata thoracoabdominale Muscles of the back 2 subgroups Lifting muscle of the shoulder blade Shaped lika a rhombus Flat/plana muscle Origin at the vertebral collumn BM02 musm Karina Schweiger 3  · S m. trapezius m. levator scapulae upportbreami 3 parts : (1) up paus descendeus m. rhomboideus minor - pars acendens (dow - in transversa back - paus m. rhomboideus major m. latissimus dorsi m. erector spinae also called m. erector trunci erection lateral , flexion rotation , anam Function: columbs muscle group iliocostalis iliocostalis iliocostalis thoracis longissimus iliocostalis lumborum spinalis longissiumus capitis longissimus cervices longissimus thoracis BM02 m Karina Schweiger 4  Muscles of the abdominal wall The abdominal wall is not supported by ribs! Attached to each other in the ventral midline (linea alba) Dorsal: vertebral collumn I arcus costalis Tinea alba - umbilicus Lig. inguinale 111) abdominis à First layer, fibers run from cranial lateral to ventral caudal; aponeurosis (1) abdominis à second layer, fibers run in the opposite direction!; aponeurosis Islayer und layer BM02 ei Karina Schweiger 5  Third layer, fibers run transverse; aponeurosis In a tube! (aponeurosis tube) -sixpack! gro layer post, D m. Pyramiolales m. rectus abdominis & Linea alba inclination Lateral flexion and internus together: reclination rotation BM02 Karina Schweiger 6  by thoracic nerves (T-nerves): different orientation to fibers, make abdominal wall more stable Nerves à segmental Girdle running all around the trunk! T10 à umbilicus segment! T7 below processus xyphoideus Arteries g Ansammlung von freier Flüssugkeit BM02 a Karina Schweiger 7 Muscles of the thoracic wall ↓ "111 1 III "111 N I Il 111 IIII IIIl 111 alll Il III Sulcus costae "11 IIII I 111 , I'll 1 1111 i g n D e BM02 g Karina Schweiger 8  Trunk Muscles M. sternocleidomastoideus · Origin: Caput mediale: Manubrium sterni Caput laterale: Extremitas sternalis (Clavicula) Insertion: Processus mastoideus Linea nuchalis superior Function: Unilateral contraction Bilateral contraction Lateral flexion in same Dorsal Extension of head direction Rotation to contralateral Innervation: N. accessories Plexus cervicalis fiber orientation: cranially M. trapezius extrinsic muscle (superficial) of the back Pars descendent: Origin: Protuberantia occipitalis ext. Procc. Spinosi (C2- C6) Insertion: Clavicularis lateralis Function: Scapula to cranial/ medial & rotation of the ang. inferior cranial/ lat.shoulder up C-sp. : Unilateral contractionà Lateral flexion, contralateral rotation Bilateral contractionà Dorsal flexion Innervation: N. accessories, Plexus cervicalis Pars transversa: Origin: Procc. spinosi (C7- Th3) Insertion: Acromion 29 Clavicularis lateralis 2b Function: Scapula to medial shoulder back 2C Innervation: N. accessories, Plexus cervicalis Pars ascendent: Origin: Procc. spinosi (Th4- Th12) Insertion: Spina scapulae Function: Scapula to caudal/ medial shoulder down cranial/ medial rotation of the ang. inferior Innervation: N. accessories, Plexus cervicalis ⑱ M. latissimus dorsi extrinsic muscles (superficial) of the back Origin: Angulus Inferior scapulae, Crista iliaca, Os Sacrum, Processus spinosi Th7- L5, 9th -12th costal Insertion: Crista tuberculi minoris humeri Function: Retroversion Adduction Inward rotation Accessory muscle of respiration Innervation: N. thoracodorsalis fiber orientation: superolaterale ⑰ Mm. erector spinae intrinsic muscle (deep) of the back à Group of muscles around the spine fiber orientation: vertically Unilateral contraction à Lateral flexion Bilateral contraction à Dorsal extension (Reclination) Rotation in cooperation with M. obliquus externus/ internus abdominis D M. pectoralis major acting on art. glenohumeralis Origin: = Medial 3 parts:clavicle, anterior pars sternalis, > sternum, pars clavicularis, pars1 abdominis -6 costal cartilage st th Insertion: Crista tuberculi majoris humeri Function: Anteversion Adduction Inward rotation Innervation: Nn. pectoralis medialis et lateralis fiber orientation: p. clav.: inferiolateral; p. sternalis: lateral; p. abdominis: superolateralis ⑨ M. obliquus abdominis externus first layer of abdominal wall Origin: 5th -12th Rip Insertion: Crista iliaca Linea alba Runs from cranial/lateral –> caudal/medial (l) Function: Unilateral contraction Bilateral contraction Lateral flexion in lateral Ventral flexion –> Inclination Rotation to contralateral Forced Expiration Innervation: Nn. intercostales ⑨ M. obliquus abdominis internus second layer of abdominal wall Origin: Crista iliaca Lig. Inguinale Spina iliaca anterior superior Insertion: 10th -12th Rip Linea alba Transition to M. cremaster Runs from caudal/lateral –> cranial/medial (1) Function: Unilateral contraction Bilateral contraction Lateral flexion in lateral Ventral flexion –> Inclination Rotation to ipsilateral Expiration Innervation: Nn. intercostales ⑨ M. transversus abdominis third layer of the abdominal wall Origin: 7th- 12th Rip Crista iliaca Lig. Inguinale Spina iliaca anterior superior Insertion: Linea alba Runs horizontally - Function: Unilateral contraction Bilateral contraction Rotation to ipsilateral Expiration Innervation: Nn. intercostales ⑨ M. rectus abdominis inside of aponeurosis tube Origin: Proc. xiphoideus sterni 5th- 7th rip Insertion: Os pubis Function: Ventral flexion (Inclination) Expiration Innervation: N. intercostales - M. intercostalis externus (from caudal to cranial) –> Inspiration M. intercostalis internus (from cranial to caudal) –> Expiration m. intercostalis externus origin: inferior margin of rib above insertio: superior margin of rib below function: most active during inspiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs superiorly innervation: intercostal nerves, T1-T11 fiber orientation: anteroinferior m. intercostalis internus origin: lateral edge of costal groove of rib above insertio: superior margin of rib below deep to the attachment of the related external intercostal function: most active during expiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs superiorly innervation: intercostal nerves, T1-T11 fiber orientation: anterosuperior diaphragma thoracoabdominale “phren” thin structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity origin: 3 parts: pars costalis, pars lumbalis, pars sternalis insertio: tendo centralis (central tendon) function: inspiration contracts: it gets flat —> inspiration relax: expiration innervation: phrenic nerves  Upper Limb Superficial muscles of the shoulder m. supraspinatus m. infraspinatus Spart sternals e (3) aris * - pars abolominalis V BM02 Karina Schweiger Goo 9 m. deltoideus inward/outward rotation of humeri - - hold humerus in place clavicula Hyaline cartilage Humerus dext. m. deltoideus * misig scapula Transverse section of the thoracic region Muscles of the shoulder outward rotation auf tuberculum majus crotation outwards abduction) , crotation outwards adduction) , axis for abduction/adduction ⑨ z - C rotation inwards adduction , tuberculum minus N BM02 Karina Schweiger 10  contracts & lifting shoulder support inspiration while heavy breathing processus coracoideus ↑ Mm. auxilliary" # Muscles of the arm shin ventral compartment: flexors dorsal compartment: extensors numerus connective tissue m Mediale and laterale lat. fat layer power most actsoninumeralis BM02 supinator tuberositas y In Karina Schweiger Tuberositas ulnae unter bicep brachii powerful flexion 11 * bracia  ssulcus nervi radialis D ! most powerful extendor D caput mediale m. triceps brachii (1,2,3) - olecranon ulnal olecranon · Muscles of the forearm * Epicondylitis lateralis = 3 compartments Tennisarm -flexors Coleep superficial , - extendors (deep superficial , - radial ulna group spronators & supinators radius pronators & supinators ventral Membrana interossea antebrachii - = /Syndesmosis! 7 deep - ulna dorsal BM02 Karina Schweiger 12  · “perfuratus” Long tendon, splits into four branches à arrive at the proximal phalanges of the fingers II to V à vagina tendinis (tendovaginitis!) m. flexor carpi radialis m. flexor carpi ulnaris Bending, located on the radial side; attaches to the radial side of the carpus. A BM02 de Karina Schweiger 13 profundus (deep “perforans” N S t tendonspass unoeneat # => BM02 ausg Karina Schweiger 14  carpal tunnel carpi bones + retinaculum Carpal (tunnel) syndrome!; pregnancy, tennis à Ringspaltung/splitting of the retinaculum flexorum palmar renacuium S bones dorsal retinaculum bones Muscles of the hand for fine movements minimus btw bones of. fingers 2-4 thumb long flexor tendons BM02 Karina Schweiger 15 1 muscles of the thenar muscles of the Mm. Lumbri long flexor hypothenar - cales tendous D ⑳ - Mm interessi. BM02 Karina Schweiger 16  Muscles Upper Ext. ⑨ M. deltoideus Origin: Clavicle, Acromion, Spina Insertion: Tuberositas deltoidei humeri Function: Ante-/ Retroversion Abd-/ Adduction Inward-/ Outward rotation Innervation: N. axillaris supplementary structures: bursa subdeltoidea, bursa subacromialis ⑳ M. biceps brachii Origin: Caput longum: Tuberculum supraglenoidale scapulae Trochlea heads are antigonists Caput breve: Processus coracoideus Insertion: Tuberositas radii Function: Art. Glenohumeralis Art. Cubiti Anteversion Flexion Inward rotation Supination Abduction Innervation: N. musculocutaneus supplementary structures: bursa bicipitoradialis, vagina synoviales & M. triceps brachii Origin: Caput longum: Tuberculum infraglenoidale scapulae Caput laterale: Facies lateralis & posterior (Humerus) Caput mediale: Facies medialis & posterior (Humerus) Insertion: Olecranon Function: Shoulder Adduction Cubiti Extension Innervation: N. radialis related joints: art. glenohumeralis, art. cubiti supplementary structures: bursa subcutanea olecrani & M. flexor digitorum superficialis 3 heads: caput humeri, caput radiale, caput ulnae Origin: Epicondylus medialis humeri, Radius, Proc. coronoideus ulnae Insertion: Medial phalanges II-V Function: Flexion of Wrist, MCP & PIP joints Innervation: N. medianus supplementary structure: vagina tendinis ⑳ M. flexor digitorum profundus Origin: Membrana interossea, ulnar shaft Insertion: Distal phalanges II-V Function: Flexion of Wrist, MCP & DIP joints innvervation: n. ulnaris und n. medianus supplementary structure: vagina communis, vagina tendum fiber direction: distal Addition: M. Brachialis Groups & Compartments (Antebrachii): superficial flexors of wrist & fingers deep flexors of wrist & fingers gru superficial extensors of wrist & fingers deep extensors of wrist and fingers ↑ · m ·  LOWER LIMBS p. 560 muscles of the hip muscles of the thigh muscles of the leg muscles of the foot muscles of the hip muscles of the gluteal region extensors of the hip rotators abductors 2 groups deep muscles superficial muscles lateral rotators of femur and hip joint abduct and extend hip M. piriformis: sacrum-trochanter major, rotator, abducter M. gluteus minimus: ilium-trochanter major, M. obturator internus: pelivs-trochanter major, rotator, abducter, rotator of hip abducter M. gluteus medius: ilium-trochanter major, abducter, M. gemellus superior: ischial spine-trochanter major, rotator of hip rotator, abductor M. gluteus maximus: pelvis-femur, extensor of M. gemellus inferior: ischial tuberosity- trochanter major, femur, stabiliser of hip and knee joint, rotator and rotator abducter abductor of hip M. quadratus femoris: ischium- tuberculum quadratum, rotator intragluteale injection injection in m. gluteus med. or in m. deltoideus muscles of the posterior abdominal wall flexors of the hip attached to posterior abdominal wall and go through the gap btw. the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone and are attached to the end of the femur Iliopsoas: M. posas major: lumbar vertebrae-trochanter minor, flexor M. illiacus: illiac fossa-trochantor minor, flexor  muscles of the thigh medial compartment: adductors anterior compartment: extensors of the knee joint posterior compartment: flexors of the knee joint and hip joint femor extensorsunee · mu aucosShip flexors innee anterior compartment extensors of knee joint M. sartorious: illiac spine-tibial tuberosity, flexor 4 large quadriceps femoris muscles M. recuts femoris: illiac spine-quadriceps femoris, flexor M. vastus lateralis: femur-patella, extendor M. vastus medialis: femur-patella, extendor M. vastus intermedius: femur-patella, extendor *  medial compartment adductors 6 muscles in medial compartment: M. gracilis (most superficial): pubis-tibia M. pectineus (flat quadrangular muscle): pelvis-trochanter minor M. adductor longus (flat fan-shaped muscle): corpus pubis-femur M. adductor brevis (posterior to pectineus and adductor longus, triangular muscle): corpus pubis-femur S M. adductor magnus (largest and deepest, triangular muscle): ischiopubic ramus-femur M. obturator externus (flat fan-shaped muscle): obturator membrane-trochanterica fossa posterior compartment flexors of knee joint and hip joint 3 muscles: M. biceps femoris (long and short head): ischial biceps femoris tuberosity-carput fibulae I M. semitendinosus (medial to biceps femoris): ischial tuberosity-tibia M. semimembranosus (deep to the semitendinosus muscle): ischial tuberosity-medial tibial condyle they are known as the “hamstrings” ~ muscles of the leg lateral compartment: eversion of the foot anterior compartment: dorsal extension of the foot & toes posterior compartment: plantar flexion of the foot & toes, inversion lateral compartment eversion of the foot 2 muscles M. fibularis longus: fibula-cuneiforme M. fibularis brevis: shaft of fibula-base of metatasal V anterior compartment dorsal extension of the foot & toes 4 muscles: M. tibialis anterior: tibia-cuneiforme M. extensor hallucis longus: fibula-distal phalanx of great toe M. extensor digitorum longus: fibula-distal and middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes M. fibularis tertius: fibula-base of metatarsal V  posterior compartment plantar flexion of the foot, inversion & flexion of the toes muscles in posterior compartment or organized in two groups: superficial group deep group 3 muscles: 4 muscles: M. gastrocnemius: distal femur- M. popliteus: lateral femur condyle-tibia calcaneus M. flexor hallucis longus: fibula-distal phalanx of M. plantaris: supracondular line great toe of femur-calcaneus M. flexor digitorum longus: tibia-distal phalanges M. soleus: tibia-calcaneus of the lateral 4 toes all insert onto the calcaneus and M. tibialis posterior: interosseous membrane- planatarflex the foot at the ankel joint navicular popliteus acts on knee, other 3 mainly on the foot M triceps. surge : M. gastrochemins + M solens. muscles of the foot dorsal group: extensors of the toes interosseous muscles: spreading toes apart plantar groups: muscules of the hallux, muscles of the toe V, muscles of the intermediate compartment dorsal group extensors of the toes M. extensor digitorum brevis: calcaneus-digitorum longus of toes 2-4 M. extensor hallucis brevis: calcaneus-proximal phalanx of great toe interosseous muscles spreading toes apart  plantar groups muscles of the hallux muscles of the toe V muscles of the intermediate compartment muscles of the hallux: M. abductor hallucis: calcaneal tuberosity-proximal phalangx of great toe muscles of the toe V M. abductor digit minimi: calcaneal tuberosity-proximal phalanx of the little toe muscles of the intermediate compartment M. flexor digitorum brevis: calcaneal tuberosity-middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes  Muscles Lower Extr. ⑨ M. gluteus maximus gluteal muscle (extensor) Origin: Crista iliaca posterior Spina iliaca posterior superior Facies glutea (Os ilium) Facies dorsalis (Os sacrum) Insertion: Tuberositas glutea Via Tractus iliotibialis in condylus lat. tibialis Function: Extension (Art. Coxae) Outward rotation Abd-/ Adduction Innervation: N. gluteus inferior fiber orientation: lateralinferior ⑭ M. gracilis medial compartment of the thigh Origin: Ramus inf. ossis pubis Insertion: Pes anserinus superficialis (medial of the Tuberositas tibiae) Function: Adduction Art. coxae Flexion Flexion Art. Genus Inward rotation (Art. Coxae) Outward rotation Abd-/ Adduction Innervation: N. obturatorius ⑪ M. quadriceps femoris anterior compartment of the thigh M. rectus femoris M. vastus M. vastus M. vastus lateralis medialis intermedius Origin Spina iliaca Linea aspera Facies anterior Linea aspera femoris femoris anterior superior Trochanter major Insertion Tuberositas tibiae Function Art. Genus: Extension Flexion (coxae) Art. Coxae: flexion - Innervation N. femoralis supplementary structures: sesamoid bone (patella)  M. vastus medialis ⑨ M. biceps femoris posterior compartment of thigh Origin: Caput longum: Tuber ischiadicum Caput breve: Linea aspera femoris Insertion: Caput fibulare Function: Flexion Art. Genus Outward rotation Extension (Art. Coxae, Caput longum) Innervation: N. fibularis (Caput breve) N. tibialis (Caput longum) supplementary structures: bursa subtendinea posterior compartment of the leg ⑨ M. triceps surae (M. gastrocnemius + M. soleus) Origin: Caput mediale: Condylus medialis (Femur) gastrocnemius: Caput lateralis: Condylus lateralis (Femur) soleus: Linea m. solei, Facies posterior (Fibula), Arcus tendineus musculi solei Insertion: Calcaneus (Tendo Achillis) Function: Flexion art. Genus (m. gastrocnemius) Plantarflexion (Art. Talocrurialis) Supination/ Inversion (Art. Talotarsalis ) Innervation: N. fibularis (Caput breve) N. tibialis (Caput longum) supplementary structures: bursa tendinis calcanei (M. soleus) bursa subtendinea medialis & lateralis (M. gastrocnemius)  MUSCLES OF THE HEAD groups and compartments muscles of “facial expression” muscles of mastication: chewing muscles of the oral diaphragm (floor of mouth) & the tongue (extrinsic & intrinsic) muscles of the palate: soft palate (palatinum molle) muscles of the eye muscles of the middle ear muscles of “facial expression” muscles of mastication  muscles of the oral diaphragm & the tongue (extrinsic & intrinsic) extrinsic: connected to the outside (move tongue) intrinsic: inside tongue (change shape of tongue) Moligastrichwallowings Manolibula myconyoides S M. Mstyloglossus M hypoglossus(pulltongue back N. M. genioglossus movetongue outwards ↓ M. Longitudinalis linguae intermediate tendon M. verticalislingueanae hypermoculion) hmm (serves as osnyoideum os nyoideum muscles of the eye 3 I 4 2 M. rectus oculi: 4 (superior, inferior, lateralis, medialis) 6 M. obliquus oculi (superior, inferior) 5 nobel angtendons /issura orbitalis sup. I 15 2 53 12 6 4 nervus occulomotorius (1. 3 4.. 6) nervus abolucens (2) > - disturbed eye can't more sideways : nervus throchlearis (5)  Muscles Head ⑫ M. temporalis (1) Origin: Linea temporalis inferior (Os parietale) Insertion: Processus coronoideus mandibulae Function: Close jaw Retursion (Pull back mandibula) Innervation: Nn. temporales profundi ⑨ M. orbicularis oris Pars labialis & Pars marginalis Origin: Different origins on mandibula & maxilla Insertion: Surrounds the mouth Function: Close mouth Spitzen der Lippen