Study Guide Questions for Lecture #11 Videos PDF

**Study Guide Questions for Lecture \#11 Videos** **Main Topic: DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology** Hello Students! Below are the topics we've studied & questions you should practice answering in writing/aloud before the exam. A good system is to sort questions based on your current understa...

**Study Guide Questions for Lecture \#11 Videos** **Main Topic: DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology** Hello Students! Below are the topics we've studied & questions you should practice answering in writing/aloud before the exam. A good system is to sort questions based on your current understanding of & comfort with related concepts. Mark questions with ✓ (got it!), **\~** (so-so), or **?**, then practice writing/talking out the questions starting with those you feel you understand (✓). Save the **?** questions for last; those will be more time-consuming. Some topics require you to simply memorize terms, but many topics require you to understand the concept. For more ideas and suggestions on studying biology, check out the "How to Study Biology" link in the Introductory Module. **Study Questions: DNA Structure & Function** - **List several reasons explaining how the discovery of DNA changed human life.** - Describe and draw the basic structure of a DNA molecule. Use the questions below to guide you. - How is DNA like a helical staircase? - What are the monomers that make up a DNA strand? What kinds of molecules come together to make up a monomer? - What are the four different nucleotide bases found in DNA? - How do the two strands of DNA stay together; what chemical bonds holds the two strands of DNA together? - What is meant by the statement "DNA strands are held together by complementary bonding between nucleotides"? - Adenine (A) always pairs with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in DNA, while Guanine (G) always pairs with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in DNA. - How does the structure of DNA allow it to store information and pass it on to offspring easily? - Outline the basic steps in replicating a DNA molecule. Make sure to include the two enzymes (DNA polymerase and Helicase) and their roles in this process. - Why is DNA polymerase an important enzyme during DNA replication? How does it act like a "proof reader"? - Replicate the following DNA strand in its complementary DNA strand: ACC TTA GGC CCA TTA **Study Questions: Gene Expression** - What is the relationship between DNA and proteins? What exactly are genes? - How many genes do humans have? What percentage of the human genome codes for proteins? - What exactly is "junk" DNA? Do scientists actually think it is junk? - What does it mean to express a gene? - Relate gene expression to why you have different cells in your body. In other words, if all your cells have the same DNA, then how to they become different from one another? - What does the central dogma of biology refer to? - **Outline** the [steps] involved in [gene expression. Use the questions below to help you do this.] - State the two main steps needed to express a gene: Transcription (step 1) and Translation (step 2) - For each step what is the starting material, product, and where do the steps occur? - Name the enzyme that transcribes the information in a gene (DNA) into mRNA. - How exactly does the cell translate mRNA into amino acids? Make sure to describe the steps and molecules that are important in STEP 2 of gene expression. What is their role and how do they help to convert the mRNA message into a protein made up of amino acids? - Practice with gene expression: T[ranscribe] a DNA strand (below) into mRNA and then match the mRNA with the correct codon from the genetic code table below? - DNA strand to transcribe into RNA: TAC TTA CCG GAT - Use the genetic code below to match the mRNA that you created above - 10\_11GeneticCode\_L - What is the genetic code? What is meant by the statement that it is 'universal across organisms'? **[Biotechnology Study Questions:]** - Explain the relationship between gene expression and biotechnology. - Identify some of the PROS/CONS of biotechnology. - Provide examples of how biotechnology has been used to improve human health. In other words, how can biotechnology be used to make medicines, grow food, or cure diseases? - What about research -- how can biotechnology be used in research? - What does it mean to genetically engineer something? - You discovered a protein that will cure a horrible disease, but you need a lot of the protein to distribute to the human population. Outline the basic steps that you could take to use bacteria to produce this protein. - What is a GMO? Transgenic animal?