Science Study Notes PDF

Science Study Notes 🚿 What is Water? Water is a transparent, odourless, tasteless liquid that is vital for human survival. State Fixed Volume? Fixed Shape? Particle Speed of the...

Science Study Notes 🚿 What is Water? Water is a transparent, odourless, tasteless liquid that is vital for human survival. State Fixed Volume? Fixed Shape? Particle Speed of the Arrangement Particles moving Solid Yes Yes Regular Slow Liquid Yes No Random Faster than Solid, but slower than Gas. Gas No No Random Fast Changes in state: First State Changed State Name Is heat added or removed Gas Liquid Condensation Removed Liquid Gas Evaporation Added Solid Gas Sublimation Added Solid Liquid Melting Added Liquid Solid Freezing Removed Gas Solid Deposition Removed - Cloud: A mass of condensed water vapour in the atmosphere. - Surface Water: Water that is above ground. Examples include streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands, reservoirs and creeks and oceans. - Sun: the star around which the earth orbits. - Water Vapour: The gaseous form of water. - Groundwater: Water that has entered the earth’s crust through the process of infiltration. Examples of groundwater are aquifers, springs and wells.  The Water cycle The Water cycle is the process by which water moves through the earth and atmosphere. To start the process, the sun rays heat the ocean which leads to the first step of the cycle. 1. Evaporation: Ocean water is heated up and turned into water vapour where it is sent into the atmosphere. 2. Transpiration: The process where moisture from plants is evaporated. 3. Condensation: The water vapour is cooled and condensed into clouds. 4. Precipitation: Precipitation is when the water droplets, snowflakes or hail formed in the clouds fall back down to earth because of gravity. 5. Runoff: Some rain water turns into Runoff water, which flows down rivers and streams back into the ocean. 6. Infiltration: Infiltration is the process of water entering the ground through cracks in the crust. The water then forms pools underground and these pools are called groundwater. Salt Water vs Fresh Water - Fresh water is water that is not salty and has little or no taste, colour, or odour. - Forms of fresh water include: clouds, rivers, icebergs, most lakes, and the water in your glass. - Freshwater can be found in rivers, many lakes, underground in aquifers, and in the form of ice. - All precipitation that falls to the surface of Earth is freshwater. - Salt water is water that contains dissolved salts and other minerals. - The salt in the Earth’s oceans comes from minerals dissolved from rocks as water moves toward the oceans. - Most of the water on the Earth is saltwater. Only a small amount is fresh  water. - 97% of Earth’s water is in the oceans as salt water. - 3% of Earth’s water is Freshwater. - Most of Earth’s freshwater is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. - Less than 1% (0.65%) of Earth’s water is freshwater in lakes, streams, groundwater, and water vapour in the atmosphere. - Salinity = The measure of dissolved salts in water. Organisms that Live in: Freshwater Saltwater Frogs Crabs Alligators Sharks Fish (Can live in both) Beavers Turtles Otters Dolphins Personal Use of Water: What are some ways that I can reduce water consumption? - Water grass and plants in the evening - Take shorter showers - Brush away dirt and dust on your driveway instead of hosing down your driveway - Wash more clothes/dishes by hand - Turn the tap on only when you are cleaning your toothbrush. Water Filtration Purification Technique Pros of Technique Cons of Technique Boiling - Effective, Easy, - Uses Fuel Affordable - Takes a lot of time - No Chemicals Iodine Solution (tablets or - Effective and affordable - Have to wait 30 min crystals) until water is safe - Has an aftertaste - Not meant for pregnant women Chlorine Drops - Affordable + Effective - Too much can be poisonous Activated Carbon Filter - Filters out organic - Needs to be replaced material affordable often - Eliminates odour + - Not good at removing Taste chemicals that can be  attracted to carbon UV Light Chemical, Taste and Odour free - Requires a power Portable + easy to use source Ozonation - Effective - Expensive - Taste + Odour Free - Can react with metals. O3 Access To Clean Drinking Water How is it Defined? - Must be less than 1km away - Reliable for at least 20L per member, per day for each household - Does not pose any health risk over a lifetime of consumption - Water Treatment and Wastewater Treatment Plants Picture of the Human Water Cycle: What are the differences and Similarities between the human water cycle and the natural water cycle? Similarities: 1. They both involve the movement of water.  2. They are both a cycle that repeats itself over and over again. Differences: 1. The natural water cycle does not use infrastructure to complete its cycle, instead relying on natural systems like lakes, the sun and aquifers. 2. The human water cycle is local to an area, while the natural water cycle is global. 3. The both have different purposes, as one is to provide/clean water for drinking or other uses for humans, while the other cycle is involved in nature, and is there to benefit our ecosystems. Water Treatment Wastewater Treatment Lake Ontario - Has intake pipes to allow Headworks - First Filtration step water to go to the water treatment facility. Smelliest step Pipes have a mesh screen to prevent anything Everything that should not be flushed anything big from entering get caught - Wipes - Diaper Mechanical Screens - First Primary Settling Tank - screening. Removes fish and plant life (seaweed) from lake water. Ozone Generator Room - O3 Aeration - - Ozone is very unstable and therefore very good at binding with contaminants. First Disinfectant step - Water becomes cleaner but not clean enough to drink. Biologically Activated Carbon Contactors Clarifying Tanks - Water Stays and top moves (BACC) - Water travels down and anything onto the next compartments. too big gets stuck. Anything heavy sinks and stays behind 2nd Disinfectant Step - Still not clean enough yet. UV Light - Uv light changes the DNA of the Centrifuge - *After Primary Settling Tank* living bacteria, killing the bacteria. Sludge and scum spun to remove excess Summer has more UV light. water. Winter has less UV light. Incineration - Dry sludge and scum turns Membrane Filter Room - Very tiny fibre into ash. where only water can pass through. - This lowers the volume for easier This is the END disposal of waste. - ONLY clean water is left. Distribution Pipes - What do we add in the water before going out to your house? 1. Chlorine - To kill any bacteria the water might pick up while travelling. 2. Fluoride - Dental Health Why do wastewater pipes follow a curvy route rather than running in straight lines like the water main pipes? Water Treatment Pipes: - Timing is important. Water needs to travel fast to get to homes - Straight line to travel faster - Pumps used, therefore want a shorter distance Wastewater Treatment Pipes: - Water can take days to travel, not urgent - No pumps needed, therefore cheaper - Pipes go around rocks, buildings, and landscape.  Testing Water Quality There are 5 qualities that determine water quality.