Study Guide for Exam 2.docx

Study Guide for Exam 2 (4, 7-9 and corresponding lectures) Chapter 4 Emotions Difference between Feelings, Moods, and Emotion: Moods depend on how you react to things by things that have put you in that mood. Types of Emotion Primary: Angry, happiness, guilt/shame, sadness, fear (most basic and used...

Study Guide for Exam 2 (4, 7-9 and corresponding lectures) Chapter 4 Emotions Difference between Feelings, Moods, and Emotion: Moods depend on how you react to things by things that have put you in that mood. Types of Emotion Primary: Angry, happiness, guilt/shame, sadness, fear (most basic and used emotions) Blended (secondary): There are other emotions that are blended from the primary emotions a combination. Define Emotional Intelligence: be aware of and control/ mange your own emotions and understand others’ emotions can expand their emotional vocabulary. 5 ways of defining emotion Reactive: Something happens and triggers something in you. Physiological Arousal: How your body reacts to emotions; ex. when embarrassed and your cheeks get red - when sad you cry. Labeling: You become aware of how you interpret the arousal or reactions by labeling it with emotions; ex. if I’m crying, I must be sad. Display/Expression Guidelines: What are you supposed to be feeling and how are you supposed to express or display that feeling. Verbal Expression: Communicating anything with someone using words to talk about your emotions. Nonverbal Expression: Anything from facial expression, body posture and gesturers. Define Emotional Contagion: one way we can get an emotion is that we catch it from people around us. Forces shaping emotion (2): personality – high extraversion ppl experience positive emotions more frequently compared to low extraversion ppl/gender – women may experience and express certain emotions more than men because they are conforming to the standards that they have been taught to follow in their culture. Types of emotional management (3 categories) Emotional Management Strategies Suppression: deliberate effort to consciously inhibit or restrain the outward expression of emotions, thoughts or impulses. Venting: allowing emotions to dominate our thoughts and explosivity expressing them. Acceptance: allowing emotions to naturally arise without damping or fanning them and acknowledging that they are an inherent component of human nature rather than judging them as good or bad. Encounter Avoidance: avoid people, places, or activities that you know will provoke emotions you don’t want to experience. Encounter Structuring: intentionally avoiding specific topics that you know will provoke unwanted emotions during encounters or convos with others. Attention Focus: intentionally devoting your attention only to aspects of an event or encounter that you will not provoke an undesirable emotion. Deactivation: analytically desensitizing yourself to emotional experience. Reappraisal: entails actively changing how you think about the meaning of emotion eliciting situations so that their emotional impact is changed. Ch. 7 - Listening 5 steps of the Listening Process: Actively learning to understand someone’s message. Step 1 – receiving: seeing and hearing are working together to take in info. Step 2 – attending: deciding what to pay attention to Step 3 – understanding: based on context and the meaning of words he/she hears. Step 4 – responding: the listener provides verbal and non-verbal reactions. Step 5 – recalling: remembering info after you received, attended, understood and responded to. 5 Listening Functions: Comprehend: want to understand, asking questions to enhance your understanding Discern: not listening to the content as much as the body language and tone of voice Analyze: carefully evaluate the message and put your advice/ judgment in the convo Appreciate: you want to listen and enjoy listening to them talk, listen to be entertained Support: providing comfort to the conversation Differences between hearing and listening: Hearing is the receiving of sound, unlearned and a low effort behavior / Listening is taking the sound waves with the additional elements from your other senses and using them to interpret or understand a message, learned, must want to listen and engage with sounds, you must be able to hear to listen, but you don’t have to listen to hear. 4 Listening Styles: 1. Task oriented: see listening as transactional and prefer brief to the point and accurate messages from others so they can focus on task completion. 2. Relational: view listening as an opportunity to build and maintain relationships with others. 3. Critical: focus their attention on accuracy and consistency of what the other person says. 4. Analytical: prefer to withhold their judgment until they have considered all the facts and sides of an issue taking time to carefully evaluate info and details before forming an opinion. Incompetent Listening Behaviors: Aggressive: (Ambush listening) listening to attack, waiting to say something to attack with ex. I like your hair today, so my hair looks bad every other day. Disruptive: being distracted or interupt the conversation at a bad time. Narcissistic: Listening to find a way to make it about them or to find an in to take control of the conversation. Defensive: When you take everything is an insult or attack. Surface: Only paying attention to words not the delivery (body language). Completer: The person who interrupts and completes the sentence for you. Pseudo: It means fake, giving the appearance of listening but isn’t (the other person thinks your listening) Selective: You only pay attention to parts of the conversation. Eavesdropping: You might hear something way out of context. Ch. 8 - Language/Verbal Communication Define Language: A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning. To share a meaning using symbols which have rules to create a system. Denotative vs. Connotative Meaning: Connotative more casual or emotional definitions /denotative is the official meaning more formal. 4 Rules that govern language. Phonological: Pronunciation, how do you pronounce the letter A Constitutive/Semantic: Semantic is the meaning of words. Regulative: how it is spoken Syntactic: Spelling, sentence structure or rules, punctuation. Pragmatic: breaking the syntactic rules (slang ex. gonna, finna, aint) ritual language things you say that don’t transfer literally (ex, what’s up, how are you doing, bless you). Rules you must learn to fit in that involve breaking the other rules. Ogden and Richard’s Triangle of Meaning (as I explained it): created when the user connecting the word to a meaning. User (No change/ connection) n. user arrow to word user arrow to thing Word/symbol (changeable/dashed line) thing/reference Functions of Verbal Communication Sharing Meaning: allows us to exchange ideas. Shaping Thought: we are mentally constrained by language to think only certain thoughts and we cannot interpret the world in neutral ways because we always see the world through the lens of our language. Naming: creating linguistic symbols for objects Speech Actions: questions, statements, answers. Crafting Conversations: structured patterns of talk to establish a relashionship Managing Relationships: people who frequently communicate with each other experience less uncertainty in their relationships and are not as likely to end as those who verbally communicate less often do. Cooperative Verbal Communication Understandable Messages Active ownership Inclusive Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Linguistic Relativity: what you call something the word you attach to that thing carries an element of being able to experience it differently (ex. caviar and fish eggs the same thing but different words sound more appealing). Barriers Verbal aggression: verbally aggressive ppl denigrates others character abilities or physical appearance rather than constructively discussing different points of view. Deception: this occurs when ppl deliberately uses uninformative, untruthful, irrelevant, or vague language for the purpose of misleading others. Defensive: impolite messages delivered in response to suggestions, criticism, or perceived slights. Communication Apprehension: fear or anxiety associated with interaction, which keeps someone from being able to communicate properly. Ch. 9 - Nonverbal Communication Define Nonverbal Communication: communicating w/o words, a cue (30% verbaly,70% non) Principles of Nonverbal Communication – the ones in the book and the additional ones I mentioned: multiple channels, almost always presents in communication, primarily relational (the better you know someone the better you understand their nonverbal cues), ambiguous (can be interpreted or mean many different things), N/V usually believed over verbal (actions speak louder than words), fewer rules (nothing is set or structured). 7 codes of Nonverbal communication Kinesics: body orientation, posture, gestures, facial expression, eye behavior all involve movement of the body to send a message. Proxemics (influence of culture, Hall’s American Zones): the use of physical distance from someone to convey a message. Haptics: touch as a form of communication, ex. high-five for a good job or hugging, kissing, pinching. How long the touch lasts and the pressure. Vocalics: the tone of your voice, or any sound with your voice, pitch or volume. Physical Appearance: hair clothing, body type, makeup. We use this to send messages ex. want to be seen as professional businessman put on a suit. Artifacts: things we possess like objects (flowers, stuffed animal, candy). Environment: can alter your environment to present a mood or a liking you have, like decorating your house to be beachy to make it have that feel. Forms of Gestures – Emblem, Illustrators, Regulator, Adaptors Expectancy Violation Theory – Judee Burgoon Functions of Nonverbal Communication (5) Paul Ekman’s Universal Facial Display (6 basic emotions)