SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 (Chapter 2)

**SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 Material** =========================================== **NOTE: This study guide is intended to help students study for exams but should not be used as a replacement for reading the text, attending lectures, and/or participating in Discussion Forums; there may be ite...

**SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 Material** =========================================== **NOTE: This study guide is intended to help students study for exams but should not be used as a replacement for reading the text, attending lectures, and/or participating in Discussion Forums; there may be items on tests that come from these materials, which are not directly addressed in this study guide. [ALSO SEE SUMMARY OF GENDER DIFFERENCES]!** **[CHAPTER 2 -- Theoretical Perspectives on Gender]** -- This chapter examines major psychological theories that have been formulated to explain the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of girls and women, and differences between women and men. 1. Discuss Freud's *Psychoanalytic Theory* and the resulting *stages of psychosexual development*. Address in the discussion: (1) terms associated with the theory (id, ego, superego, libido, erogenous zones); (2) the Phallic stage of psychosexual development; (3) predictions the theory makes in the Phallic stage regarding sex differences (specifically discuss the *Oedipal Complex* and *Electra Complex*); and (4) criticisms of the theory. 2. Identify the major contributions of neo-Freudians: - Karen Horney - Helen Deutsch - Anna Freud - Nancy Chodorow 3. Describe the roots of Sociobiology and Evolutionary psychology in terms of *Darwin's Theory of Evolution* (and natural selection). 4. What is *Parental Investment Theory*, and why does it predict that childcare will be performed by women? 5. What are *Sexual Selection Theory* and *Sexual Strategies Theory*, and what different mating strategies do they predict for males and females (and why)? 6. Identify the major criticisms of sociobiology and evolutionary theories. 7. Explain sociobiologist Sarah Blaffer Hrdy's contribution to understanding women. 8. Describe *Sociocultural Theory*, and Alice Eagly's research that suggests that dating strategies are not innate. 9. What are the key components of *Social Learning Theory* (include a description of operant conditioning)? 10. What is the primary difference between *Social Learning Theory* and *Cognitive Social Learning Theory* (think attention, self-regulation and self-efficacy)? 11. Explain *Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development* (include a description of the Heinz paradigm used to develop and test the theory, and results that typically emerge from this paradigm for males and females). 12. Describe Kohlberg's theories of *gender identity* and *gender constancy*. 13. Describe Gilligan's *Theory of Moral Development*, the paradigm she used to test her hypotheses, and her resulting conclusions (include explanation of the *care perspective* and the *justice perspective*, and differences between males and females in the two perspectives). 14. Describe the key components of *Gender Schema Theory*. 15. What were consciousness raising groups (C-R Groups), and why were they so important in the 1970's? 16. What is *intersectionality*? 17. Define *social constructionism*. 18. Sex is a "stimulus variable as well as a person variable." What does this mean? 19. What is meant by the phrase, "the person is political" when discussing women's issues? 20. Describe the six different types of feminism (liberal, cultural, Marxist also sometimes called socialist, radical, women of color, postmodern). 21. Describe the three waves of feminism, what was accomplished in each wave, the time span of each wave, and what is left unfinished (think ERA on the latter). 22. What is *queer theory*?