SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1

**SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 Material** =========================================== **NOTE: This study guide is intended to help students study for exams but should not be used as a replacement for reading the text, attending lectures, and/or participating in Discussion Forums; there may be ite...

**SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 Material** =========================================== **NOTE: This study guide is intended to help students study for exams but should not be used as a replacement for reading the text, attending lectures, and/or participating in Discussion Forums; there may be items on tests that come from these materials, which are not directly addressed in this study guide. [ALSO SEE SUMMARY OF GENDER DIFFERENCES]!** **[CHAPTER 5 -- Gender and Communication]** -- This chapter explores evidence on differences between women and men in (1) verbal and nonverbal communications, and (2) how women and men are differentially treated in the English language. 1. What is Deborah Tannen's (1991) *Different Cultures Hypothesis*? 2. Discuss the different goals in communication for men and women, according to Tannen (1991). 3. Describe the *gender-linked language effect* (Mulac, 2006). 4. Define the below terms and identify sex differences in language use (know effect sizes): - tentative speech - tag questions - disclaimers - hedges - intensifiers 5. How does context moderate sex differences in language use? 6. Discuss sex differences in interrupting and being interrupted (include description of, and sex differences in, intrusive interruptions and affiliative interruptions). 7. Describe sex differences in talkativeness (include description of, and sex differences in, affiliative speech and assertive speech). 8. Discuss Thomson's work (1991, 1996) on e-talk (more specifically the Netpal study and the importance of context in language use). 9. Describe sex differences in nonverbal communication: - personal space - eye contact - smiling 10. Regarding sex differences in eye-contact, what does research involving the *visual dominance ratio* inform us? 11. How are men and women differentially judged by others when they aren't smiling, and how was this demonstrated by the study discussed in the text (Deutsch, 1987)? 12. What is the *female-as-exception phenomenon* (give an example)? 13. What is a *euphemism*? Give an example of a euphemism pertaining to the treatment of women in language. 14. What is *infantilizing?* Give an example of the infantilizing of women in language. 15. What are *parallel words?* Give an example of parallel words that degrade women. Can you think of any parallel words that degrade men? 16. Describe the *Whorfian Hypothesis* (Whorf, 1956). Contrast this hypothesis to the notion that language develops from our thoughts (if we change our thoughts a change in language will follow) and discuss bi-directionality of the two different effects. 17. Discuss genderless language, and differences in cultures with gendered and genderless languages. 18. What is the Wudgemaker Study (Hyde, 1984), and what does it inform us about the relationship between language and the development and perpetuation of sexist stereotypes in children's thinking? 19. What three tips does the text offer to help us change our use of sexist pronouns in our own language? 20. Discuss language changes recently proposed to eliminate bias in our language against trans individuals, because our language currently presumes that people whose gender identity matches their biological sex is the norm (CIS man, CIS woman).