SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 PDF

**SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 Material** =========================================== **NOTE: This study guide is intended to help students study for exams but should not be used as a replacement for reading the text, attending lectures, and/or participating in Discussion Forums; there may be ite...

**SOP3742 Study Guide for Exam 1 Material** =========================================== **NOTE: This study guide is intended to help students study for exams but should not be used as a replacement for reading the text, attending lectures, and/or participating in Discussion Forums; there may be items on tests that come from these materials, which are not directly addressed in this study guide. [ALSO SEE SUMMARY OF GENDER DIFFERENCES]!** **[CHAPTER 3 -- Gender Stereotypes and Gender Differences]** -- This chapter explores (1) the origin and nature of gender stereotypes, and how these stereotypes affect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of women, (2) gender differences in personality and behaviors, and (3) the accuracy of gender stereotypes. 1. What is a *schema*? What is a *stereotype*? How are the two related, and why do we use them? 2. What are the differences between *implicit thought* and *explicit thought*? 3. Describe how implicit biases are measured (IAT), and what this research informs us regarding egalitarian beliefs and sex differences in performance. 4. Define the terms *communal* and *agentic*, as used in this course. 5. Describe traditionally female characteristics and behaviors and traditionally male characteristics and behaviors. What are the major differences that emerge between the two (think in terms of communal/agentic and powerless/powerful)? 6. What is the *self-fulfilling prophecy* and how might this phenomenon interact with stereotypes of what is male/female, to influence thoughts, feelings and behaviors? 7. Describe *stereotype threat*, how it is tested, and what the research informs us with regard to women. 8. What is meant by the term *social construction of gender*? 9. Discuss how the media affect the psychological development of both males and females (see the Discussion Forum video *MissRepresentation)*. 10. Identify sex differences in (know effect sizes): - the three types of aggression (physical, verbal, relational) - self-esteem (both global and individual dimensions), - activity levels - anxiety - helping behaviors - empathy - narcissism 11. Describe deindividuation research on aggression (i.e., Lightdale & Prentice, 1994) and what (and how) this informs us about the nature vs. nurture argument on the roots of aggression. 12. Explain the unidimensional view of male-female sex-role identity, and the more contemporaneous two-dimensional notion of *androgyny*. What are possible benefits/detriments of androgyny? 13. Describe Bem's (1975) "good listener" study and what this study suggests regarding the link between androgyny and behavior. 14. Understand the two hypotheses on why society is harder on men (than on women) who violate gender role expectations: *Social Status Hypothesis* and *Sexual Orientation Hypothesis*. 15. Understand what a *meta-analysis* is, how to interpret Cohen's *d* generally, and more specifically how to interpret a Cohen's *d* in this class. 16. Define the *availability heuristic*, discuss how this heuristic relates to schemas, and explain how this heuristic can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors (particularly with regard to perceptions involving males and females). 17. Define the *representativeness heuristic*, discuss how this heuristic relates to schemas, and explain how this heuristic can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors (particularly with regard to perceptions involving males and females).