Study Guide - Discoba and Jakobida.docx

**Study Guide: Discoba and Jakobida** 1. **What feature is common among Discoba?** a. **Euglenida** 2. **What are features that define this phylum?** b. **Pellicle -- Structure under plasma membrane** c. **2 Flagella -- uneven in length, extends from the flagellar pocke...

**Study Guide: Discoba and Jakobida** 1. **What feature is common among Discoba?** a. **Euglenida** 2. **What are features that define this phylum?** b. **Pellicle -- Structure under plasma membrane** c. **2 Flagella -- uneven in length, extends from the flagellar pocket** d. **One nucleus** e. **Some have chloroplasts with 3 membranes** f. **Feeding apparatus with veins and microtubules** g. **1/3 of euglenids have chloroplasts** 3. **Describe the pellicle and how it varies** h. **S -- shaped protein strips** 4. **Locomotion: Describe the two flagella of the typical Euglenoid** i. **Flagellar pocket** j. **Anterior flagellum** k. **Posterior Flagellum** l. **Paraxial rod** m. **Metaboly -- Inching along** n. **Swim -- Flagellum pulls them along** i. **Flagella also contains a paraxial rod which helps support and sensing** 5. **Feeding:** o. **What are the feeding types in Euglenida?** ii. **2 pockets** 1. **Flagellar pocket where flagella extend from** 2. **Feeing pocket is for feeding** p. **Describe the feeding chamber of each of the feeding types** iii. **Prey capture -- the feeding pockets twists out (controlled by microtubules), cap slides to the side, twist back in the vanes hold onto the prey** iv. **Photosynthetic Euglenids** 3. **Rigid Pellicle** 4. **Vestigal feeding pocket** v. **Heterotrophic** 5. **Flexible pellicle** 6. **Active feeding pocket** 7. **Size depends on prey** vi. **Bacterivores** 8. **Most basal group** 9. **Ancestral Euglenids was a bacterivore** vii. **Eukaryovorous** 10. **Enlarged feeding pocket** viii. **Autotrophic Euglenids** 11. **Acquisition of chloroplast** 12. **Thicker pellicles** 13. **Feeding pocket vestigal** q. **Which types are derived?** ix. **Think of what happened to feeding pocket** x. **Incorporation of chloroplasts** 6. **Describe the eye spot** 7. **Reproduction** **Kinetoplastida** 8. **What are features that define this phylum?** r. **Rhynchobodo is a free living** s. **Leishmania -- Parasite** t. **Phytomas -- Plant parasite** u. **Pellicle -- Protein strips (not quite S curved)** v. **1 to 2 flagella** w. **1 elongated mitochondria** x. **1 nucleus** 9. **What are the two major clades and how doe their life histories differ?** y. **What are the three types of parasites?** xi. **Leishmania** xii. **Trypanosoma** xiii. **Phytomas** z. **2 Major Clades** xiv. **Bononida -- Free living ones** xv. **Tripanosomids - Parasitic** 14. **Extracellular parasites (Vertebrates) -- live in fluids (Trypanosoma)** 15. **Intracellular parasites of Vertebrates -- Leishmania** 16. **Phytomas (Plant parasites) -- Phytomas** 10. **Describe the pellicle** a. **How do Trypanosome protect themselves from the host's immune system?** xvi. **Pellicle microtubule -- generally evenly spaced (can be bundled in some bonodids)** xvii. **Surface of Plasma membrane -- glycoproteins (found in all cells)** xviii. **Trypanosoma -- 1000 genes can change glycoprotein coat to protect themselves from the immune system** 11. **Locomotion: Describe the flagella** b. **Flagellar pocket** xix. **1 or 2 flagella** c. **Forms of Parasite Kinetoplastids** xx. **Trypomastigote** 17. **Undulating membrane formed from the flagellum** xxi. **Amastigote** xxii. **Promastigote** xxiii. **Epimastigote** d. **Anterior flagellum (Bodonids)** xxiv. **Feeding pocket** xxv. **Flagellar pocket** e. **Posterior Flagellum (Both Groups)** xxvi. **Undulating membrane** f. **Paraxial rod** 12. **Feeding:** g. **Bodonids: Feeding chamber** xxvii. **Feeding pocket that contains microtubules that help capture prey (bacteria)** h. **Trypanosomids** xxviii. **Some have Cytopharynx (feeding pocket)** xxix. **Some don't** 13. **Reproduction** i. **Bodonids** xxx. **Binary Fission** j. **Trypanosomids** xxxi. **Know the stages of the following life cycles** 18. ***Trypanosoma*** a. **Person gets infected. Metacyclic trypomastigotes transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, which are carried to other sites (binary fission). Trypomastigotes multiply in various body fluids, e.g., blood, lymph, and spinal fluid. Trypomastigotes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Fly bites infected human. Tsetse fly takes a blood meal, ingesting bloodstream trypomastigotes. Bloodstream trypomastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in tsetse fly's midgut and multiply (metaphorisis to Epimastigote). Procyclic trypomastigotes leave the midgut and transform into epimastigotes. Epimastigotes multiply in salivary glands. Epimastigotes transform into metacyclic trypomastigote. Tsetse flies infect hosts by injecting metacyclic trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal** 19. ***Leishmania*** b. ***Sandflies infect hosts by injecting metacyclic promastigotes when taking a blood meal. Promastigotes are phagocytized by macrophages. Promastigotes transform into amastigotes (Metamorphose to amastigote). Amastigotes multiply in macrophages of various tissues (binary fission (mitosis)). Sandfly takes a blood meal ingesting macrophages infected with amastigotes. Amastigotes are released (metamorphosis to promastigote). Amastigotes transform into promastigotes in midgut. Promastigotes multiply in midgut, migrate to proboscis, and transform into infective metacyclic promastigotes (sexual reproduction, syngamy and meiosis)*** 20. ***Phytomonas*** c. **Heterolobosea** 14. **What are features that define this phylum?** k. **Have several forms within a species** xxxii. **Ameboid** xxxiii. **Cyst** xxxiv. **Flagellar** l. **Move with eruptive bulges** m. **Example: Naegleria (brain-eating amoeba)** 15. **Describe the three possible stages of these organisms.** n. **Ameboid** xxxv. **Amorphous in shape (feeding stage)** o. **Cyst** xxxvi. **Round with a protein coat** xxxvii. **Dormant stage** p. **Flagellar** xxxviii. **Swimming stage** xxxix. **Round with 2 flagella** 16. **Locomotion: Describe the locomotion of the stages (if any)** q. **Most are free living** r. **Crawl around substrate in fresh water** s. **Feed on Bacteria** 17. **Feeding: How they feel** t. **Amoeba stage feed using pockets** xl. **Amebastomes** u. **Flagellate stage** xli. **Round with 2 flagella** xlii. **Move from one area to another** v. **Cyst stage** xliii. **Protective coat and wait for better circumstances** 18. **Reproduction** w. ***Naegleria fowleri*** **Jakobida** 19. **What are features that define this phylum?** x. **Describe the pellicle and general shape** xliv. **Phylum Jakobida** 21. **Unique vane on flagellum** 22. **Feeding groove** 23. **C-fibers based pellicle** 24. **1 nucleus** xlv. **Oval Shape** 25. **2 flagella** xlvi. **Structure** 26. **C-fiber run length of organism** 27. **Microtubule support** 20. **Locomotion: Describe the two flagella of the typical Jakobid** y. **Some are free swimming** z. **Some produce lorica** xlvii. **Silicon based structure** xlviii. **Some with a stem** 21. **Feeding:** a. **Role of posterior flagella and food groove** xlix. **Posterior Flagellum** 28. **Pulls water and food through food groove** 29. **Food (bacteria) is taken in via phagocytosis** 30. **Vane helps make stronger current through the groove** 22. **Reproduction** b. **Asexual, binary fission** 23. **[Terms]** c. **Pellicle** d. **Lorici** e. **Microtubule** f. **Feeding chamber** g. **Flagellar Pocket** h. **Cytostome** i. **Paraxial Rod** j. **Vane** k. **Eye Spot** l. **Kinetoblast** m. **Epimastigote** n. **Trophozoite** o. **Amastigote** p. **Promastigote** q. **Cyste** r. **Amoebasome** s. **Food Grove** t. **Cristae** 24. **Questions to consider** u. **What are some similarities of the pellicle of Euglenida and Kinetoplastida?** v. **Compare the feeding structures of Heterotrophic Euglenids, Bodonids and Jakobids** w. **What happened to the feeding structures in the following?** l. **Evolution of autotrophy in Euglenids** li. **Evolution of parasitism in Kinetoplastida.**