STUDY GUIDE- Chap 1 PDF
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This study guide covers the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including definitions, sub-disciplines, levels of organization, and anatomical terminology. It's designed to help students understand the relationships between structure and function in the human body. Key topics included are regional and systemic anatomy.
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Lecture and Lab 1: Introduction and The Language of Anatomy 1. D efine anatomy and physiology. Explain how the two disciplines are complementary. ○ Anatomy: study of bodily structures Gross Anatomy: macroscopic, big picture ...
Lecture and Lab 1: Introduction and The Language of Anatomy 1. D efine anatomy and physiology. Explain how the two disciplines are complementary. ○ Anatomy: study of bodily structures Gross Anatomy: macroscopic, big picture Microanatomy: microscopic; histology (tissues) & cytology (cells) ○ Physiology: study of bodily functions ○ Explain how the two disciplines are complementary. Anatomy and physiology are closely related because structure determines function. The way a body part is built directly influences what it can do. Ex: ○ Anatomy: lungs contain alveoli ○ Physio: allows for gas exchange 2. List and differentiate the sub-disciplines of anatomy. ○ Regional anatomy: study the body based on different body parts (regions) Ex: Cephalic region ○ Systemic anatomy: study the body based on different organ systems Ex: Respiratory system, urinary system ○ Surface anatomy: study the body based on surface features/landmarks Ex: Nail anatomy - nail plate, cuticle ○ Cytology: with a microscope, you can study individual cells Ex: smooth muscle cell, blood cells ○ H istology: with a microscope, you can study tissues (a collection of cells of the same kind) 4 types of tissues: Epithelial Connective Neural Muscular Histology of Skeletal muscle: Cross section: cut that is perpendicular to main plane Longitudinal section: cut parallel to longest dimension ○ D evelopmental anatomy: with naked eye + microscope, you can study the development of the body over time Ex: formation of a baby ○ C omparative anatomy: with naked eye + microscope, we can study other species to compare similarities and differences to our own Ex: mouse sperm vs human sperm ○ Radiographic anatomy: with special tools (x-ray, CT, MRI … ), you can visualize sections of the body Ex: CT, MRI, Ultrasound 3. Describe and be able to identify anatomical position. ○ Anatomical position: Standing face forward Arms hanging at the sides, palms facing forward Legs placed together, feet slightly apart and directed forward 4. U nderstand that many anatomical terms are derived from Latin and Greek roots. Give examples. ○ Peri = Around ○ Cardia = Heart ○ Hyper = high 5. L ist the levels of structural organization in an organism. Be able to describe each level and how it relates to the adjacent levels. ○ Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism ○ Atoms: made up of subatomic particles (protein, electron, neutron) ○ Molecules: chemical building block of all body structure Atoms combine together to form molecules Ex: water molecule ○ Cells: smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell ○ Tissues: group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function Community of similar cells form a body tissue ○ O rgan: anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types E ach organ performs one or more specific physiological functions Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ ○ O rgan system: group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system ○ Organism: Many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism 6. B e able to use and understand anatomical terminology including body directions, regions and planes. ○ Body planes Sagittal: vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections Midsagittal (median): divides directly through the midline/middle into equal parts Parasagittal: dives off the midlines; divides body into unequal parts Frontal (coronal): vertical place that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (behind) sections Transverse (cross section): horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below) sections ○ Anatomical Directions: Anterior vs Posterior Anterior (ventral, front): Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. ○ Ex: The toes are anterior to the foot. Posterior (dorsal, back): Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. ○ Ex: The popliteus is posterior to the patella. ○ Ex: the heart is posterior to the sternum Superior vs Inferior Superior (toward head): describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. ○ Ex: The orbits are superior to the oris. Inferior (toward feet): describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). ○ Ex: The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Caudal vs Cranial Caudal (toward tail) Cranial (toward head) Medial vs Lateral Medial (toward midline): describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. ○ Ex: The hallux is the medial toe. Lateral (away from midline): describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. ○ Ex: The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits. Deep vs Superficial Deep (internal): describes a position farther from the surface of the body. ○ Ex: The brain is deep to the skull. Superficial (external): describes a position closer to the surface of the body. ○ Ex: The skin is superficial to the bones. Proximal vs Distal Proximal (close to trunk): describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. ○ Ex: The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium D istal (far from trunk): describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. ○ Ex: The crus is distal to the femur. Ipsilateral vs Contralateral Ipsilateral (same side) Contralateral (opposite side) 7. Be able to locate the major body cavities and their subdivisions. ○ Body cavities: divide the body into two membrane-lined internal cavities that protect the organs within them, each having 2 major subdivisions Dorsal (posterior) cavity: ○ Cranial cavity: formed by skull bones Houses the brain ○ Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column Encloses the spinal cord Ventral (anterior) cavity: contains 2 smaller cavities separated by diaphragm ○ Thoracic cavity: superior to diaphragm Enclosed by the rib cage Contains: lungs, heart ○ A bdominopelvic cavity: inferior to diaphragm; contains 2 cavities divides by pelvic brim of hip bones Abdominal cavity: superior to pelvic brim Houses the digestive organs Pelvic cavity: inferior to pelvic brim Houses the reproductive organs Other Body Cavities: These are much smaller and many have external openings ○ Oral cavity: contains the mouth, including teeth & tongue ○ Digestive cavity: connects the oral cavity all the way to the rectum ○ Nasal cavity: within and behind the nose O ○ rbital cavities: hold the eyes ○ Middle ear cavities: contain tiny bones medial to the eardrums ○ Synovial cavities: joint cavities 8. Describe a serous cavity and the membranes that line them. ○ Serous membrane (serosa): lines ventral body cavities that are closed, also covers many organs separated by “serous fluid” Minimizes friction + provides structural support Parietal membrane: lines body cavity Visceral membrane: covers internal organs ○ 3 serous cavities: Pleural cavity: around the lungs Parietal pleura: lines thoracic wall Visceral pleura: covers the lungs Pericardial cavity: around the heart Parietal pericardium: lines the pericardial sac Visceral pericardium: covers the heart Peritoneal cavity: around the abdominal organs Parietal peritoneum: lines the abdominal wall Visceral peritoneum: cover abdominal organs (stomach, intestines) 9. Identify the organs and cavities where the following membranes are found: pleura, pericardium and peritoneum. ○ Membranes of Thoracic Cavity: Pericardium: serous membranes around heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium Pleura: serous membranes around lungs Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura ○ Membrane of Abdominopelvic Cavity: Peritoneum: serous membrane around many abdominal organs Parietal peritoneum: lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal cavity: potential space with serous fluid Visceral peritoneum: covers surface of most digestive organs 10.Differentiate between the two layers (parietal and visceral). ○ Serous membrane (serosa): lines ventral body cavities that are closed, also covers many organs; separated by “serous fluid” Parietal membrane: lines body cavity Visceral membrane: covers internal organs 11.Describe the function of serous fluid. ○ Serous fluid: thin, watery fluid secreted by serous membranes that is found in various body cavities ○ lubricates organs so they move within the cavity with little friction Functions: Reduces Friction: Acts as a lubricant between the parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes, allowing organs to move smoothly against each other. ○ Ex: The lungs expanding and contracting without friction against the chest wall. Prevents Tissue Damage: By minimizing friction, serous fluid protects delicate tissues from irritation, inflammation, and mechanical wear. Aids Organ Function and Movement: Allows organs like the heart, lungs, and intestines to move freely within their cavities without sticking to surrounding structures. Maintains Moisture and Reduces Adhesions: Keeps the surfaces of serous membranes moist, preventing them from sticking together and forming adhesions, which can lead to pain or impaired organ movement. 12.Identify the axial and appendicular regions of the body. ○ Regional terms: Axial: head, neck, trunk Appendicular: appendages (limbs) attached to the axis Key Terms: - Axial - Appendicular - Cervical - Thoracic - Abdominal - Pelvic - Dorsal/Posterior - Ventral/Anterior - Superior/cranial - Inferior/caudal - Medial - Lateral - Proximal - Distal - Superficial/external - Deep/internal - Midsagittal/median/parasagittal - Frontal/coronal - Transverse/cross-section/horizontal plane
