Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Anatomy and Physiology are always related - Structure determines what functions can...

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Anatomy and Physiology are always related - Structure determines what functions can take place. - For example, the lungs are not muscular ANATOMY chambers like the heart and can not pump - the study of the structure and shape of the blood, but because the walls of lungs are body and body parts & their relationships to very thin, they can exchange gasses and one another. provide oxygen to the body. - the term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana) - is the study of the structure and the DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY relationships among structures. - the art of separating the parts of an 1.GROSS ANATOMY organism in order to ascertain their position, - Structures that can be seen with the eye relations, & structure - Muscles, bones, various organs - cutting something up to see what’s inside - A type of anatomy that can be undertaken (structure) without a microscope - study of anatomy helps in understanding the - considers large structures such as the brain functions of body. 2. SURFACE ANATOMY (EXTERNAL) - anatomy that we can see at the surface of PHYSIOLOGY the body - the study of how the body and its parts work or function 3. REGIONAL ANATOMY (SPECIFIC AREA) - physio =nature - complete anatomy (internal) of a specific ology = the study of region of the body (learning every blood - it has many subdivisions. For example, vessel, muscle, bones, etc. in the arm) in neurophysiology explains the working of the medical school nervous system , and cardiac physiology - is the study of the interrelationships of all of studies the function of the heart. the structures in a specific body region, such - is the study of the normal function of the as the abdomen. human body (to maintain life) - Studying regional anatomy helps us - Human physiology is the scientific study of appreciate the interrelationships of body the chemistry and physics of the structures structures, such as how muscles, nerves, of the body and the ways in which they work blood vessels, and other structures work together to support the functions of life. together to serve a particular body region. - much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis. 4. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY (ORGAN SYSTEMS) - the body is divided into 11 organ systems - is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of  structures that work together to perform a the skin in order to decrease body unique body function. temperature. - For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of 3. MOVEMENT the skeletal muscles of the body. - a type of response to stimuli - Study of specific system: - Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion *Integumentary *Nervous *Respiratory of individual organs and even individual *Endocrine *Skeletal *Digestive cells. *Cardiovascular *Muscular *Urinary - ability of a organism in displacement, move *Reproductive *Immune *Lymphatic from one location to another 5.MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY 4. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH - Structures that cannot be seen with the eye - Development is specialized in structure and - Need to use a microscope function to perform certain tasks in the body - Cytology = study of cells - Development is all of the changes the body - Histology = study of tissues goes through in life includes the process of - Requires the use of a microscope (e.g. differentiation, in which unspecialized cells light or phase microscope) become specialized in structure and function - Microscopic anatomy can deal with the to perform certain tasks in the body same structures, though at a different scale. - Development also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE - knowledge, IQ and EQ 1. ORGANIZATION - Growth is the increase in body size. Humans, - organize structure like all multicellular organisms, grow by - follows hierarchy increasing the number of existing cells, - living things are made of cells, which is the increasing the amount of non-cellular basic unit of life. If something is going to be material around cells (such as mineral alive, it should be made of cells deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells. 2. RESPONSIVENESS - cell division specifically “Mitosis” is - is the ability of an organism to adjust to responsible for growth changes in its internal and external environments. - Mitosis = divides in result to be alike - ability to sense and react to a certain - Meiosis = sex cells; haploid stimulus and changes from both internal and - Gametes = produce through meiosis external - Example: Changes in an organism’s internal environment, such as increased body 5. REPRODUCTION temperature, can cause the responses of - is the formation of a new organism from sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in parent organisms. In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female  reproductive systems. Because death will - Passive Transport = without energy come to all complex organisms, without - Active Transport = using energy reproduction, the line of organisms would - Osmosis = segregate end. - Phagocytosis = Cell eating - Endocytosis = Cell drinking - Sexual = copulation; with the use of sex organs - 2 parents supply DNA THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION - male and female reproductive system - To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building - Asexual = absence of sexual act blocks of matter: subatomic particles, - pollination, cross pollination atoms and molecules - Elements = all matter in the universe is 6. METABOLISM composed of one or more unique pure - ability of organism to utilize energy substances - ex: living things take in energy for - ex: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, maintenance and growth calcium, and iron - Anabolism- process where simple - Atom = the smallest unit of any of elements molecules are gathered to create - are made up of subatomic particles such complex molecules as the proton, electron and neutron - storing/building of energy - smaller to larger - Molecule = formed by two or more atoms combined - Catabolism- process where complex - ex: water molecules, proteins, and molecules were broken down of energy sugars found in living things - breaking down of energy - the chemical building blocks of all body - larger to smaller structures 7. GENES - Cell = the smallest independently - traits you have inherited to your parents/ functioning unit of a living organism ancestor - each bacterium is a single cell - hereditary/traits - all living structures of human anatomy - genetics contain cells, and almost all functions of - dominant and recessive human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells 8. HOMEOSTASIS - perform all functions of life - balance between fluids/ chemical - it is the basic functional and structural components within the body unit of body - is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. - Organelles = a variety of tiny functioning units together with water-based cellular fluid - Tissue = is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function - Organ = is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types - each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions - Organ system = is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body. - Organism = a individual living being - consists of different systems REFERENCES: https://www.cuyamaca.edu/people/greg-brulte/ files/test-1/A-intro.pdf https://www.academia.edu/33633526/Chapter_ 1_Introduction_to_Human_Anatomy_physiology NOTE: Some information were gathered online and others were from PDFs downloaded years ago