Study Guide Ch 25.docx

**BIO 2220** **Study Guide Chapter 25** Define: - metabolism - anabolism - catabolism - cellular respiration From memory, write the summary reaction for glycolysis + cellular respiration. Then: - Tell how we get each reactant, and tell how we get rid of each product. - Tell...

**BIO 2220** **Study Guide Chapter 25** Define: - metabolism - anabolism - catabolism - cellular respiration From memory, write the summary reaction for glycolysis + cellular respiration. Then: - Tell how we get each reactant, and tell how we get rid of each product. - Tell which items in the summary reaction have high energy and which have low energy. - The products have lower total energy than the reactants. Where does the energy go? Is digestion an example of anabolism or of catabolism? Where does the energy for making ATP come from? Which type of metabolism requires energy, and which releases energy? How much of the energy from food do we put into ATP? What happens to the rest of it? Give examples of what we use ATP for. What is the general purpose of carbohydrate catabolism? Why is "glycolysis" a good name for the process of glycolysis? How much ATP is made from one glucose by each of these processes? - glycolysis - citric acid cycle - electron transport Know where in carbohydrate metabolism each of these occurs: - glucose used - oxygen used - carbon dioxide made - water made - ATP made - pyruvate made What is the whole point of glycolysis and cellular respiration? What is the role of NADH and FADH~2~ in cellular respiration? Why exactly do we need to breathe oxygen? What is it doing? Why exactly do we make carbon dioxide? Where does it come from? Define: - aerobic - anaerobic - metabolic rate What is the purpose of each of these processes? - fermentation - gluconeogenesis - protein anabolism - protein catabolism - beta oxidation Which is aerobic? anaerobic? - cellular respiration - fermentation How much ATP is made from the original glucose during fermentation? Give examples of protein functions. What are proteins made of? What does shape have to do with the function of a protein? What is the most basic factor in getting the shape of a protein right? What types of differences are seen among the various amino acids? What is the main way we get amino acids for making proteins? What category of enzymes performs protein catabolism? Give two examples of such enzymes. What difference is there in the way we handle amino acids vs. carbs or fat if we eat more than we need? What happens to an amino group that is removed by deamination? What happens to the rest of the amino acid? How does the ATP yield from an 18-carbon fatty acid compare with the ATP yield from 18 carbons' worth of glucose: more, less, or the same? What does each of these items carry, where does it take it from, and where does it take it to? - low density lipoproteins - high density lipoproteins How are lipids transported in blood and other body fluids since they don't dissolve in water? What does the liver do with excess cholesterol? What are the advantages of using fats as energy reserves? Give one disadvantage of using fats instead of carbohydrates as energy reserves. Why is it so easy to make fat from about anything we eat? Which organ stores and releases a variety of nutrients? Which tissue type stores and releases only fat? Which tissue type stores mostly glycogen for its own use? Which tissue type needs glucose but can't store it? How does it get it? What is the role of shivering? Why does it work? What is the role of sweating? Why does it work? Describe how we adjust blood vessels to: - conserve body heat - get rid of excess body heat Complete the table: Absorptive State Post-Absorptive State ------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ----------------------- When does it occur in relationship to a meal? What is happening to blood levels of nutrients? What is happening to nutrient reserves? In the diagram below, identify what is represented by: - each letter - pink arrows - blue arrows What is represented by the blue background in the figures below? The pink background? Explain each upward and downward trend in nutrient levels and the long interval in which the levels are steady.  Put each process in the correct cell of the table. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - acetyl-CoA converted to fatty | - translation (making protein) | | acids | | | | - amylase action | | - beta-oxidation | | | | - lipase action | | - deamination | | | | - protease action | | - gluconeogenesis | | | | | | | | | | | | - glycogen formation | | | | | | - glycolysis | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Nutrient Type** **Anabolism** **Catabolism** ---------------------- --------------- ---------------- Carbohydrates Proteins/amino acids Lipids